红外对抗技术和装备的发展

红外技术的发展促进了红外制导武器的快速发展。同时红外制导技术的发展,使得红外对抗技术也在不断加以改进和提高,一些先进的红外对抗技术和装备,如红外告警、红外干扰机、定向红外干扰系统、红外诱饵、红外烟幕、红外隐身等被用来对抗红外制导导弹的威胁。     

定向红外对抗系统与技术的发展

红外对抗系统与技术经历了近半个多世纪的发展,先后出现了红外干扰机、红外诱饵及红外烟幕等几类红外干扰技术,并形成了一个庞大的红外干扰器材家族.近年来,随着红外成像寻的制导武器和技术的发展,常规的红外干扰手段对新型红外制导武器的干扰效果越来越不尽人意,人们逐渐提出了以高功率氙灯或激光作为红外能量源的定向红外对抗(DIRCM)概念.该系统具备优越的红外干扰性能,如通过干扰、致眩和毁伤等干扰红外成像导引头、多次重复使用、干扰效率高等,现已成为新一代红外对抗系统的优选方案.回顾了近年来国外新一代定向红外对抗系统和技术的研究发展历程,重点阐述了基于激光的定向红外对抗系统的工作原理、干扰毁伤机理、在技术上的优势及其国外发展现状,预测了定向红外对抗系统与技术的发展趋势.     

红外搜索和跟踪技术在激光武器系统中的应用

针对红外搜索和跟踪技术在激光武器系统中的应用特点，简述了对红外搜索和跟踪系统的基本要求，简要介绍了目前存在的若干技术问题和今后的发展方向。     

红外对抗技术

红外制导导弹极大地威胁飞机的安全。红外对抗技术的迅速发展，促使美国多厂商努力研制无源光电导弹逼近告警系统和定向红外干扰系统，并积极开发一些更新的红外对抗技术，以研制成本更低和性能更好的设备。     

光机扫描红外成像系统的串扫、并扫体制比较

扫描体制对光机扫描型红外成像系统的性能和品质起着重要的作用。本文从ｌ／ｆ噪声、冷屏效果。多元探测器非均匀性对串扫、并扫两种体制的系统灵敏度影响作了分析、计算；从系统通带和探测器的缺陷对两种体制系统的成像质量的影响作了定性的分析；还对两种体制的相关技术、成本和可生产性等方面作了扼要的比较。从两种体制的分析、计算、比较中可以看出：串扫体制在系统灵敏度、成像质量以及相关技术、成本和可生产性等方面优于并扫系统。因此在设计光机扫描型红外成像系统时，应把扫描体制作为重要的因素加以考虑。作为产品的规划则更应重视扫描体制的选择。     

滤波器提高红外成像性能

自第二次世界大战以来,红外成像技术在工业和国防方面得到了广泛的应用.现代的红外成像系统已普遍克服过去所存在的功耗大、探测器致冷系统笨重等问题,但现在却面临新的挑战:创造可飞行、可运载、可消费的小型轻质器件.现代的红外成像系统必须坚固得足以承受机械振动,并且特别灵敏以便实时获取图像.频率快变是现代红外成像系统必不可少的一种性能,只有这样,才能同时或者近乎同时对红外波段内的多个波长进行采样.为了解决这些问题,新的技术已使红外系统中的色散元件发生了变化.     

热成像系统MRTD／MDTD的检测与校正

描述了测试热成像系统ＭＲＴＤ／ＭＤＴＤ的主观和客观方法。同时讨论这两种方法的共同技术：可变温差目标源、光学和准直光学系统、微机技术、校正方法、测试技术。     

美国反导系统红外探测、跟踪和识别技术分析

分析了美国反导系统红外探测、跟踪和识别弹道导弹的机理,介绍了其技术方案和研究现状,并且展望了其发展趋势。     

舰载红外搜索和跟踪系统发展述评

论述了舰载红外搜索和跟踪系统的地位、作用及发展状况，重点介绍新一代系统的技术特点，最后简介了一些国家的研制计划。     

外层空间红外成像制导对抗技术分析

红外成像探测、跟踪和识别技术是美国反导系统的关键技术之一。如何对抗红外成像末制导拦截弹，实现弹道导弹的成功突防，已成为世界各国研究的重要课题。今系统分析弹道导弹的红外辐射特征、对抗红外成像末制导拦截弹的机理、对抗技术措施和关键技术，并且展望了其发展趋势。     

量子力学系统与双线性系统可控性关系的对比研究

在界定了双线性系统、矩阵系统和右不变系统后,归纳出已有的3种不同系统的可控性定理,重点放在对右不变系统的可控性定理的总结以及与双线性系统可控性之间的关系上,特别强调了它们的可控性定理主要是根据李群、李代数的特性来判断的,以类似方法详细分析各种不同情况下的量子系统的可控性定理,通过对比,指出现有的有关量子系统可控性定理与双线性系统可控性定理之间的对应关系,由此揭示每一种量子系统可控性定理的适用情况以及各种不同量子系统可控性概念之间的相互关系.     

