藻类生物质燃烧NO_x的排放特性与N转化机制

在一维管式炉上测定了典型藻类生物质条浒苔、马尾藻和小球藻在不同温度下燃烧时生成NO_x的规律,并在此基础上探究了藻类生物质两两等质量比混燃时NO_x的排放规律.结果表明:单独燃烧小球藻与条浒苔时,NO_x的排放曲线均近似呈单峰分布;温度在600℃以上、单独燃烧马尾藻时,NO_x的排放曲线呈双峰分布;NO_x的排放峰值均随温度的升高而增大.600℃时NO_x的排放总量与N的转化率最低;700~900℃时N的转化路径改变,但对条浒苔、马尾藻和小球藻各自单独燃烧时NO_x排放量影响很小.800℃下将小球藻与条浒苔、小球藻与马尾藻等质量比混燃,NO_x排放量介于各藻类生物质单独燃烧时的排放量之间,无明显的相互作用,而条浒苔与马尾藻等质量比混燃时NO_x的排放量增加,有相互促进作用.     

单颗粒海藻生物质在流化床内燃烧试验与数值模拟

在小型流化床试验台上研究海藻颗粒(条浒苔)的流化床燃烧试验,条浒苔颗粒在流化床中先进行脱水和挥发分的燃烧;接着发生焦炭燃烧,其燃烧过程符合缩核模型,炭核由外向内逐层燃烧,灰层半径几乎不变。通过对不同燃烧时间收集的焦炭颗粒剖面的SEM扫描电镜观察,进一步确定燃烧过程,发现随着燃烧的进行,颗粒内孔隙增大,微孔表面粗糙,局部甚至出现融化。最后建立条浒苔单颗粒在流化床内燃烧的数学模型,模拟结果与试验对比基本符合。     

循环流化床系统物料分布及循环流率的实验研究

在一冷态循环流化床实验装置上,考察了一定颗粒原始存料量下,流化风速和回料风量对物料在循环系统中的分布和循环流率的影响.实验结果表明,当固定回料风量时,系统颗粒循环量随着流化风速的增加先增加后有所减少.流化风速较高时,系统将离开了传统的快速床操浊?为在高风速下保持和提高颗粒循环流率,需要进一步提高回料阀的输送能力.当固定流化风速时,回料阀松动风的增加将提高系统颗粒循环流率;但随着料封高度的降低,回料阀向提升管输送的颗粒量趋于稳定.过高的松动风量将破坏正常的料封,这对实际操作是不利的.     

双循环流化床颗粒循环流率的冷态实验研究与预测

在自行搭建的双循环流化床冷态实验系统上研究了鼓泡床静床层高度、颗粒平均粒径、鼓泡床流化风速、快速床总流化风速及一次风量比例等控制参数对颗粒循环流率的影响,提出了基于上述控制参数的颗粒循环流率计算关联式。结果表明:随着鼓泡床流化风速的增加,颗粒循环流率变化不明显;随着快速床中一次风量比例和总流化风速的增加,颗粒循环流率均增大,当一次风量比例和总流化风速达到一定值后,颗粒循环流率的增幅逐渐变缓;颗粒循环流率随着静床层高度的增加而增大,随颗粒平均粒径的增大而减小,且颗粒平均粒径的影响程度较大;所提出的关联式能够较好地预测颗粒循环流率。     

1060t/h循环流化床锅炉物料质量浓度分布试验研究

通过对1 060t/h裤衩腿型循环流化床锅炉的大量变工况试验,获得了不同负荷率下的炉内压力分布,给出了该锅炉稀相区物料质量浓度的分布规律,并分析了流化风速和床压降对物料质量浓度分布的影响,得到物料质量浓度随流化风速和炉膛高度变化的关系式以及物料质量浓度随床压降和炉膛高度变化的关系式.结果表明:在床压降不变的条件下,流化风速与炉内平均物料质量浓度成正比;在流化风速不变的条件下,在一定的范围内,床压降与炉内平均物料质量浓度成正比,当床压降升高到某一临界值后,床压降与炉内平均物料质量浓度成反比.     

