掺合料对胶凝体系早期水化放热和力学特性的影响

胶凝材料水化热是水工大体积混凝土的关键热学参数,直接影响水工混凝土的温控设计。本文采用热导式等温量热仪试验研究水泥基胶凝材料体系中各种掺合料对水泥水化放热过程的影响,结合其早期强度发展,探讨不同掺合料对水泥基胶凝材料体系早期放热过程和强度的影响规律,为大体积混凝土中掺合料的应用提供技术支撑。研究结果表明,选用的掺合料方案其早龄期水化放热量与对应的早期抗压强度有较好的线性相关,根据早期强度设计要求和水化热控制需要,优先考虑粉煤灰、矿渣粉单掺或者复掺方案。     

粉煤灰-矿渣-水泥复合胶凝材料强度和水化性能

研究了不同细度和不同掺量的矿渣和粉煤灰对粉煤灰-矿渣-水泥(FSC)复合胶凝材料强度的影响.借助激光衍射粒度仪测定了矿渣和粉煤灰的粒径.测定了FSC复合胶凝材料的水化热,分析了其水化进程.结果表明:矿渣细度对FSC复合胶凝材料强度影响较大,矿渣越细,FSC复合胶凝材料强度越高;通过优化矿渣、粉煤灰的颗粒级配,可发挥出它们的"叠加效应";当粉煤灰和矿渣总掺量(质量分数)为50%,而矿渣掺量在33%以上时,可配置出52.5R复合水泥.     

不同水化热测试方法对复合胶凝体系测试结果的分析研究

选用溶解热法和TAM AIR热导式等温量热仪测试法对粉煤灰、矿渣粉不同掺量的复合胶凝体系进行了水泥水化热测试试验。试验结果表明,较溶解热法而言,TAM AIR测试法测试精度高、试验误差小,能精确测量水泥基胶凝材料水化放热,适用于复合胶凝体系水化放热测试试验。     

偏高岭土对低热硅酸盐水泥水化性能的影响

采用不同掺量偏高岭土取代水泥配制低热硅酸盐水泥净浆和砂浆,测试了不同净浆的凝结时间,采用微量热仪测试了净浆的水化放热速率和放热量,测试了砂浆抗压强度和抗折强度发展,采用XRD分析了净浆物相组成。结果表明,偏高岭土缩短了低热硅酸盐水泥初凝和终凝时间,缩短了胶凝材料体系的水化诱导期,并使加速期和减速期提前,但并未提高7 d水化放热量,其对早期水化的促进作用随掺量提高而更显著。掺量在10%以内时,偏高岭土促进砂浆强度发展,14 d时促进作用最为显著,但掺量不宜超过15%。偏高岭土未改变低热硅酸盐水泥水化物相种类,但可明显降低产物中氢氧化钙的含量,其火山灰反应在28 d后仍在进行。     

自然养护条件下水泥-粉煤灰复合胶凝材料体系早期水化的研究

在自然变温条件下,采用水化热,XRD,TG-DSC手段研究了水泥-粉煤灰复合胶凝材料体系在水灰比一定的条件,粉煤灰掺量和亚硝酸钠掺量对早期水化的影响规律。研究结果表明:在水化热测试中,温度对胶凝材料的早期放热速率影响较大,粉煤灰掺量和亚硝酸钠掺量对其放热速率影响较小,但三者都会影响胶凝材料早期水化放热量;在XRD分析中,随着粉煤灰的掺量增加,水化产物CH在晶体产物中的比例是逐渐下降的,随着亚硝酸钠的增加,水化产物CH在晶体产物中的比例逐渐增加的;在TG-DSC产物分析中,水化产物CH随着粉煤灰掺量和亚硝酸钠掺量的逐渐增大,水化产物CH的含量是逐渐减少的。这表明:亚硝酸钠一方面促进的胶凝材料的水化,生成较多的CH,另一方面激发了粉煤灰的火山灰效应,消耗了部分的CH,生成了不易形成晶体的水化硅酸钙。     

超高强混凝土用低水胶比浆体的水化热研究

采用自行改进的水化热测定系统,研究了粉煤灰、矿渣粉和水胶比对超高强混凝土用低水胶比浆体水化热和水化进程的影响规律.结果表明:掺10%(质量分数,下同)粉煤灰或矿渣粉不影响低水胶比浆体的水化进程;掺30%,50%粉煤灰或矿渣粉均使低水胶比浆体的水化温升和水化放热速率峰值明显降低,并延缓这些峰值出现的时间,且粉煤灰对水化进程的延缓效果优于同等掺量的矿渣粉;提高水胶比只能略微推迟浆体的水化温升和水化放热速率峰值出现的时间,使水化放热速率峰值有所增大,不会改变浆体温升曲线和放热速率曲线的形状.     

