基于单壁碳纳米管与镍基底的超声纳米焊接及场发射性能研究（英文）

超声纳米焊接技术被用来改善单壁碳纳米管(SWNTs)的场发射性能.利用电泳沉积的方法将SWNTs沉积在镍衬底上形成SWNT薄膜.将沉积有SWNT薄膜的样品进行超声纳米焊接.在高频超声能量和压紧力的共同作用下,金属镍首先发生软化,使得SWNTs很容易埋入镍中,从而两者形成了可靠的连接.扫描电子显微镜形貌图展示了SWNTs被嵌入了镍金属层中.作为稳定的发射极,焊接后的样品展现出了更加优异的场发射性能:较低的开启电压、较高的发射电流密度和更加稳定的发射电流.这主要是因为焊头表面的小突起更有利于SWNTs的端部翘起,小的接触电阻有助于电子发射的结果.大面积纳米焊接技术的使用可提高纳米焊接效率,加速大规模制备SWNT场致发射阴极.     

改变基底合成不同形貌碳纳米管宏观结构

采用化学气相沉积法,选用不同基底和表面涂层合成了碳纳米管垂直阵列薄膜、管束和条带三种碳纳米管宏观结构,并用扫描电镜（SEM）和透射电镜（TEM）进行了表征。结果表明：在石英涂层上合成的定向碳纳米管薄膜厚度达毫米级;在表面有Al2O3涂层的不锈钢基底上可合成碳纳米管垂直阵列薄膜和不同尺寸宏观管束结构;在表面有SiO2涂层...     

碳纳米管薄膜场发射器件中栅极的调制特性研究

三极结构的场发射器件的研究备受关注,栅极的调制特性是三极结构的主要研究对象.本文通过计算机模拟分析碳纳米管薄膜层表面的电场分布,结合在二极结构中碳纳米管薄膜发射的实验结果,将两者代入Fowler-Nordheim公式中求得三极结构中阴极发射电流,得到不同栅极电压对发射电流的调制关系.     

单壁碳纳米管与稀土螯合物的磁性-荧光复合体系的制备及其多模成像应用研究

利用共价连结和非共价修饰相结合的方法,成功地制备了基于单壁碳纳米管与铕、钆螯合物的复合体系（SWNT—Eu—Gd）,并采用层层自组装的方法在单壁碳纳米管表面修饰多层高分子电解质作为隔离层,有效地克服了铕螯合物与单壁碳纳米管直接接触的荧光淬灭问题。SWNT—Eu—Gd复合体系除具有铕的特征荧光之外,还可以作为T1加权核磁共振造影剂,在纳米生物医学多模成像上具有潜在的应用。     

碳纳米管镀铜薄膜的抗菌性研究

本文用离子束辅助沉积（mAD）方法在碳纳米管薄膜表面制备铜薄膜。用琼脂平板法测试了抗菌率，测试菌种为革兰氏阴性大肠杆菌（E．coil）和革兰氏阳性金黄色葡萄球菌（S．aureus）；用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观测了镀铜碳纳米管薄膜的微观形貌；用能量散射X射线谱（EDX）分析了镀铜碳纳米管薄膜表面元素的原子百分比；用X射线光电子能谱（XPS）分析了镀铜碳纳米管薄膜的表面元素的价态。研究结果表明，镀铜膜碳纳米管薄膜具有优良的抗菌性能，且比在热解碳上镀铜膜样品的抗菌性强。     

碳纳米管薄膜热电发电机设计及耦合分析

为解决微小型器件电源体积大、质量重、集成难等问题,利用碳纳米管薄膜材料的热电特性,设计了一种新型的薄膜式热电发电机,可将热气流直接转化为电能。建立了薄膜热电发电机物理模型,研究了热电发电理论和控制方程,对碳纳米管薄膜热电发电单元进行有限元仿真,分析了输出电压和输出功率的变化规律。提出了减小内阻的方法,为改进碳纳米管薄膜热电发电实验模型提供理论依据。利用浮动催化化学气相沉积法制备了导电性较好的透明碳纳米管薄膜,其热电特性与仿真结果一致。碳纳米管薄膜柔韧性较好,将多个发电单元串联连接,构建圆柱体、截顶圆锥体等多种薄膜式热电发电机结构,易与微光机电系统集成,具有广阔的应用前景和实用价值。     

