特殊液相沉淀法制备掺钇纳米二氧化锆

根据反应胶粒析出机理及实验原理，采用快速高强度机械混合方法，制备了分散性好、粒径小至2～3nm的无定形纳米氧化锆前驱体。前驱体在550℃下焙烧，获得了优质小粒径纳米氧化锆粉体。由TEM和XRD表征，粉体为四方相纳米氧化锆。     

ZnFe2O4纳米微粉低温制备及其电磁特性

采用草酸盐低温固相合成法制备了Fe—Zn复合草酸盐前驱体,经过真空450℃煅烧,获得了具有特殊性能的微晶ZnFe2O4铁氧体粉体和材料。由X射线衍射、扫描电镜对产物进行结构分析表明：粉体粒度分布均匀,颗粒呈球形,平均粒径约为40nm。对样品的电磁特性测试表明：该复合氧化物在室温呈现超顺磁性,在高频带有较大的损耗系数,达到0．7,是高频条件下理想的磁性吸波材料。     

低温水热法制备纳米氧化锆粉体

本文以ZrOC12为原料、NH3·H2O为沉淀剂、CaC12为稳定剂,采用交叉喷淋法制备氧化锆前驱体,通过改变反应釜内前驱体浓度、矿化剂NaOH的加入及矿化剂NaOH浓度,采用低温水热法制备纳米氧化锆粉体.结果表明:反应釜内前驱体浓度降低有利于提高粉体的结晶度,矿化剂NaOH的加入可有效降低水热反应温度.当反应温度为110℃、保温时间2h、反应釜内前驱体的浓度为0.25 mol/L、矿化剂NaOH浓度为1 mol/L时,可制备平均粒径为26 nm的四方相氧化锆粉体.     

利用共沉淀法制备超细YAG粉体及其表征

钇铝石榴石(YAG)具有稳定的化学性能,在作为化工新型材料使用中得到了广泛应用。本文通过利用共沉淀法制备超细YAG粉体。通过研究可以得到,前驱体在1100℃下煅烧1h后,生成了纯的YAG晶体。合成的YAG颗粒比较分散、细小,其粒度大小相当均一,粉体颗粒粒径在200～350nm之间,其颗粒近似球形,颗粒之间有部分烧结现象出现。     

过氧化锆酸前驱体的制备及过氧化氢的加入对 ZrO2(Y2O3)粉体性能的影响

采用过氧化氢络合共沉淀工艺制备Y-ZrO2纳米粉体.得到含-OH与-OOH 2种配位基团的过氧化锆酸沉淀.研究了过氧化氢对沉淀过程和粉体性能的影响.实验结果表明：适量过氧化氢的添加,改善了Y2O3,ZrO2组成分布均匀性;过氧化氢有利于改善沉淀的过滤特性,缩短制备工艺周期.过氧化锆酸前驱体在加热过程中开始晶化的温度要比氢氧化锆晶化温度高.粉体粒子由20～30 nm近球形的一次粒子构成.     

ZrO2前驱体ZrO(OH)2的制备和表征

本报道了一种制备氧化锆前驱体的方法,并用XRD、DTA和SEM等手段鉴定了描述了这种前驱体的粉体特征及其在热处理中所发生的成分相态变化,实验表明用这种方法制备的ZrO(OH)2凝胶是制备氧化锆的一种经济实用的前驱体。     

有机物对低温超强碱法制备纳米四方多晶氧化锆粉体性能的影响

利用低温超强碱法制备出了纳米四方多晶氧化锆粉体。为改善该粉体分散性较差、氧化钠含量较高的缺点 ,用有机物对粉体进行了表面改性处理 ,采用X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射、透射电镜等对粉体性能进行了分析。结果表明 ,采用无水乙醇和柠檬酸铵对粉体进行改性处理 ,使得粉体粒度均匀、分布变窄 ,形态近球形 ,其中柠檬酸铵的处理效果尤为显著 ,使粉体平均粒径从 0 .6 9μm减小到 0 .5 4μm ;进一步的高分辨像分析结果表明 ,粉体颗粒多由 2～ 3个大小为 2 0～ 30nm的单晶组成 ,较大的团聚体较少 ,因此有机物对粉体的表面改性处理有利于获得分散性好、粒度均匀的高质量纳米氧化锆粉体。     

超声喷雾热解法制备超细ZnO粉体的研究

以六水合硝酸锌为原料,采用超声喷雾热解法制备了Zn O超细粉体。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等表征手段对所制备产物进行表征,并探讨了反应温度、前驱体浓度对Zn O尺寸和形貌的影响。结果表明:在反应温度为800℃、前驱体浓度为0.4 mol/L的条件下,所得到的产物粒径分布较窄且颗粒的球形度较好。     

室温固相合成球形氧化锆纳米晶体

用碳酸铵与氯氧化锆作原料，在适量表面活性剂聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚（OP乳化剂）的存在下，在室温下充分混合研磨得到反应混合物，洗去其中的可溶性无机盐后烘干得到前驱体，前驱体经热分解即可得到球形氧化锆纳米晶体。基于均匀设计、逐步回归分析及最优化计算，对纳米氧化锆的固相合成条件进行优化，所获取的优化工艺条件为：氯氧化锆取10mmol时，反应物碳酸铵与氯氧化锆的物质的量比等于1．4：1；表面活性剂用量40μL；研磨时间40min；热分解温度500℃及热分解时间120min。在此条件下合成的氧化锆晶体粉末颗粒均匀、团聚弱，其一次粒子的平均粒径约20nm，收率为95％。     

类球形亚微米碳化硅粉体的制备

采用包混工艺将酚醛树脂和硅粉制备成粉体先驱体,然后经碳化和煅烧,制备出球形度好、粒径分布窄且均匀的亚微米碳化硅粉体,其平均粒径约为0.1μm.亚微米碳化硅粉体的生成过程为:硅-酚醛树脂核壳粉体先驱体经过800℃碳化处理生成硅-碳核壳粉料;在1 500℃烧结,液态硅与碳壳内层反应生成碳化硅层;在热应力和液态硅的冲击下碳化硅壳破碎,形成的亚微米碳化硅颗粒进入液态硅中,通过碳化硅生成、破碎的不断循环,新的碳化硅层不断向碳层推进直至完全生成亚微米碳化硅球形粉体.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.