苏州多层住宅建筑生命周期评价

依据美国开发的BEES软件,选择张家港当地某一栋具体的多层住宅建筑(6层,每层大约750 m2)进行了生命周期评价.把建筑的全生命周期范围确定为建材准备阶段(包括原材科开采、运输、原材料加工等)、建造阶段、运行阶段(运行70年)、拆毁阶段和建筑垃圾处理阶段.依据确定的范围进行了清单分析.根据建筑的结构形式,计算得到各种建材的需求量和建造、运行、拆毁、建筑垃圾处理时的各种输入输出,以统一的功能单位(一栋建筑)合并各种输入输出数据,得到总的数据清单.采用BEES分类表征方法进行影响评价.根据我国的具体情况确定环境影响因子和类别(酸雨、全球变暖、资源枯竭等),将不同的环境影响因子分配到一个或多个环境影响类别中,再根据具体情况确定各指标的权重系数进行加权,得到综合的评价结果.找出了建筑物全生命周期阶段中产生环境影响最大的阶段,即运行阶段.     

不同结构住宅建筑生命周期环境影响比较

本文选取框架结构、砖混结构和钢结构住宅作为评价对象,运用生命周期评价软件—CMLCA分析其建材准备、施工建造、运行、拆除和废物处置五个阶段的环境排放,比较其全生命周期环境影响,为选择建筑结构形式和规范建筑评价标准提供参考。     

三种结构住宅建筑生命周期环境影响比较

正我国建筑用能已超过全国能源消费总量的1/4,在环境总体污染中,与建筑有关的占1/3以上,建筑垃圾则约占人类活动产生垃圾总量的40%。本文选取框架结构、砖混结构和钢结构住宅作为评价对象,运用生命周期评价软件——CMLCA分析其建材准备、施工建造、运行、拆除和废物处置五个阶段的环境排放,比较其全生命周期环境影响。Cole和加拿大木材管理委员会分别对钢结构、混凝土结构和木结构商业建筑进行了生命周期能耗和CO2排放比较,但缺少对回收阶段的测算;Angela、Arpad运用生命     

建筑全生命周期碳排放量计算模型

建立建筑全生命周期碳排放量计算模型,定量研究生产、运输、建造、运行、拆除和回收不同阶段的碳排放量,并以上海某公共建筑为案例,进行了建筑全生命周期碳排放量的计算,结果表明,该建筑全生命周期单位面积碳排放量指标为2.72 t/m2,运行期间的建筑碳排放量在建筑全生命周期碳排放量占比最高,其次为建材生产阶段.降低运行阶段的能源需求,选择可再循环和碳排放因子小的建材、减少建筑材料的使用和浪费有助于降低建筑全生命周期碳排放量.该模型的建立,可为建筑全生命周期碳排放计算提供依据,为优化设计方案、建造方案和运行方案提供方法指导.     

建筑全生命周期碳排放量计算模型

建立建筑全生命周期碳排放量计算模型,定量研究生产、运输、建造、运行、拆除和回收不同阶段的碳排放量,并以上海某公共建筑为案例,进行了建筑全生命周期碳排放量的计算,结果表明,该建筑全生命周期单位面积碳排放量指标为2.72 t/m2,运行期间的建筑碳排放量在建筑全生命周期碳排放量占比最高,其次为建材生产阶段.降低运行阶段的能源需求,选择可再循环和碳排放因子小的建材、减少建筑材料的使用和浪费有助于降低建筑全生命周期碳排放量.该模型的建立,可为建筑全生命周期碳排放计算提供依据,为优化设计方案、建造方案和运行方案提供方法指导.     

建筑全生命周期碳排放量计算模型

建立建筑全生命周期碳排放量计算模型,定量研究生产、运输、建造、运行、拆除和回收不同阶段的碳排放量,并以上海某公共建筑为案例,进行了建筑全生命周期碳排放量的计算,结果表明,该建筑全生命周期单位面积碳排放量指标为2.72 t/m2,运行期间的建筑碳排放量在建筑全生命周期碳排放量占比最高,其次为建材生产阶段.降低运行阶段的能源需求,选择可再循环和碳排放因子小的建材、减少建筑材料的使用和浪费有助于降低建筑全生命周期碳排放量.该模型的建立,可为建筑全生命周期碳排放计算提供依据,为优化设计方案、建造方案和运行方案提供方法指导.     