Common-mode failures in redundant VLSI systems: a survey

This paper presents a survey of CMF (common-mode failures) in redundant systems with emphasis on VLSI (very large scale integration) systems. The paper discusses CMF in redundant systems, their possible causes, and techniques to analyze reliability of redundant systems in the presence of CMF. Current practice and results on the use of design diversity techniques for CMF are reviewed. By revisiting the CMF problem in the context of VLSI systems, this paper augments earlier surveys on CMF in nuclear and power-supply systems. The need for quantifiable metrics and effective models for CMF in VLSI systems is re-emphasized. These metrics and models are extremely useful in designing reliable systems. For example, using these metrics and models, system designers and synthesis tools can incorporate diversity in redundant systems to maximize protection against CMF     

光纤电视系统

随着我国经济的发展,光纤(有线)电视系统也将在全国有一个大发展。本文将目前光纤电视技术的发展情况用深入浅出的文字作一综合叙述,其中包括光纤电视和目前无线电广播电视在质量上的比较、光纤电视系统及其布线结构。对光纤电视系统的两项重要技术:调制及多路复用,作了进一步探讨,提出了有关光纤电视系统将来在技术方面的可能发展。最后作者对我国发展光纤电视系统提出了一些看法。     

Regulation of Photovoltaic Voltage

Manufacturing systems changed towards higher degrees of automation in the 1980s. Today's manufacturing systems again face a fundamental change. One of the key matters of this change is going to be the modularity of tomorrow's manufacturing systems. This article analyzes the industrial and technological background of this change from the perspective of a large manufacturing company in the automotive, consumer goods and automation industry. A seminal definition of modularity for manufacturing systems is given. A new categorization of manufacturing systems based on the granularity of their modules is presented. Within this categorization manufacturing systems are divided into standard-machine-based production systems, cell-based production systems, workstation-based production systems, and unit-based production systems. Advantages and disadvantages of the different concepts are discussed with respect to future requirements. Finally, challenges and trends of the future manufacturing technology are outlined.     

开放式可重构伺服系统研究与设计

伺服系统作为雷达的重要组成部分,目前已完成从模拟系统向数字控制的转换,但依然存在兼容性差、功能不易扩展等缺点,无法满足雷达对伺服系统多样性、移植性等需求。为了实现雷达伺服系统的开放性,文中提出一种开放式可重构雷达伺服系统的硬件构成及开放式系统接口设计,并对系统重构的软件设计方法进行了阐述。最后给出开放式系统在2种体制的雷达伺服系统中的应用实例。实践表明,基于嵌入式控制器的开放式可重构伺服系统应用灵活方便。     

Degradation of oxide films due to radiation effects in exposure to plasmas in sputter deposition and backsputtering

The particle bombardment and other effects occurring in plasma systems used to process semiconductor devices have been described and characterized, in particular in the dc and RF diode and dc triode systems commonly used for processing. DC diode systems and RF diode systems are shown to cause degradaztion in processed devices due to energetic particle bombardment, as do de triode systems. In triode systems magnetic field protection is of assistance; in dc and RF diodes, grid systems may be necessary. Since the degradation of processed devices is often not annealable, some protection of devices from degradation during processing may be essential.     

Performance analysis of channelized cellular systems with dynamic channel allocation

We present an analytical model to compute the blocking probability in channelized cellular systems with dynamic channel allocation. We model the channel occupancy in a cell by a two-dimensional (2D) Markov chain, which can be solved to obtain the blocking probability in each cell. We apply our analytical model to linear highway systems with and without lognormal shadowing and then extend it to 2D cellular systems with lognormal shadowing. We show that, for linear highway systems, distributed dynamic channel-allocation schemes perform similarly to the centralized dynamic channel-allocation schemes in terms of blocking probability. However, for 2D cellular systems, the improvement in the performance is significant and the reduction in the blocking probability in systems with distributed dynamic channel allocation is by almost one order of magnitude, when compared to that in systems with centralized dynamic channel allocation. In practice, our analysis of linear highway systems is applicable to Digital European Cordless Telephony (DECT) and that of 2D cellular systems is applicable to global systems for mobile communications (GSM).     

协同系统中预编码技术的发展

协同系统与多人多出系统具有相似性,在协同系统中引入预编码技术是方便可行的.本文从本地和虚拟天线阵的构成方式及系统拓扑等角度出发,对协同系统中的预编码技术进行了分类整理,总结了其研究现状.     

现代机载光电探测系统的性能验证技术

机载光电探测系统，从光谱波段划分来讲，包括紫外、可见光、近红外、短波红外、中／长波红外等。现代战争所需要的机载光电探测系统，往往要求多光谱、同视场、同路经、同时段，多源探测模式。作为现代机载光电探测系统，由于其结构和技术的复杂性，按照以往传统的功能和性能考核方法，已不能满足要求。必须针对现代机载光电探测系统的特点，提出特定的考核指标，设计特定的试辁方案。对工作在中波红外和长波红外区域的探测系统，MRTD是使用得最广泛的综合性能指标参数，它考虑了系统各个环节及人机工效特性；对工作在可见光和近红外区域的探测系统，MRC表征了系统的最小可分辨对比度。     

Systems engineering in an age of complexity

This work considers the creation of complex engineered systems (CES) and the systems engineering approach by which they are designed. The changing nature of the challenges facing systems engineering is discussed, with particular focus on the increasing complexity of modern systems. It is argued that modern complexity poses a major challenge to our ability to achieve successful systems and that this complexity must be understood, predicted and measured if we are to engineer systems confidently. We acknowledge previous work, which concluded that in complex systems, failures ("accidents") may be inevitable and unavoidable. To further explore potential tools for increasing our confidence in complex systems, we review research in the field of complexity theory to seek potentially useful approaches and measures and find ourselves particularly interested in the potential usefulness of relationships between the magnitudes of events and their frequency of occurrence. Complexity theory is found to have characterized naturally occurring systems and to potentially be the source of profitable application to the systems engineering challenge, viz., the creation of complex engineered systems. We are left with the tentative conclusion that truly complex systems, with our present understanding of complex behavior, cannot be designed with a degree in confidence that is acceptable given our current expectations. We recommend that the discipline of systems engineering must investigate this issue as a matter of priority and urgency and seek to develop approaches to respond to the challenge.