高掺量粉煤灰矿渣水泥水化进程及水化热的研究

掺加适当比例的自制复合活性激发剂，配制了高掺量粉煤灰矿渣水泥胶凝材料，运用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）和差热分析（DTA）等手段研究了胶凝材料不同龄期的水化物相，测量了水化物早期水化热，结果表明，高掺量粉煤灰矿渣水泥具有较好的胶凝性，早期水化放热较低。     

活性混合材对改性硫氧镁胶凝材料性能的影响

为了进一步提高硫氧镁胶凝材料的性能,研究了活性混合材(粉煤灰、矿渣粉)分别对柠檬酸改性硫氧镁(CMOS)胶凝材料、柠檬酸/水玻璃复合改性硫氧镁(SCMOS)胶凝材料性能的影响及机理.结果表明:粉煤灰和矿渣粉均可以明显提高CMOS胶凝材料的抗折强度和耐水性,尤其是其后期抗折强度提高最多;掺加10%粉煤灰或10%矿渣粉,均可以进一步提高SCMOS胶凝材料的力学性能和耐水性,其中SCMOS胶凝材料的28d浸水软化系数可达0.85以上.微观分析表明:粉煤灰和矿渣粉的微集料填充效应,使得CMOS、SCMOS胶凝材料的硬化结构更加密实;粉煤灰和矿渣粉均可以延缓CMOS、SCMOS胶凝材料硬化结构中碱式硫酸镁相的形成,减少硬化体系中氢氧化镁相的生成量;另外,粉煤灰或矿渣粉还可以延迟体系的水化进程并降低其水化热峰值.     

大掺量掺合料对混凝土强度及使用性能的影响

本文通过在混凝土中用较大掺量的粉煤灰、矿渣粉取代水泥后对其强度及使用性能的影响进行研究，结果表明大掺量掺合料的使用会明显改善混凝土的工作性能，水胶比较小时7天强度不会降低，反而略有提高。通过对胶凝材料的水化热进行检测也支持以上结论。大掺量粉煤灰、矿渣粉等工业废料在混凝土中应用具有广阔前景，可促进节能降耗、保护环境。     

胶凝材料组成对水泥基材料抗侵蚀性CO2腐蚀的影响

本文主要研究不同胶凝材料组成的净浆抗侵蚀性CO2腐蚀的特性。在水泥中单掺矿渣粉、粉煤灰、钢渣粉及复掺矿渣粉与粉煤灰,制备28d抗压强度相近的净浆（约55MPa）,研究了在温度约为16℃、PH约为4．9、侵蚀性CO。浓度约为270mg／L、水流速为50L／d的地下流动水环境下净浆的劣化特性。结果表明：被腐蚀净浆的腐蚀深度的大小顺序为：掺矿渣＋粉煤灰〉掺矿渣〉掺粉煤灰〉纯水泥〉掺钢渣,而被腐蚀后开裂严重程度的顺序正好与之相反;纯水泥和掺钢渣的净浆碳酸化前线深度与腐蚀时间的二次方根在整个腐蚀龄期内（28d）基本保持线性关系,满足菲克第一扩散定律,而掺矿渣＋粉煤灰、单掺矿渣、单掺粉煤灰的净浆在不同腐蚀阶段的扩散系数不同,早期表层碳酸化阶段扩散速率快,大于纯水泥和掺钢渣的净浆,而中期稳定腐蚀阶段扩散减慢,小于纯水泥和掺钢渣的净浆。     

Modeling of hydration kinetics in cement based materials considering the effects of curing temperature and applied pressure