苏州地区住宅全生命周期碳足迹核算

该研究采用《PAS2050规范》提供的使用指南,结合生命周期评价的技术方法,从住宅建筑整个生命周期的角度剖析建筑材料准备、建造、使用、拆除、建材处置和回收利用等六个阶段的环境影响,并选取苏州地区统计数据计算住宅建筑全生命周期的碳足迹,为建筑设计师提供指导,也能为评价开发单位、业主、建筑师提供了建筑绿色度评估的依据。     

杭州低碳科技馆全生命周期能耗与碳排放评价研究

本文采用全生命周期评价的方法,研究了杭州低碳科技馆在建材生产、建材运输、施工建造、运营使用以及拆除废弃阶段的能耗与碳排放,并分析其采用的绿色建筑技术对全生命周期能耗与碳排放的影响。     

轻型木结构全生命周期碳排放分析及影响因素研究

木结构建筑由于在建材原料方面的减碳优势得以被重视。本研究基于全生命周期分析法，结合国家碳排放标准，聚焦轻型木结构建筑，测算其全生命周期各阶段碳排放，并比较同等体量的混凝土结构和轻钢结构建筑。结果表明，轻型木结构建筑在建材生产、建材运输、运行、建造拆除阶段碳排放都远低于混凝土结构和轻钢结构建筑，表现出明显的减碳优势。     

建筑生命周期环境管理集成解决方案

针对近年来备受关注的绿色建筑及其评价问题,采用生命周期评价理念设计了建筑行业生命周期环境管理集成解决方案,介绍了该方案的主要功能特点,包括建材生产、建筑设计与建造、建筑运行等全生命周期过程的环境评价与管理系统,可以为政府及相关机构开展绿色建筑评价工作、建立相应管理体系提供支持。     

Sustainability in the construction industry: A review of recent developments based on LCA

This review brings together research on life cycle assessment (LCA) applied within the building sector. More than ever, the construction industry is concerned with improving the social, economic and environmental indicators of sustainability. By applying LCA it is possible to optimise these aspects, from the extraction of raw materials to the final disposal of waste building materials. Firstly, this review details LCA concepts and focuses on the LCA methodology and tools employed in the built environment. Secondly, this paper outlines and discusses the differences between the LCA of building materials and components combinations versus the LCA of the full building life cycle. Finally, this work can be used by stakeholders as an important reference on LCA including up to date literature on approaches and methodologies to preserve the environment and therefore achieve sustainable development in both developed and developing countries.The present review has tried to compile and reflect the key milestones accomplished in LCA over the last 7 years, from 2000 to 2007 within the building sector. In summary, it can be stated that the application of LCA is fundamental to sustainability and improvement in building and construction. For industrial activities, SMEs must understand the application of LCA, not only to meet consumer demands for environmentally friendly products, but also to increase the productivity and competitiveness of the green construction markets. For this reason, this review looks at LCA because of its broad international acceptance as a means to improve environmental processes and services, and also for creating goals to prevent adverse environmental impacts, consequently enhancing quality of life and allowing people to live in a healthy environment.     

建筑固体废弃物治理全生命周期环境影响评价—以废旧粘土砖为例

为定量评价建筑固体废弃物治理的环境影响,基于生命周期评价（LCA）理论和建筑工程环境表现评价系统（BEPAS）,综合考虑废弃物治理过程的环境代价以及再生材料的环境收益,以净环境代价为指标,建立了建筑固体废弃物治理环境影响评价框架。根据实际案例,定量评价了废旧粘土砖几种典型治理方式的环境影响,结果表明:填埋的净环境代价较高,其次是重复利用,而再生利用的代价相对较低;在再生利用方式中,净环境代价从小到大依次为水泥混合料、混凝土砌块原料、免烧砌筑水泥原料、混凝土骨料、烧砖瓦原料,其中烧砖瓦原料的净环境代价为正值,即所得到环境收益不足以弥补其环境代价。     

Life cycle of buildings,demolition and recycling potential: A case study in Turin,Italy

One of the most challenging issues presently facing policymakers and public administrators in Italy concerns what to do with waste materials from building dismantling activities and to understand whether, and to what extent, the ever-increasing quantity of demolition waste can replace virgin materials. The paper presents the results from a research programme that was focused on the life cycle assessment (LCA) of a residential building, located in Turin, which was demolished in 2004 by controlled blasting. A detailed LCA model was set-up, based on field measured data from an urban area under demolition and re-design, paying attention to the end-of-life phase and supplying actual data on demolition and rubble recycling. The results have demonstrated that, while building waste recycling is economically feasible and profitable, it is also sustainable from the energetic and environmental point of view. Compared to the environmental burdens associated with the materials embodied in the building shell, the recycling potential is 29% and 18% in terms of life cycle energy and greenhouse emissions, respectively. The recycling potential of the main building materials was made available in order to address future demolition projects and supply basic knowledge in the design for dismantling field.     