MoO3薄膜的电化学及电致变色性质

用真空热蒸发方法在ＩＴＯ导电玻璃上镀制了ＭｏＯ３薄膜，在２５０℃条件下于空气环境中将薄膜进行一小时热处理。用Ｘ射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）方法分析薄膜的微观结构，用扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ）观察薄膜的表面形貌。在二电极恒电流方法中，相应于致色过程测量了薄膜的Ｔ－Ｑ曲 并得到薄膜在７００ｎｍ，５５０ｎｍ和４００ｎｍ的电致色效率。用三电极方法测量了薄膜的循环伏安特性曲线，同时彡分光光度计原位测量了薄膜的透射率变化。用Ｇ     

ITTO薄膜的耐腐蚀稳定性和表面能研究

为了提高透明导电薄膜的综合性能,采用磁控溅射法制备了Ta掺杂ITO(ITTO)薄膜,对薄膜在不同模拟环境介质溶液中的电学稳定性及电化学行为进行了测试,分析了处于特定介质环境中薄膜的相对电阻变化和表面形貌;基于薄膜表面接触角的测量,计算了薄膜的表面能和极性度。结果表明:薄膜在各环境介质中都发生了自钝化现象,ITTO薄膜显示了较好的化学稳定性和热稳定性,除了晶体结构的影响之外,稳定性较好的氧化钽也提高了薄膜的化学稳定性和热稳定性;掺杂使得薄膜的接触角减小,表面能增大,表面极性度增加,薄膜的表面状态和靠近费米能级处引入d轨道的活性高价原子的存在是促进表面能提高的主要原因。     

PLD法制备TiO2薄膜及电阻转变特性研究

采用脉冲激光沉积法（PLD）,以Pt(111)/Ti/SiO₂/Si为衬底,制备了具有电阻转变特性的TiO₂薄膜.X射线衍射（XRD）分析未发现明显的TiO₂结晶峰,薄膜呈纳米晶或非晶态.扫描电子显微镜（SEM）及原子力显微镜（AFM）分析表明,TiO₂薄膜表面平整、光滑致密.电学测试结果表明,TiO₂薄膜具有明显的单极性电阻转变特性,高低阻态比值达到10⁴.高阻态下薄膜的导电过程可用空间电荷限制电流模型解释,过程中存在软击穿现象.在此基础上,对薄膜中丝导电通道的产生及熔断过程进行了初步分析.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备La0.7Ca0.3MnO3薄膜庞磁电阻效应和电流诱导电阻特性

采用溶胶凝胶法成功制备了La0.7 Ca0.3MnO3块材和单晶薄膜,研究了薄膜的电阻随温度的变化特性,以及在不同的恒定电流下,薄膜的电阻的变化特性,实验发现在同一温度下,电阻随着电流的增大而变小,在同一稳恒电流下,在T>Tc 时,电阻随着温度的升高而变小;并且出现了双极值现象。这些输运特性可以采用双交换作用和晶格畸变产生的小极化子的机制来解释。     

Assessment of the electrochemical behavior of two-dimensional networks of single-walled carbon nanotubes

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has been employed in the feedback mode to assess the electrochemical behavior of two-dimensional networks of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). It is shown that, even though the network comprises both metallic and semiconducting SWNTs, at high density (well above the percolation threshold for metallic SWNTs) and with approximately millimolar concentrations of redox species the network behaves as a thin metallic film, irrespective of the formal potential of the redox couple. This result is particularly striking since the fractional surface coverage of SWNTs is only approximately 1% and SECM delivers high mass transport rates to the network. Finite element simulations demonstrate that under these conditions diffusional overlap between neighboring SWNTs is significant so that planar diffusion prevails in the gap between the SECM tip and the underlying SWNT substrate. The SECM feedback response diminishes at higher concentrations of the redox species. However, wet gate measurements show that at the solution potentials of interest the conductivity is sufficiently high that lateral conductivity is not expected to be limiting. This suggests that reaction kinetics may be a limiting factor, especially since the low surface coverage of the SWNT network results in large fluxes to the SWNTs, which are characterized by a low density of electronic states. For electroanalytical purposes, significantly, two-dimensional SWNT networks can be considered as metallic films for typical millimolar concentrations employed in amperometry and voltammetry. Moreover, SWNT networks can be inexpensively and easily formed over large scales, opening up the possibility of further electroanalytical applications.     

