A SINGLE-STAGE,LIQUID-PHASE DIMETHYL ETHER SYNTHESIS PROCESS FROM SYNGAS III. DUAL CATALYST CRYSTAL GROWTH,DEACTIVATION, AND ACTIVITY CONSERVATION STUDIES

ABSTRACT

In the liquid phase dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis process, both the methanol synthesis catalyst )composed of CuO, ZnO, and Al₂O₃) and the methanol dehydration catalyst (composed of gamma-alumina) are slurried in the inert oil phase. Various long-term activity checks were conducted on these dual catalysts to characterize the crystal growth and the thermal aging behavior. X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and elemental intensity compositions, and the crystallite size distributions of the aged catalysts were examined. Based on the current investigation, it was established that the crystal growth and the catalyst deactivation problems in the methanol synthesis catalyst are less severe when it is used along with the methanol dehydration catalyst.     

Cu/MgO催化剂中Cu与MgO协同作用对合成气加氢制甲醇性能的影响

新型高效甲醇(CH₃OH)合成铜基催化剂可克服目前商业铜基催化剂反应活性低和反应过程中易失活等缺点,对实现煤炭资源清洁利用目标具有重要意义。通过共沉淀法合成了一系列Cu/MgO催化剂,利用固定床微分反应器系统对催化剂性能进行了评价,并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、程序升温脱附(H2-TPD和CO-TPD)以及漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(DRIFTS)等表征方法分析了催化剂的物理化学性质,研究了Mg含量(物质的量分数)对铜基催化剂表面结构及合成气制甲醇性能的影响。结果表明,MgO不仅可以改变催化剂表面铜物种的分散度和晶粒尺寸,还可调节铜基催化剂的还原性能,Cu与MgO的协同作用提高了铜基催化剂对合成气的吸附和活化速率,从而提高了催化剂的甲醇合成活性;Mg含量为67%时,催化剂表面Cu⁰物种的晶粒尺寸最小为11.5 nm,在催化剂表面分散效果最明显,展现出最佳的甲醇合成性能,合成气制甲醇的转换频率达到5.67×10^-1s^-1。     

浆态床合成二甲醚的研究

考察了合成甲醇催化剂和甲醇脱水催化剂对于浆态床合成二甲醚反应的影响。结果表明 ,甲醇合成催化剂对于CO转化率和二甲醚的选择性都有一定的影响。甲醇催化剂对于合成二甲醚反应的活性顺序为 :HY >γ Al2 O3 >Hβ >HZSM 5 ,反应结果结合NH3 TPD表征 ,认为甲醇脱水生成二甲醚的反应是以弱酸中心为活性中心 ,在强弱酸中心的协同作用下进行的     

Effect of Different Ratios of Si-Al of Zeolite HZSM-5 on the Activity of Bifunctional Catalysts Upon Dimethyl Ether Synthesis

Abstract

Four bifunctional catalysts were prepared by physical mixing of a commercial methanol synthesis catalyst (JC207 catalyst, a catalyst for methanol synthesis, which has been industrialized in China) with zeolite HZSM-5 (Si-Al ratios of 25, 38, 50, 150) as a methanol dehydration catalyst. The bifunctional catalyst (JC207/HZSM-5 [Si/Al = 38]) showed better performance, which can be attributed to more acidic sites with moderate strength of zeolite, and which can control methanol dehydration rate, which is a rate determining step.     

铝盐加入方式对CuO/ZnO/Al_2O_3系催化剂性能的影响

用XRD,TD-DTG,TPR,N2吸附及N2O滴定法考察了铝盐的加入方式对CuO／znO／A12O3系催化剂前体及催化剂物相组成的影响;用加压微反评价装置考察了其对合成甲醇反应性能的影响。实验结果表明,铝盐的加入方式对催化剂前体物相组成及催化剂的反应活性有明显影响。Cu-Zn和Zn-Al分别沉淀有利于提高催化剂的低温活性;而Cu-Zn-Al三元共沉淀由于形成较多的类尖晶石相(Cu,Zn)Al2O4,降低了催化剂的低温反应活性,但提高了催化剂的热稳定性。保持催化剂中(Cu,Zn)Al2O4含量在适当水平对提高催化剂的整体性能至关重要。     

PHASES IN THE ACTIVE LIQUID PHASE METHANOL SYNTHESIS CATALYST

An attempt has been made to identify the phases present in the active catalyst for liquid phase methanol synthesis. X-ray powder diffraction was used to identify the phases. Only metallic Cu was detected, while no Cu species was found to be present. A significant amount of ZnCO₃ was found to be present in catalysts which had been subjected to high partial pressures of C0₂. This fact has hitherto not been reported in literature. Some speculations about the effect of ZnCO₃ on the life of the catalyst are made.     