住宅建筑碳排放核算方法与应用

住宅建筑整个生命周期划分为6个阶段,分别是建材和产品生产阶段、运输阶段、建筑施工阶段、装饰装修阶段、运行阶段、拆除与处理阶段。通过对各个阶段涉及的具体碳排放活动进行分析研究,提出了更加完善的建筑生命周期碳排放的核算方法,方法为活动因子乘以排放系数。活动因子按照各阶段涉及的内容可以分为六大类,分别是建材消耗量,运输方式、距离和运输重量,工程的机械台班数,建筑年能耗模拟值,材料再利用率与材料拆除总量之积,以及材料再循环率与材料拆除总量之积。选取马鞍山某住宅小区项目,对建筑生命周期及其运行阶段的碳排放构成进行了案例研究,结果显示,6个阶段中运行阶段的排放所占比例最大为77.12%;随着住宅建筑使用寿命的降低,每年单位建筑面积的二氧化碳排放量逐渐增加,由50年的65.14 kg/m2·a增加到10年的132.05 kg/m2·a。     

桥梁生命周期环境影响的多级模糊综合评价

为了量化评价桥梁的综合环境影响,提出了桥梁生命周期环境影响的多级模糊综合评价方法。在分析桥梁的设计、原材料的生产加工、现场的施工、桥梁的运营、桥梁的废弃这生命周期5个阶段环境影响的基础上,按照客观性、科学性、完整性、有效性等原则建立了多级综合评价指标体系。将桥梁生命周期环境影响分为负面影响较大、负面影响较小、基本无影响、正面影响较小、正面影响较大5个等级,采用改进的层次分析法确定权重,并引入模糊数学方法进行综合评价。应用该方法对武汉市南太子湖大桥生命周期环境影响进行分析评价。结果表明,原材料生产和桥梁施工过程对环境影响较大。该方法可作为桥梁生命周期环境影响评价的基本方法,用于桥梁工程环境影响综合评价。     

The principles of sustainable construction

This article outlines the importance of immediate action to ensure sustainable development and explains why construction has such a major role to play. The broader issues are introduced but the focus is on those actions which the construction industry can take to make the biggest improvements, namely reducing energy use associated with both the building process and the operation of buildings throughout their life. It is also important that the useful life of the building is prolonged, opportunities are taken to reuse components and recycle materials when they are no longer needed and that materials are sourced in such a way that impacts are minimised. The challenge of reducing demolition waste and making positive use of other waste products are also considered. The specific information and relative importance of different issues discussed in this article relate mainly to the UK, but the principles are universal.     

Environmental performance optimization of window-wall ratio for different window type in hot summer and cold winter zone in China based on life cycle assessment

This study aims at analyzing the environmental impact of each process of a typical office building over its entire life cycle in Shanghai, China, and finding out a suited limited value for window-wall ratio (WWR) of different orientation and window materials by comparing the results of different scenarios. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is used as a tool for the assessment of energy consumption and associated impacts generated from utilization of energy in building construction and operation.When looking at the impacts due to building external envelope production, we observed a small but significant environmental benefit as WWR increasing. Depending on the window materials, the impact is reduced by 9-15%. The environmental benefit associated with the changing in building external envelope production mainly results from the high coefficient of recovery of window materials, include window-frame and glass. But for building use phase, WWR with different window types or orientation has various effects on environmental burden. The environmental impact of office buildings is dominated by the operation stage, although the environmental burden of material production for low-E hollow glass window is larger than single glazing window, the environmental performance of building with low-E hollow glass window is better than other window materials.     

生命周期评价理论及在建筑领域中的应用综述

生命周期评价通过对建筑产品从原材料挖掘到报废拆除整个生命期的分析,为全面衡量建筑的可持续能力提供了工具。在介绍生命周期评价概念和理论框架的基础上,对生命周期评价三种主要模型（过程生命周期评价模型、投入-产出生命周期评价模型、混合生命周期评价模型）的内容与特点进行了总结。针对目前国内外研究现状,回顾了生命周期评价在建筑材料与部品和整体建筑产品的应用,对生命周期评价在建筑领域中的发展给予展望。研究深入了当前对于生命期评价理论的认识与了解,指明了全生命周期评价模型在建筑可持续能力评估方面的优点与不足,推动了全生命周期评价理论在我国的丰富与发展     

Eco-Bat: A design tool for assessing environmental impacts of buildings and equipment

This paper presents the features of Eco-Bat, a computer program developed to assess the environmental impacts of buildings, including construction materials and energy consumed, during its life cycle. The methodology used to evaluate environmental impacts based on a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach, compatible with ISO 14040 standards, is detailed. The data are mainly extracted from an environmental impacts database, Ecoinvent, which contains values for the manufacturing and elimination of numerous materials as well as other processes. Two applications are presented to illustrate the possibilities offered by Eco-Bat. The first one is a comparison of different variants of building facades. The second example shows the analysis of a whole building including its energy consumption.