EAST装置等离子体放电真空室抽气系统抽速标定及应用

真空系统是聚变装置的重要组成部分,EAST真空系统包括等离子体放电真空室和低温超导真空室。等离子体放电真空室又称内真空室。内真空室抽气系统直接影响装置的粒子排出,关系到高参数等离子体放电获得。EAST装置升级改造后的内真空室抽气系统主要包括主抽管道抽气子系统、偏滤器抽气子系统和低杂波加热系统抽气子系统,整个抽气系统使用了6台分子泵、14台外置低温泵和2套内置低温泵。采用粒子平衡的方法,对内真空室抽气系统各子系统进行了抽速标定。实验结果表明,最佳抽气性能区间在5×10^-4～5×10^-3 Pa,并且随着真空室压力增大或者减小,各子系统的抽气速率均下降。对比改进前后的内真空室抽气系统的总抽速,改进后的最大抽速可达170 m³/s,总体抽气速率提升20%左右。在百秒量级等离子放电参数下,利用标定的抽气速率数据初步评估了燃料粒子的滞留情况。本研究为等离子体放电的壁滞留与再循环控制以及其他相关物理实验开展提供了数据支持。     

空间等离子体环境模拟与地面试验技术

为了研究电离层等离子体环境与航天器的相互作用,北京卫星环境工程研究所研究了一台空间等离子体模拟试验设备.设备尺寸为Φ1500 mm×3000 mm,采用微波电子回旋共振等离子体源,试验容器的等离子体密度为104/cm3～106/cm3可调,等离子体温度～1eV,等离子体不均匀度小于25%.在这台设备上进行了高压太阳电池阵模块等离子体带电试验研究,观察到了互连片与玻璃盖片三角区的触发放电及相邻电池串间的二次放电现象,获得了放电阈值、放电率及放电波形等参数,为高压太阳电池阵等离子体带电防护设计提供了试验数据.     

HT-7托卡马克中锂第一壁研究的先行试验

为了抑制等离子体杂质和减少粒子再循环,获得高品质的等离子体,HT-7超导托卡马克将进行锂限制器实验。为此需要在实验台上开展一些先行试验,以掌握锂材料操作的关键工艺;在加热和直流辉光放电下,借助光谱仪及膜厚仪得到温度与锂熔化、挥发、沉积之间的关系。实验表明在锂温度低于300℃的情况下,锂挥发不明显;从300℃到360℃,挥发速度逐渐加快;当锂温度高于370℃,锂挥发急剧增加。利用蒸发镀膜和直流辉光放电等离子体镀膜,在真空室壁沉积了约300nm的锂膜,装置真空明显改善,表明锂膜对各种气体有很强的吸附和抑制作用。实验表明锂是托卡马克装置第一壁的理想材料之一,可以用于抑制等离子体中杂质,降低氢同位素再循环,提高等离子体性能。采用锂作为HT-7限制器,有必要在安装过程中采用氩气保护,以避免锂的氧化,同时在实验期间应避免锂限制器温度过高,以防止锂的快速蒸发。     

小型腔式微波离子源的等离子体产生及引出特性

研制了一种用石英管制作的小型腔式微波离子源，该腔套在石英管的一端，封装两电极引出系统。该离子源利用腔激发起的表面波在石英管内产生等离子体柱。在微波频率为2．45GHz、输入功率为93W时，氮的引出离子流密度可高达91．7mA／cm2。这种表面波放电等离子体源具有体积小、结构简单，在宽的压强范围内能产生再生性好、工作十分稳定的等离子体柱（1012～1013cm-3）等特点。还给出了放电的自一致描述以及放电的电子密度与压强、等离子体柱半径和输入功率的关系。     

HL—1M装置原位硅化涂层的研究

ＨＬ－１Ｍ装置采用硅化技术，大大改善了第一壁条件，提高了等离子体约束性能。对ＨＬ－１Ｍ装置的硅化涂层性能以及对等离子体杂质、热辐射和再循环进行了研究，并对装置抽气扁管内壁状态进行了分析描述。     

HL—1M装置原位硅化涂层研究

自ＨＬ－１Ｍ装置采用硅化技术，大大改善了第一壁条件，提高了等离子体约束性能，本文对ＨＬ－１Ｍ装置的硅化涂层性能以及对等离子体杂质，热辐射和再循环进行了研究，并对装置抽气扁管内壁状态进行了分析描述。     

阳极层霍尔等离子体加速器内的二维磁流体模拟

利用二维磁流体动力学模型,对我们自行设计的圆柱形霍尔等离子体加速器通道内的放电等离子体进行数值模拟计算,得到了通道内的电子密度、离子密度等分布.从计算的结果看出电子密度和离子密度主要集中在阳极附近,在加速器内通道的上游离子的数密度很快的增加到最大值4 × 1015/m3,在加速器内通道的上游电子的数密度7×1013/m3,说明离化主要发生在阳极附近,霍尔等离子体加速器出口处离子流密度的分布是双峰分布,电势梯度在阳极附近比较大.通过和PIC方法计算的结果还有试验比较看出大体具有一致性.     

高温导热绝缘涂料

以环氧改性有机硅树脂为基体, 氮化硅、 氧化铝混合填料为导热粒子制备了导热绝缘涂料。研究了涂料力学性能、 热导率、 电绝缘性、 热稳定性等性能。结果表明: 在填料质量分数40％及较佳的氧化铝与氮化硅质量比时, 涂层拉伸强度为8.02MPa, 断裂延伸率为1.27％, 附着力达到572.2N · cm-2, 热导率高达1.25W · (m · K)-1, 介电常数5.7, 体、 表电阻率分别为3×1013Ω · cm与4.3×1013Ω, 可长期在200℃下使用。与不使用导热填料的环氧改性有机硅树脂涂层相比具有较高的传热能力。      

高导热型铝基覆铜板研究

为研究一种高导热铝基覆铜板,以合成的双马改性环氧树脂为基体,最佳质量配比的氮化铝、氮化硅、氮化硼等混合粒子为导热填料制备了绝缘导热胶粘剂,并以此导热胶成功制备了高导热铝基覆铜板.分析了树脂配方设计,探讨了填料含量对绝缘层导热、耐高温、电绝缘及粘接强度的影响.研究表明,研制的基板热导率达1.38 W/(m.K),热阻0.65℃/W,体、表电阻率分别为3.2×1014Ω.cm及4.6×1013Ω,可长期在160℃下使用,剥离强度13 N/cm,与低导热基板相比具有良好的传热能力.     

EAST装置上差分抽气测量系统的设计

在托卡马克装置运行过程中,装置内壁吸附的杂质粒子会释放到内真空室,影响等离子体的平稳运行。因此需要在放电前对装置进行壁处理清洗。设计了差分抽气测量系统,可以在保持内真空室气体比例不变的前提下降低压力,实现四极质谱仪的正常工作,检测壁处理清洗期间的气体成分。整个设计过程围绕关键部件小流导法兰的流导设计展开,采用粒子平衡法计算得出小流导法兰的设计参数。可以在分子流流态下将待测腔室的气压从10 Pa降低至约0.01 Pa。设计结果为类似高压力条件下气体成分监测设备的设计提供参考。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.