变工况条件下微通道蒸发器换热特性实验研究

微通道蒸发器由于紧凑、换热效果好等优点越来越多应用于汽车空调当中,但存在制冷剂分配不均导致换热效果衰减等问题而限制了大量推广,因此研究微通道蒸发器换热特性及如何改善其制冷剂分布均匀性显得重要。本文搭建了以R134a为制冷剂的汽车空调实验测试台,分析了双排四流程微通道蒸发器的换热量及损,利用红外热像仪拍摄蒸发器表面得到表面温度分布图像。随着蒸发器进风温度由21℃升高到42℃,制冷量由2.37 k W增加到4.19 k W,而蒸发器损先增加后减小,并在进风温度为27℃与进风温度为42℃时达到最大值与最小值,分别为0.21 k W与0.16 k W。表征蒸发器表面温度分布均匀性的σ值随进风温度先由2.5增至19.5然后降至1.8,即蒸发器表面温度在进风温度为27℃时分布最不均匀,而在进风温度为42℃时分布最均匀。结果表明:较高的蒸发器进风温度能有效改善蒸发器换热性能,损及σ值可分别减小26.1%与91.0%。通过实验发现,适当提高压缩机转速能有效改善蒸发器表面温度分布的均匀性。     

结霜工况下不同结构微通道蒸发器换热性能实验研究

针对微通道蒸发器结霜问题,设计了具有相同换热面积的单层和双层微通道蒸发器。基于制冷剂分布平定参数(RDP)分析了不同结构微通道蒸发器制冷剂分布对结霜的影响,并对比分析了单、双层微通道蒸发器在结霜工况下的换热性能。研究表明:单层蒸发器RDP高于双层蒸发器,结霜30min时,双层蒸发器结霜量高于单层蒸发器1.1倍,随着结霜时间的增长,蒸发器制冷剂压损逐渐降低,空气侧阻力逐渐升高。单层蒸发器和双层蒸发器的换热量分别减少56.4%、72%,制冷剂压损分别下降26.5%、53.05%,空气阻力分别增大30.08%、51.55%,结霜对双层蒸发器出风温度均匀性影响更大。单层结构的微通道蒸发器比双层结构更适用于结霜工况。     

不同空气侧风速下微通道蒸发器换热特性实验研究

搭建微通道蒸发器性能实验台,采用控制变量法研究不同空气侧风速下微通道蒸发器表面温度分布、制冷剂进出口压力的变化规律,计算换热量和换热系数,从而分析空气侧风速对微通道蒸发器的流量分配特性和换热效果的影响。结果表明,随着风速增大,微通道蒸发器制冷剂流量分配不均匀性增大,进出口压力波动振幅和周期增加,压降增大,风速2 m/s时微通道蒸发器换热效果最佳。     

空气侧风速对双流程微通道蒸发器传热特性的影响

搭建双流程微通道蒸发器性能实验台,采用控制变量法探究了不同空气风速下微通道蒸发器表面温度分布、制冷量和传热系数、进出口压降变化规律,分析空气侧风速对微通道蒸发器的表面温度分布均匀度和传热性能的影响。结果表明:随风速增大,蒸发器表面温度均匀度先变差,然后趋于平衡;制冷量的增量很少;蒸发器内制冷剂压降增大;综合换热性能降低。单增大风速来提高微通道蒸发器制冷量的效果不明显。     

出口过热度对CO_2微通道蒸发器性能的影响

本文理论分析了影响CO_2微通道蒸发器制冷能力的关键因素,搭建CO_2微通道蒸发器测试实验台,采用CO_2电子膨胀阀实现过热度调节,研究了蒸发器出口过热度对制冷能力以及出风温度的影响。研究表明:相比于其他制冷剂,CO_2出口过热度对蒸发器制冷能力的影响较大,蒸发器的性能随出口过热度的减小而提升,随着过热度的减小,制冷能力的提升存在3个具有显著差异的阶段,系统中蒸发器的性能随过热度减小最多提升57.9%。此外,采用了红外线热像仪拍摄和均布热电偶的方法,得到出风温度和蒸发器表面温度的分布规律,结果表明出风温度随过热度的减小有更好的均匀性。     

微通道平行流蒸发器流程结构优化设计

在相同的芯体尺寸下,试验研究微通道平行流蒸发器流程结构和扁管改变对制冷剂流动及换热性能的影响。当蒸发器芯体由2流程改为4流程时,试验结果表明制冷能力降低2.1%～4.1%,制冷剂压力损失增加7.8%,空气侧阻力减小2.9%～3.8%,芯体出风侧温度均匀性有明显改善。此外,在4流程基础上,当扁管高度由1.4 mm改为1.8 mm时,芯体每流程的流通面积增大65.1%,制冷能力提高6.9%～11.3%,制冷剂压力损失降低27.8%,空气侧阻力增大8.4%～10.1%,芯体出风侧温度均匀性与之前相当。     

微通道换热器用于重力热管系统的试验研究

针对重力热管内压降影响换热器换热性能的问题,设计2款微通道换热器,每个风冷式热管系统的蒸发器和冷凝器使用同种类型微通道换热器。在机房干球/湿球温度为35℃/24℃,室外环境温度5℃,10℃和15℃下进行换热性能测试。结果表明:在相同试验工况下,微通道换热器的水力直径越大,其换热能力越大;蒸发器进口的制冷剂为过冷态,制冷剂在蒸发器内分配较为均匀,无须设置分配器。     

气体导流装置对微通道蒸发器性能的影响

针对微通道蒸发器制冷剂流量分配不均匀造成的换热性能恶化和干蒸现象,本文搭建了双流程微通道蒸发器性能测试实验台,研究导气装置对蒸发器换热性能及扁管中制冷剂分配均匀性的影响,并与常规的双流程微通道蒸发器进行对比。结果表明：由于入口制冷剂流量不变,液相制冷剂蒸发为气体的最大相变潜热不变,导致二者换热量和传热系数差值较小,最大值仅相差0.5%和6.9%。但加导气装置后流动阻力降低,两相段长度较常规结构增幅为87.3%,过热度显著降低,风速为3 m/s时两种结构的过热度降幅为44.4%。各扁管间制冷剂分布趋于一致,均匀性得到提升,干蒸现象得到缓解。     

微通道蒸发器的传热性能实验研究

采用实验的手段,探究了制冷剂侧流速改变(雷诺数)对微通道蒸发器流量分配、压降、传热系数以及制冷剂侧换热特性(努塞尔数)的影响。研究表明:随着制冷剂侧流量的增加,微通道蒸发器第一流程制冷剂的流量分配变得更加均匀,进出口的压降随之增大,传热系数及制冷剂侧努塞尔数也逐渐增大,换热效果不断增强。     

分流板开孔面积对微通道平行流蒸发器性能的影响

采用数值模拟与实验研究相结合的方法,以R134a为工质,研究了微通道平行流蒸发器内入口处分流板的开孔面积变化时,对蒸发器的流动和换热性能的影响。结果表明:随着分流板上的开孔孔径增大,蒸发器内的流动阻力会降低,制冷剂流量分配的均匀性变差,而制冷量却先增加后减小。分流板的开孔孔径存在一个最佳值,此时蒸发器内的阻力损失低,制冷剂的流量分配均匀性好,两者的匹配性最好,使得蒸发器的制冷量达到最大。此蒸发器中入口分流板的最佳开孔面积约为150.7 mm2。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.