CO_2加氢一步合成二甲醚催化剂的研究进展

针对CO2加氢一步合成二甲醚催化剂的活性载体、助剂、沉淀剂及沉淀次序、焙烧温度和制备方法等对中间产物甲醇合成的影响进行了综述,介绍了甲醇脱水催化剂组分的研究现状,并对催化剂的失活原因进行了分析,同时阐述了甲醇合成与甲醇脱水复合结构催化剂的研究趋势,最后提出了高效催化剂的研究开发思路。     

CRYSTAL SIZE GROWTH IN THE LIQUID PHASE METHANOL SYNTHESIS CATALYST

The phenomenon of crystal growth in the methanol synthesis catalyst has been studied. Crystallite size distributions in the cuo/ZnO/Al₂O₃ methanol synthesis catalyst have been determined. The effects of temperature, reaction environment and time under reaction conditions have been studied. It is observed that water in the reaction mixture promotes crystal growth.     

HZSM-5分子筛与铜基的复合催化剂上合成气制二甲醚

以ＨＺＳＭ－５分子筛与铜基甲醇合成催化剂组成复合催化剂用于从合成气制二甲醚，以ＨＺＳＭ－分子筛替代γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３作脱水催化剂可降低复合催化剂的活性温度。在２５０～２６０℃，ＨＺＳＭ－５分子筛复合的催化剂，其ＤＭＥ选择性、时空产率均高于γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３。甲醇合成催化剂与ＨＺＳＭ－５分子筛配比为３∶２时，ＣＯ转化率、ＤＭＥ时空产率较高。不同甲醇合成催化剂只影响复合催化剂的ＣＯ转化率，不影响ＤＭＥ选择性。不同硅铝比的ＨＺＳＭ－５分子筛对复合催化剂的ＤＭＥ选择性影响显著，当硅铝比从３２．７９增至５２．０９，ＤＭＥ选择性增大，ＭｅＯＨ、ＣＯ２选择性下降；当硅铝比从５２．０９增至７０．７０时，ＤＭＥ、ＭｅＯＨ、ＣＯ２选择性几乎不变。     

合成气一步法制二甲醚双功能催化剂的研究进展

概述了以合成气为原料一步法合成二甲醚双功能催化剂的研究现状及最新进展,分别介绍了双功能催化剂中的甲醇合成活性组分、甲醇脱水活性组分、两种活性组分的复合方法及配比等。锫和硼等是CuO-ZnO-Al2O3甲醇合成活性组分的良好助剂,硼、硅和钨可增强脱水组分γ-Al2O3的酸性,水蒸气处理和添加助剂可增加脱水组分HZSM-5的稳定性,共沉淀沉积法是制备双功能催化剂的较好方法。     

合成气低温合成二甲醚催化剂的研究

采用共沉淀法制备了Cu Zn Al甲醇合成催化剂,在此基础上采用机械混合法和共沉淀沉积法制备了Cu Zn Al/HZSM 5+Al2O3二甲醚合成催化剂。以BET、XRD、TPR和XRF对催化剂进行了表征并采用高压微反对催化剂活性进行了评价。结果表明,所制备的Cu Zn Al甲醇合成催化剂同Topse公司的MK 101商业甲醇合成催化剂相比,前者具有更高的低温催化活性和稳定性。采用共沉淀沉积法制备的催化剂对于二甲醚合成的活性明显高于机械混合法制备的催化剂。以HZSM 5与酸性Al2O3(质量比4/1)作为复合脱水组分,当w(Cu Zn Al)/w(HZSM 5+Al2O3)=3 6时,以共沉淀沉积法制备的催化剂对于二甲醚合成具有高活性,特别是低温活性明显高于机械混合法制备的催化剂。     

The direct dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis process from syngas II. Intrinsic kinetics and catalyst deactivation in one-step LPDMEtm process

In Part I of this series, it was seen that the favorable thermodynamic and kinetic coupling in the one-step LPDME^tm process – of methanol dehydration reaction (very rapid kinetics and at/near thermodynamic equilibrium) with the methanol synthesis reaction (slower kinetics and under thermodynamic limitation) – leads the beneficial “chemical synergy”.

In this part II of Series, we briefly discern the intrinsic kinetics of the LPMeOH^tm and LPDME^tm systems, and also shed light of the catalyst deactivation phenomena in these processes. Among the many reports on intrinsic kinetics of the one-step LPMeOH^tm and LPDME^tm processes, two illustrative kinetic studies, from the groups of University of Akron and Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. are highlighted and discussed further. For development of intrinsic kinetic models of LPMeOH^tm and LPDME^tm systems, a detailed thermodynamic framework has been developed which allows one to compute the liquid phase concentrations of reactive species, at phase equilibria and at chemical reaction equilibria. The intrinsic kinetic models of the LPDME^tm system are mainly based on the independent, component kinetic models of methanol synthesis (van den Bussche and Froment, 1996) and methanol dehydration (Bercic & Levec, 1992). From an overarching analysis of the deactivation of supported copper catalysts for methanol synthesis and other reactions (methanol decomposition and methanol steam reforming), we propose that thermal sintering, i.e., increase in Cu particle size and loss of metal surface area, is the only cause of catalyst deactivation in methanol synthesis reactions over Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ industrial-type methanol catalysts.     