Single-walled carbon nanotubes used as stationary phase in GC

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have high surface area, high adsorption ability, and nanoscale interactions. In this study, capillary columns including SWNTs, ionic liquid (IL), and IL + SWNTs for GC were prepared. The separation results showed that SWNTs possessed a wide selectivity toward alkanes, alcohols, aromatic compounds, and ketones, and a SWNT capillary column was a very useful GC column for the separation of gas samples. Coating the IL stationary phase on the SWNT capillary column, the SWNTs were able to improve chromatographic characteristic of ionic liquid. Comparing the IL coated on three graphite carbon black capillary columns, which were prepared by dynamic coating, static coating, and chemical bonding the Carbopack C with on SWNTs capillary column, the capacity factors were much higher on the SWNT column. The SEM showed that SWNTs could be bonded to the inner surface of capillary tubing, and most of them were linked end-to-end to form a layer of network structure of skeletons resulting in a high surface area, which increased the interactions between stationary phase and analytes. This is the first single-wall carbon nanotubes bonded to the fused-silica capillary tubing. In the first approach, SWNTs assist ionic liquid with enhanced chromatographic characteristic in GC. This work indicates that SWNTs make it possible to extend the application range on the newly prepared chromatographic stationary phases for GC.     

Detection of a nerve agent simulant using single-walled carbon nanotube networks: dimethyl-methyl-phosphonate

Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) networks were used to detect hazardous dimethyl-methyl-phosphonate (DMMP) gas in real time, employing two different metals as electrodes. Random networks of SWNTs were simply obtained by drop-casting a SWNT-containing solution onto a surface-oxidized Si substrate. Although the electrical responses to DMMP at room temperature were reversible for both metals, the Pd-contacting SWNT network sensors exhibited a higher response and a shorter response time than those of the Au-contacting SWNT network sensors at the same DMMP concentration, due to the stronger interactions between the SWNTs and Pd surface atoms. In Pd-contacting SWNT network sensors, the response increased linearly with increasing DMMP concentration and reproducible response curves were obtained for DMMP levels as low as 1 ppm. These results indicate that SWNT networks in contact with Pd electrodes can function as good DMMP sensors at room temperature with scalable and fast response and excellent recovery.     

Factors controlling the electrodeposition of metal nanoparticles on pristine single walled carbon nanotubes

The electrodeposition of metal (Pd and Pt) nanoparticles on networks of pristine single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has been investigated using a microelectrochemical cell. A microcapillary containing electrolyte solution and a reference electrode is contacted with a silicon oxide substrate bearing a SWNT network, connected as the working electrode. Electrodeposition is promoted by applying a potential between the SWNT network and the reference electrode. By combination of analysis of the resulting current-time curves with atomic force microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy imaging of the network surfaces after electrodeposition, the nature of metal nanoparticle formation on SWNTs has been elucidated. In particular, the parameters controlling nanoparticle number density, distribution, and size have been identified, with short deposition times and high driving forces favoring the formation of ultrasmall particles at high density. Capacitance and network resistance effects are minimized in the microcapillary configuration, making it possible to accurately analyze short time-scale deposition processes (millisecond time scale). Furthermore, it is also possible to make many measurements on a pristine sample, simply by moving the position of the microcapillary to a new location on the substrate.     

Single-walled carbon nanotube network ultramicroelectrodes

Ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) fabricated from networks of chemical vapor deposited single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) on insulating silicon oxide surfaces are shown to offer superior qualities over solid UMEs of the same size and dimensions. Disk shaped UMEs, comprising two-dimensional "metallic" networks of SWNTs, have been fabricated lithographically, with a surface coverage of <1% of the underlying insulating surface. The electrodes are long lasting and give highly reproducible responses (either for repeat runs with the same electrode or when comparing several electrodes with the same size). For redox concentrations 相似文献   