Portland cement is the most widely used cement in the world. In the industrial by-products suitable for use as mineral admixtures in Portland concrete are ashes produced from the combustion of coal and granulated slag in metal industries. However, comparing such ashes with Portland cement, determining the hydration of this concrete is much more complex because of the reaction between calcium hydroxide and fly ash or slag. In this paper, the production of calcium hydroxide in cement hydration and its consumption in the reaction of mineral admixtures are considered in order to develop a numerical model for simulating the hydration of concrete, which contains fly ash or slag. The proposed numerical model includes the effects of water to binder ratios, slag or fly ash replacement ratios, curing temperature, and applied pressure. The heat evolution rate of fly ash- or slag-blended concrete is determined by the contribution of both cement hydration and the reaction of mineral admixtures. Furthermore, an adiabatic temperature rise in hardened blended concrete is evaluated based on the degree of hydration of the cement and mineral admixtures. The proposed model is verified through experimental data obtained from the concrete with different water-to-cement ratios and mineral admixture substitution ratios at elevated temperature and high pressure.     

高掺量混合材高强水泥的研究

制备了1种高掺矿渣，粉煤灰，石灰石的高强复合水泥，研究了粉磨方式，石膏品种与掺量，外加剂，矿渣民粉煤灰掺量比对复合水泥性能的影响及相应的混凝土的性能，通过微量热仪，XRD，DTA，SEM分析了复合水泥的水化放热特性及水化产物。     

几种化学物质对粉煤灰水泥活性激发效果

借助于水泥砂浆试样的抗压强度跟踪测试,考察了几种无机化学物质对粉煤灰水泥的活性激发效果,同时借助于对水泥硬化体样品的XRD测试和SEM观察,深入通探讨了添加激发剂的粉煤灰水泥硬化体的水化产物和微观结构特征。试验结果表明:激发剂显著促进了粉煤灰水泥的活性激发,尤其是早期活性,水泥强度显著提高;XRD测试和SEM观察也表明,与空白样品相比,掺加激发剂的粉煤灰水泥硬化体明显表现出致密化的结构特征,粉煤灰颗粒表面趋向于粗糙化;Ca(OH)2衍射峰和石英衍射峰明显减弱,表明在激发剂作用下粉煤灰中的活性成分与水泥水化放出的Ca(OH)2之间化学反应得到了加剧。     

Modelling of carbonation of PC and blended cement concrete

Presented herein is a numerical model to predict the carbonation depth of Portland cement (PC) and blended cement concrete under a wide range of environmental conditions. The improved model for hydration of PC and activity of blended cement is proposed and used in this carbonation model. This carbonation model can be used for concrete made of silica fume, fly ash and slag with various chemical composition and particle size distribution. The saturation degree of concrete during carbonation process and the preconditioning before accelerated carbonation test were also considered to improve the ability of the model to predict the carbonation depth of concrete under natural condition or an accelerated condition. The predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental results.     

粉煤灰在硅酸盐水泥浆体中的化学反应

定量测试1~360d纯硅酸盐水泥及掺粉煤灰水泥浆体中胶凝组分的反应程度、生成的氢氧化钙(CH)量及化学结合水(Wn)量;确定单位质量水泥及粉煤灰完全反应生成(或吸收)的CH或Wn量,并以此验证粉煤灰化学反应模型的精确性.结果表明:1g水泥完全水化生成0.242 5g的CH和0.235 1g的Wn,1g粉煤灰完全反应吸收0.508 9g的CH和0.183 9g的Wn,试验结果与现有的粉煤灰化学反应模型计算值差别较大;经修正,获得计算值与试验值较吻合的粉煤灰化学反应模型,该模型更能真实反映粉煤灰在水泥浆体中的化学反应.     