海藻的燃烧特性分析

采用热重分析法,对海藻类生物质条浒苔的燃烧过程及其动力学规律进行了实验研究.通过条浒苔在不同升温速率(10,20,30℃/min)和不同粒径(＜0.18 mm,0.18 mm～0.28 mm,0.28 mm～0.45 mm)下的燃烧实验,研究发现条浒苔的失重曲线表现出明显的双峰:即挥发分峰和碳峰.分析比较了各升温速率条件下条浒苔的燃烧特性参数,发现海藻的着火点比陆上木质类生物质的着火点低,并通过计算,给出了试样的综合燃烧特性指数(S),计算结果表明升温速率越大,燃烧越容易进行.着重分析比较了不同粒径试样的燃烧特性参数,揭示了海藻呈现出与煤和陆上木质类生物质不同的性质,即燃烧速度随粒径变小而变小.由试样的燃烧动力学参数,发现试样的活化能也随升温速率变大而变大.     

燃稻草流化床床料烧结特性的研究

以燃稻草流化床床料烧结现象为研究对象,通过实验研究了流化风速和床温对流化时间的影响规律以及调节运行条件对恢复流化的作用规律以及烧结块的形成机理。研究结果表明,当床温达到750℃以上时,会出现明显的床料烧结现象;流化时间随着床温的升高或流化风速的降低而缩短;流化停止后降低床温至700℃可使流化基本恢复。对烧结块中处于不同发展阶段的粘结物的SEM/EDS分析结果表明,粘结物是由稻草颗粒在其燃烧过程中形成的,并提出了新的烧结块形成机理假设。     

热黏熔颗粒团聚的实验模拟

针对流化床内颗粒受热产生黏性及由此引发的团聚、失流化现象,利用低温模拟物聚乙烯颗粒在二维内循环流化床实验台内对床内颗粒受热团聚过程进行实验模拟,找了颗粒团聚成长规律。通过分析不同工况下的团聚物质量占物料总质量的比例,找出影响颗粒团聚的因素。实验表明,流化床内颗粒团聚过程分为两个主要阶段:成核阶段及黏性核快速长大并破碎阶段。流化床运行温度存在一高一低两个临界点,当温度低于较低临界点时,床内颗粒平稳流化,无团聚现象出现;当温度高于低临界点低于高临界点时,床内颗粒出现部分团聚;当温度高于高临界点时,床内颗粒迅速出现大范围团聚,因此将低临界点定义为第一临界温度,高临界点定义为第二临界温度。较低床温、合理流化风速配比、高非黏颗粒比例都对颗粒团聚有显著抑制作用。     

海藻颗粒流化床燃烧后灰孔隙结构分析

在小型流化床试验台上进行了大型海藻颗粒(条浒苔与马尾藻)在流化床内的燃烧试验研究,结果表明,条浒苔颗粒能够稳定燃烧,而马尾藻颗粒结渣严重.针对海藻原样和流化床燃烧后收集的底灰,进一步利用压汞法和氮气吸附法进行孔隙结构分析,结果表明,燃烧后灰比原样孔隙增多,孔隙率从21.01%增大到49.74%;内部孔隙扩张,孔容积和比表面积增大.通过分形分析可知,海藻原样表面光滑,燃烧后灰表面粗糙不规则.燃烧后海藻灰具备多孔结构,可以考虑综合利用.     