Flexible carbon nanotube sensors for nerve agent simulants

Chemiresistor-based vapour sensors made from network films of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) bundles on flexible plastic substrates (polyethylene terephthalate, PET) can be used to detect chemical warfare agent simulants for the nerve agents Sarin (diisopropyl methylphosphonate, DIMP) and Soman (dimethyl methylphosphonate, DMMP). Large, reproducible resistance changes (75-150%), are observed upon exposure to DIMP or DMMP vapours, and concentrations as low as 25?ppm can be detected. Robust sensor response to simulant vapours is observed even in the presence of large equilibrium concentrations of interferent vapours commonly found in battle-space environments, such as hexane, xylene and water (10?000?ppm each), suggesting that both DIMP and DMMP vapours are capable of selectively displacing other vapours from the walls of the SWNTs. Response to these interferent vapours can be effectively filtered out by using a 2?μm thick barrier film of the chemoselective polymer polyisobutylene (PIB) on the SWNT surface. These network films are composed of a 1-2?μm thick non-woven mesh of SWNT bundles (15-30?nm diameter), whose sensor response is qualitatively and quantitatively different from previous studies on individual SWNTs, or a network of individual SWNTs, suggesting that vapour sorption at interbundle sites could be playing an important role. This study also shows that the line patterning method used in device fabrication to obtain any desired pattern of films of SWNTs on flexible substrates can be used to rapidly screen simulants at high concentrations before developing more complicated sensor systems.     

Three-dimensional assembly of single-walled carbon nanotube interconnects using dielectrophoresis

We present a hybrid approach that combines top-down fabrication with bottom-up directed assembly for making single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) based three-dimensional interconnects. The SWNTs are assembled using dielectrophoresis at room temperature on a microfabricated 3D platform. The two-terminal resistance of the assembled SWNTs at 10?Vpp assembly voltage is approximately 545?Ω. Simulation of the dielectrophoretic assembly is carried out to understand the behavior of the SWNTs during assembly. Encapsulation of these devices using a conformal pinhole-free parylene layer resulted in a decrease of the total resistance.     

Influence of gas adsorption on optical transition energies of single-walled carbon nanotubes

The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of suspended single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were measured in an ethanol gas atmosphere. When the gas pressure was decreased, the PL peaks were initially blue-shifted to a small extent before a rapid blue-shift took place at a transition pressure that depended on the temperature and diameter of the SWNT being measured. This pressure dependence is due to the adsorption of ethanol molecules on the SWNT surface. The optical transition energies measured below the transition pressure are intrinsic to the SWNT.     

Designing Catalysts for Chirality‐Selective Synthesis of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Past Success and Future Opportunity

A major obstacle for the applications of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in electronic devices is their structural diversity, ending in SWNTs with diverse electrical properties. Catalytic chemical vapor deposition has shown great promise in directly synthesizing high‐quality SWNTs with a high selectivity to specific chirality (n, m). During the growth process, the tube–catalyst interface plays crucial roles in regulating the SWNT nucleation thermodynamics and growth kinetics, ultimately governing the SWNT chirality distribution. Starting with the introduction of SWNT growth modes, this review seeks to extend the knowledge about chirality‐selective synthesis by clarifying the energetically favored SWNT cap nucleation and the threshold step for SWNT growth, which describes how the tube–catalyst interface affects both the nucleus energy and the new carbon atom incorporation. Such understandings are subsequently applied to interpret the (n, m) specific growth achieved on a variety of templates, such as SWNT segments or predefined molecular seeds, transition metal (Fe, Co and Ni)‐containing catalysts at low reaction temperatures, W‐based alloy catalysts, and metal carbides at relatively high reaction temperatures. The up to date achievements on chirality‐controlled synthesis of SWNTs is summarized and the remaining major challenges existing in the SWNT synthesis field are discussed.     

Wafer‐Scale Fabrication of Suspended Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Arrays by Silver Liquid Dynamics

Suspended single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have advantages in mechanical resonators and highly sensitive sensors. Large‐scale fabrication of suspended SWNTs array devices and uniformity among SWNTs devices remain a great challenge. This study demonstrates an effective, fast, and wafer‐scale technique to fabricate suspended SWNT arrays, which is based on a dynamic motion of silver liquid to suspend and align the SWNTs between the prefabricated palladium electrodes in high temperature annealing treatment. Suspended, strained, and aligned SWNTs are synthesized on a 2 × 2 cm² substrate with an average density of 10 tubes per micrometer. Under the optimal conditions, almost all SWNTs become suspended. A promising formation model of suspended SWNTs is established. The Kelvin four‐terminal resistance measurement shows that these SWNT array devices have extreme low contact resistance. Meanwhile, the suspended SWNT array field effect transistors are fabricated by selective etching of metallic SWNTs using electrical breakdown. This method of large‐scale fabrication of suspended architectures pushes the study of nanoscale materials into a new stage related to the electrical physics and industrial applications.