Sulfate resistance of blended cements containing fly ash and rice husk ash

In this paper, the sulfate resistance of mortars made from ordinary Portland cement containing available pozzolans viz., fly ash and ground rice husk ash (RHA) was studied. Class F lignite fly ash and RHA were used at replacement dosages of 20 and 40% by weight of cement. Expansion of mortar prisms immersed in 5% sodium sulfate solution and the change in the pH values of the solution were monitored. The incorporation of fly ash and RHA reduced the expansion of the mortar bars and the pH values of the solutions. RHA was found to be more effective than fly ash. Examination of the fractured surface of mortar prisms, after a period of immersion, by scanning electron microscopy confirmed that sulfate attack of blended cement mortars was restricted owing to the reductions in calcium hydroxide and C/S ratio of the C–S–H gel in the blended cement mortar. In comparison to Portland cement mortar, less calcium sulfate and much less ettringite formations were found in the mortars made from blended cement containing RHA. The amounts of calcium sulfate and ettringite found in the blended cement mortar containing fly ash were also small but were slightly more than those of RHA mortar. Up to 40% of Portland cement could be replaced with these pozzolans in making blended cement with good sulfate resistance.     

Effect of fly ash fineness on microstructure of blended cement paste

This research demonstrates the effect of fly ash fineness on pore size and microstructure of hardened blended cement pastes. Two sizes of fly ash, original fly ash and classified fly ash were used to replace Portland cement type I paste. Test results indicated that the pore sizes of hardened blended cement paste were significantly affected by the rate of replacement and the fineness of fly ash. The replacement of cement by original fly ash decreased the pore sizes of blended cement paste and the incorporation of classified fly ash resulted in a further decrease in the pore sizes of blended cement paste. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that the blended cement paste with classified fly ash was more effective at reducing the intensity of Ca(OH)₂ than that with the original fly ash. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) results revealed that the hardened blended cement paste containing finer fly ash produced a denser structure than the one containing coarser fly ash.     

矿物掺合料对硫铝酸盐水泥-普通硅酸盐水泥复合体系性能的影响

研究了矿粉、硅灰和粉煤灰3种矿物掺合料对硫铝酸盐水泥-普通硅酸盐水泥复合体系的标准稠度用水量、凝结时间、水化放热、胶砂抗折及抗压强度、砂浆干缩率、抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能和水化产物的影响。结果表明:随矿物掺合料掺量的增加,复合体系的标准稠度用水量增大,凝结时间延长;掺加矿物掺合料后水化放热峰出现时间延后,总水化放热量减少,其中掺加矿粉和硅灰的试件初期水化速率减慢程度较掺加粉煤灰试件更明显;3种矿物掺合料对复合体系强度的影响差别较大,掺加3%硅灰的试件3 d抗压强度增长较快;硅灰的掺加会使砂浆干缩率增大,矿粉、粉煤灰的掺加可以减小砂浆试件的干缩;矿物掺合料的掺加会提高胶砂试件抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能,掺粉煤灰的试件抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能最好。     

若干掺合料对减水剂塑化效果的影响

研究了经活化处理并磨细的煤矸石及粉煤灰以不同比例等量替代部分水泥后,对掺减水剂水泥浆体流动度的影响规律,并将其与常用的矿物掺合料进行比较.结果表明,对于所选用的3种硅酸盐水泥和2种减水剂,用煤矸石等量替代部分水泥均会对减水剂的塑化效果产生负面影响,而与此相反,粉煤灰、矿渣粉和高钙粉煤灰有助于改善减水剂的塑化效果.分析了煤矸石、粉煤灰、矿渣粉和高钙粉煤灰等矿物掺合料对减水剂塑化效果的影响机理.     

黄河三角洲改性含盐水泥土搅拌桩耐久性研究

通过室内试验,研究了黄河三角洲含盐水泥土的劣化规律以及粉煤灰和矿渣微粉对其劣化的抑制效应,并利用X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）对劣化机理及外加剂的改性机理进行了分析.结果表明：地下盐水环境对黄河三角洲水泥土有较强的腐蚀作用,其90,180d龄期的抗压强度分别降低了18.5%,21.6%;掺加粉煤灰对黄河三角洲含盐水泥土的早期强度不利,但其后期强度会持续增加;掺加矿渣微粉对黄河三角洲含盐水泥土强度有明显的提升作用,并对其劣化有显著的抑制作用.为防止黄河三角洲含盐水泥土劣化,工程中建议用粉煤灰和矿渣微粉等质量替代60%的水泥,而且矿渣微粉掺量不少于40%.