流化风速对二元粒径颗粒混合物分层特性影响的实验研究

采用塌落法针对2种不同粒径颗粒的混合物,研究了其在不同流化风速下,颗粒平均粒径沿床高的分布情况。研究发现,随着流化风速的增大,颗粒平均粒径沿床高的分布逐渐趋于均匀。表明增大风速有利于颗粒之间的相互混合,减弱颗粒分层。这对防止风水联合冷渣器内结焦事故的发生具有重要意义。     

生物质链条炉床层燃烧建模及一次风影响分析

基于多孔介质非热平衡的方法,考虑了床层高度的变化及颗粒内部温度梯度的影响,建立了一维非稳态燃烧模型来模拟炉排上移动床层的生物质燃烧。模拟计算结果与实验值对比分析表明,总体上数值计算结果与实验数据吻合较好。通过对不同一次风参数下床层燃烧的模拟结果分析得到,随着一次风风量的增加,床层剩余质量先减小后增大;在燃烧前期,床层出口气体温度上升速度减慢,挥发分析出速率降低,焦炭燃烧速率增大;在燃烧中期,床层出口气体温度先上升后下降,焦炭燃烧速率下降。一次风风温相比于一次风风量对床层燃烧影响较小,增大一次风风温可以提高挥发分析出速率,降低床层出口气体温度和床层剩余质量。     

气固流化床内颗粒的内循环特性的研究

分析了气固流化床内颗粒内循环产生的原因,进而,分析了流化床气体速度,静态床层高度,颗粒粒径以及压力对颗凿内循环的影响。当流化床循环增强;而压力增大将使颗粒的内循环减弱。当颗粒的内循环增强时,流化床的脉冲信号（温度,浓度和灰度等）响应曲线的振荡加剧,流化床内颗粒的横向混合将得到改善。     

Local Heat and Mass Transfer for Gas—Solid Two Phase Flow in CFB

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Energy analysis in fluidized‐bed drying of large wet particles

Energy analysis of a fluidized‐bed drying system is undertaken to optimize the fluidized‐bed drying conditions for large wet particles (Group D) using energy models. Three critical factors; the inlet air temperature, the fluidization velocity, and the initial moisture contents of the material (e.g., wheat) are studied to determine their effects on the overall energy efficiency to optimize the fluidized bed drying process. In order to verify the model, different experimental data sets for wheat material taken from the literature are used. The results show that the energy efficiencies of the fluidized‐bed dryer decrease with increasing drying time and become the lowest at the end of the drying process. It is observed that the inlet air temperature has an important effect on energy efficiency for the material where the diffusion coefficient depends on both the temperature and the moisture content of the particle. Furthermore, the energy efficiencies showed higher values for particles with high initial moisture content while the effect of gas velocity varied depending on the material properties. A good agreement is achieved between the model predictions and the available experimental results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experiments on chemical looping combustion of coal with a NiO based oxygen carrier

A chemical looping combustion process for coal using interconnected fluidized beds with inherent separation of CO₂ is proposed in this paper. The configuration comprises a high velocity fluidized bed as an air reactor, a cyclone, and a spout-fluid bed as a fuel reactor. The high velocity fluidized bed is directly connected to the spout-fluid bed through the cyclone. Gas composition of both fuel reactor and air reactor, carbon content of fly ash in the fuel reactor, carbon conversion efficiency and CO₂ capture efficiency were investigated experimentally. The results showed that coal gasification was the main factor which controlled the contents of CO and CH₄ concentrations in the flue gas of the fuel reactor, carbon conversion efficiency in the process of chemical looping combustion of coal with NiO-based oxygen carrier in the interconnected fluidized beds. Carbon conversion efficiency reached only 92.8% even when the fuel reactor temperature was high up to 970 °C. There was an inherent carbon loss in the process of chemical looping combustion of coal in the interconnected fluidized beds. The inherent carbon loss was due to an easy elutriation of fine char particles from the freeboard of the spout-fluid bed, which was inevitable in this kind of fluidized bed reactor. Further improvement of carbon conversion efficiency could be achieved by means of a circulation of fine particles elutriation into the spout-fluid bed or the high velocity fluidized bed. CO₂ capture efficiency reached to its equilibrium of 80% at the fuel reactor temperature of 960 °C. The inherent loss of CO₂ capture efficiency was due to bypassing of gases from the fuel reactor to the air reactor, and the product of residual char burnt with air in the air reactor. Further experiments should be performed for a relatively long-time period to investigate the effects of ash and sulfur in coal on the reactivity of nickel-based oxygen carrier in the continuous CLC reactor.     