合成气一步法制二甲醚双功能催化剂中甲醇脱水组分对催化性能的影响

采用并流共沉淀法制备的甲醇合成CuO-ZnO-Al2O3催化剂与不同甲醇脱水组分混合制成合成气一步法制二甲醚双功能催化剂,并在高压固定床反应器评价其催化性能。发现以西南化工研究设计院自主研制的甲醇脱水制二甲醚催化剂(改性的γ-Al2O3)为脱水组分时表现出最佳的催化性能。NH3-TPD研究表明改性后的γ-Al2O3表面酸量和酸强度都有所增加,且在双功能催化剂表面同时存在着弱酸中心和中等强度的酸中心。     

γ-Al2O3/SAPO-34复合催化剂及其对MTO反应的催化性能

采用介孔γ-Al₂O₃对微孔SAPO-34分子筛进行复合改性,利用水热包覆技术制备了γ-Al₂O₃/SAPO-34复合催化剂,研究了复合催化剂物化性质及其对甲醇制低碳烯烃(MTO)反应的催化性能。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、氨气程序升温脱附法(NH₃-TPD)和物理吸附仪(BET)等手段对不同γ-Al₂O₃/SAPO-34复合催化剂的晶相组成、骨架结构、微观形貌、表面酸性及孔结构进行分析表征。结果表明,与物理共混催化剂相比,水热包覆法制得γ-Al₂O₃/SAPO-34复合催化剂形成了包覆相和微-介孔结构(微孔比表面积123 m²/g,介孔比表面积95 m²/g)。在常压、催化剂装载量1 g、水/醇摩尔比2/1、原料进料体积空速2 h^-1、N²流速20 mL/min、反应温度380  ℃条件下,复合催化剂表现出优越的催化性能和反应寿命,甲醇转化率和低碳烯烃选择性分别达到100%和88%,催化剂寿命达到990 min,与物理共混催化剂相比,复合催化剂寿命延长了640 min。     

REGENERATION OF LIQUID PHASE METHANOL SYNTHESIS CATALYST

This work focuses on the influence of changes in catalyst structure on the catalytic activity in liquid phase methanol synthesis process. Long-term methanol production experiments were performed under various reaction environments in order to investigate the relationship between the catalytic activity and the crystallite size in the methanol synthesis catalyst. The regeneration experiments were also conducted in order to reduce the crystallite size of aged catalysts by inducing metallic phase redispersion. The experimental results showed that the drop in the catalytic activity was closely linked to the growth in the crystallite size in the catalyst. The crystallite size was reduced successfully by cyclic oxidation-reduction treatments and as a result the lost activity in aged catalysts was recovered.     

ZSM-5/MgO质量比对复合催化剂物化性质及合成甲硫醇反应的影响

采用介孔碱性MgO对微孔酸性ZSM-5分子筛进行复合改性,利用液相沉淀包覆技术制备了ZSM-5/MgO复合催化剂,研究了ZSM-5与MgO质量比对复合催化剂物化性质和合成甲硫醇催化性能的影响。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、比表面积及孔隙分析仪(BET)和化学吸附分析仪(CO₂/NH₃-TPD)等手段对不同复合催化剂的晶相组成、微观形貌、孔结构及表面酸碱性进行分析表征。结果表明：ZSM-5/MgO质量比对ZSM-5/MgO复合催化剂的物化性质和催化性能影响较大。过高或过低ZSM-5/MgO质量比制得复合催化剂中MgO结晶度都有所降低,且未形成包覆相结构;ZSM-5/MgO质量比为1/3时制得复合催化剂形成了均匀包覆相结构和微 介孔结构(总比表面积为162 m²/g,总孔体积0.46 cm³/g),同时具有酸碱特性;在反应压力1.0 MPa、反应温度370  ℃、H2S/CH₃OH摩尔比2/1、N₂流速80 mL/min、H₂S流速4.9 mL/min反应条件下合成甲硫醇,复合催化剂表现出优越的催化性能、稳定性及寿命,CH₃OH转化率、CH₃SH选择性和CH₃SH收率分别达到90.48%、90.04%和81.47%,催化剂寿命达到18 h。与单一ZSM-5分子筛相比,复合催化剂寿命延长了7 h,CH₃SH收率提高了13.97百分点。     

REGENERATION OF LIQUID PHASE METHANOL SYNTHESIS CATALYST

ABSTRACT

This work focuses on the influence of changes in catalyst structure on the catalytic activity in liquid phase methanol synthesis process. Long-term methanol production experiments were performed under various reaction environments in order to investigate the relationship between the catalytic activity and the crystallite size in the methanol synthesis catalyst. The regeneration experiments were also conducted in order to reduce the crystallite size of aged catalysts by inducing metallic phase redispersion. The experimental results showed that the drop in the catalytic activity was closely linked to the growth in the crystallite size in the catalyst. The crystallite size was reduced successfully by cyclic oxidation-reduction treatments and as a result the lost activity in aged catalysts was recovered.     

Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Methanol on Chromium Oxide/Montmorillonite K10 Catalysts

Methanol conversion was carried out on a mesoporous material—chromia/montmorillonite K10 (MK10)—in a pulse microcatalytic system. Methanol was converted to formaldehyde and ethylene by two different mechanisms. Methanol dehydrogenation increases by increasing reaction temperature (300-400°C) and as chromia loading decrease. On the other hand, the dehydration of methanol occurs at a higher temperature (400-500°C) and as chromia loading increase, 3-18% Cr. Redox and exposed nonredox Cr³⁺ are responsible for formaldehyde formation. There is a relationship between increased C₂H₄ production and the increase of Cr⁶⁺ phase according to the acidity of chromia catalysts 34 and 76 μL tert-Butylamine/g catalyst for 3% Cr and 18% Cr, respectively. Formaldehyde formation is diffusionally controlled at high temperatures (400-500°C) and kinetically controlled at a lower reaction temperature (300-400°C), while methanol dehydration to ethylene is surface reaction controlled at 400-500°C.     

CATALYST EFFECTIVENESS FACTORS UNDER GAS-TO-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER LIMITING REGIME IN LIQUID PHASE METHANOL SYNTHESIS PROCESS

The effectiveness factors of methanol synthesis catalyst were experimentally measured under condition of gas-to-liquid mass transfer limiting regime in the liquid phase methanol synthesis process, where the synthesis catalyst is slurried in an inert liquid phase. The experimental measurements of effectiveness factors were based on an intrinsic methanol synthesis rate per unit mass of catalyst (gmol/kg cat.h) which is not limited by external mass transfer. The experiments were carried out under well-defined conditions of temperature, pressure, syngas feed flow rate, and impeller speed. The experiments were carried out in a 1-L stirred autoclave. The catalyst slurry ratios were varied from 10 g in 550 mL of Witco-40 oil (corresponding to a slurry ratio of 2.2%) to 150 g in 550 mLof Witco-40 oil (corresponding to a slurry ratio of 25.1%). The experimental measurements have been summarized in one single plot as generalized catalyst effectiveness factor as a function of catalyst slurry ratio. The results of this study are extremely significant and practical in their applicability because the data were obtained using commercial methanol catalysts under actual commercial operating conditions of liquid phase methanol synthesis process.     

沉积法和外延生长法制备SiO2/ZSM-5催化甲苯甲基化性能

为提高甲苯甲基化催化剂的对二甲苯选择性,分别采用化学气相沉积(CVD)法、化学液相沉积(CLD) 法放大制备了SiO₂表面沉积型SiO₂/ZSM-5催化剂,采用外延生长(EPG)法制备了核壳型SiO₂/ZSM-5催化剂。采用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、X射线衍射(XRD)、低温N₂物理吸附-脱附(BET)、扫描电镜(SEM)、氨气程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)、热重(TG)等分析方法对催化剂的组成、晶相结构、比表面积、酸性和积炭等进行系统表征。结果表明：当SiO₂沉积质量分数为9.48%时,CVD法制备的SiO₂/ZSM-5催化剂上对二甲苯选择性最高达到85%,继续增加SiO₂沉积量,对二甲苯选择性逐渐降低;CLD法制备的SiO₂/ZSM-5催化剂上对二甲苯选择性最高达到91%;EPG法制备的核壳结构SiO₂/ZSM-5催化剂上的对二甲苯选择性最高接近98%。甲苯甲基化反应200 h后,CVD法、CLD法和EPG法制备的SiO₂/ZSM-5催化剂上的积炭量依次为3.24%、5.22%和6.29%。由此可见：在相同SiO₂含量(w(SiO₂)约为6%或9%或12%)条件下,就提高对二甲苯选择性而言,EPG法制备的SiO₂/ZSM-5催化剂最优,CLD法稍好于CVD法;此外,SiO₂/ZSM-5催化剂的容炭能力由高到低的顺序依次为EPG法、CLD法、CVD法。