循环流化床锅炉密相区内颗粒的横向扩散研究

以热粒子作为示踪粒子,用热电偶测量示踪粒子沿径向的变化,在长900mm、宽100mm、高5200mm的循环流化床密相区进行了颗粒的横向扩散的研究。循环流化床密相区内颗粒横向扩散可用一维扩散模型来描述,模型的计算结果与实验数据吻合很好。根据实验数据拟和得到颗粒的横向扩散系数Dsr,实验表明随着流化风速的增大和静止床高的增高,横向扩散系数Dsr增大;随颗粒粒径的增大,横向扩散系数Dsr减小。最后给出了以流化风速、静止床高和颗粒粒径为影响因素的横向扩散系数Dsr的经验式。     

双流化床提升管二次风对其循环流率的影响规律

双循环流化床提升管二次风特性是影响颗粒循环流率的重要因素。设计并搭建了双循环流化床冷态实验台,通过实验分析了二次风风速、送风方式、风口高度及风口数目对颗粒循环流率的影响。实验表明:对于物料固定粒径、固定静床高时,颗粒循环流率随着二次风速的增加而增加,风速达到一定值后,颗粒循环流率的增加趋势趋于平缓;风速一定时,径向送风比切向给风时颗粒循环流率大,4个二次送风口比2个送风口时颗粒循环流率稍大;二次风口在距布风板15cm时比20cm时颗粒循环流率明显增加,且风口高度对颗粒循环流率的影响随着风速的增加逐渐明显。     

流化床启动过程中底料磨损行为研究

以国内首台自主研发的65t/h低倍率油页岩循环流化床锅炉底料灰为研究对象,在小型流化床试验台上考察了流化风速、流化时间和床层温度等因素对底料磨损程度的影响,据此建立了二阶磨损模型.结果表明：流化状态下页岩灰的磨损先后经历快速衰减和稳定磨损2个阶段,页岩灰在流化床内的质量保持率呈指数衰减趋势;随着流化风速增大,床层温度升高,磨损相对加剧;二阶磨损模型能够很好地描述流化床内页岩灰质量的变化规律.     

Heat transfer characteristics in a pulsating fluidized bed in relation to bubble characteristics

A pulsating fluidized bed is operated with two sequential durations designated as an on‐period with injecting fluidization gas and an off‐period without it. The heat transfer coefficient between a vertically immersed heater and bed in a pulsating fluidized bed is measured under various pulse cycles and fluidized particles. The obtained results are compared with those in a normal fluidized bed with continuous fluidization air injection. The relationship between heat transfer coefficients and bubble characteristics, evaluated using a digital video camera, has also been investigated. For certain fluidized particles and operating pulse cycles, the fluidization of particles and the increment of heat transfer coefficients can be obtained under a mean air velocity based on a pulse cycle duration smaller than the minimum fluidization air velocity in a normal fluidized bed. Under the pulse cycles where a static bed through the whole bed is formed in the off‐period duration, the improved heat transfer rate over that in a normal fluidized bed can be measured. This may be attributed to large bubble formation. As heat transfer in the pulsating fluidized bed is obstructed with increasing time to keep a static bed due to the excessive off‐period duration, it is indicated that there is an optimum off‐period duration based on the heat transfer rate. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(4): 307–319, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.10038     

运行参数对粉煤流化床_PC_FB_密相燃烧区燃烧特性的影响

在一座0．3MW热输入的煤粉流化床燃烧（PC－FBC）试验台上,研究了煤粉在其密相燃烧区内的燃烧特性,文中用密相燃烧区内煤粉挥发份的释放率V^τ（％）,及其出口处煤灰的碳含量C（％）,来描述此特性,并研究了床温、氧浓度、流化速度、二次风率时V^τ（％）,C（％）的影响规律。研究表明,煤粉在密相燃烧区内释放57．4％－84％的挥发分和燃烧20％－30％左右的固定碳,释放40％－50％的发热量。