制浆材综纤维素和聚戊糖含量的近红外预测

用传统方法测定了156个制浆材样品的综纤维素和聚戊糖含量并采集了样品的近红外光谱。对原始光谱进行多元散射校正后,运用偏最小二乘法和交互验证的方法,确定最佳主成分数分别为9和10并建立样品综纤维素和聚戊糖含量的校正模型。独立验证中两个模型的决定系数R_(val)~2分别为0.903 4、0.940 1,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.69%、0.78%,相对分析误差(RPD)值分别为3.22、4.09,绝对偏差(AD)分别为-1.00%~1.20%、-1.39%~1.31%,两个校正模型较好地预测了验证集样品的综纤维素和聚戊糖含量,基本满足制浆造纸工业中快速测定的需求。     

近红外光谱技术在中药栀子渗漉液理化指标快速分析中的应用研究

用声光可调滤光器(AOTF)-近红外(NIR)光谱法在线分析栀子渗漉液密度及栀子苷含量。在线收集栀子渗漉液样品,建立栀子渗漉液的含量、比重数据库,同时采集近红外光谱图谱,用偏最小二乘(PLS1)法分别建立NIR光谱与含量、比重数据之间的校正模型,并对在线过程中收集的预测集样品进行含量预测来验证所建模型。结果表明,渗漉液NIR光谱与含量、比重数据之间的校正模型相关系数R2分别为0.956 0和0.978 2,外部样品预测平均相对偏差分别为0.09%,2.84%;该方法精密度RSD分别为0.06%,2.96%;稳定性RSD分别为0.63%,1.89%;预测回收率分别为100.0%,99.9%。近红外光谱技术在栀子渗漉液密度及淫羊藿苷含量分析中具有快速、直接、多成分同时测定,并能实现现场分析。     

近红外光谱法快速测定速生相思的材性

为了实现制浆原料材性的快速测定,用常规方法测定了147个相思木材样品的化学成分和基本密度,并采集了样品的近红外光谱。对原始光谱进行预处理后,运用偏最小二乘法和交互验证的方法,建立样品综纤维素、木质素、苯醇抽出物、基本密度的校正模型,4个模型建立过程中所提取的最佳主成分数分别为10、 8、 9和9。对4种校正模型进行独立验证,得到其决定系数(R_val²)分别为0.910 3、0.950 5、 0.970 6和0.969 5;预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.45%、 0.32%、 0.21%和0.007 1 g/cm³;相对分析误差(RPD)值分别为3.34、 4.50、 5.82、 5.73;绝对偏差(AD)分别为-0.60%~0.68%、-0.50%~0.48%、-0.29%~0.33%和-0.009 7~0.009 1 g/cm³,RMSEP和AD基本符合测定对误差的要求,4个模型能够满足制浆造纸工业中速生相思木材的快速测定。     

基于DMD哈达玛变换近红外光谱仪的汽油辛烷值检测

应用近红外光谱分析检测技术建立一种汽油研究法辛烷值的快速定量分析方法。收集来自不同地区共100个汽油样品,应用化学计量学方法建立近红外光谱原始数据信息与研究法辛烷值之间的定量分析模型,结果表明:对原始光谱进行归一化处理后,采用偏最小二乘回归建立数学模型,其校正集与预测集相关系数分别为0.9300和0.9322,校正集均方根误差与预测集均方根误差分别为0.6700和0.6577,表明模型准确可靠,可应用于汽油辛烷值的快速检测。     

流化床制粒过程颗粒水分预测研究

对流化床进行工程化改造,安装近红外光谱仪,对制粒过程中的颗粒水分含量进行光谱采集。采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)、粒子群-核岭回归(PSO-KRR)和随机森林-偏最小二乘法(RF-PLS)建立回归模型,对不同的算法的预测精度进行了研究。结果表明,PLS模型预测集均方根误差(RMSE)为0.218 0,相关系数R为0.971 7;PSO-KRR模型预测集RMSE为0.215 4,R为0.973 8;RF-PLS模型预测集RMSE为0.205 9,R为0.973 3。其中RF-PLS模型的预测效果最好。     

近红外光谱法快速测定高含量精制甘油中的甘油含量

采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立了快速测定高含量精制甘油中甘油含量的近红外光谱校正模型,该模型主因子数为4,相关系数(R2)为99.12%,校正标准偏差(RMSECV)为0.027;以预测集对模型进行验证,结果表明,R2为99.17%,预测标准偏差(RMSEP)为0.023,对同一样品预测值的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.04%。     

双波长紫外光谱法快速测定溶剂油中单环及多环芳烃含量

应用双波长紫外光谱技术建立了快速检测溶剂油中芳烃成分的方法。研究了优化分析溶剂油中单环及多环芳烃含量数学模型的各种条件。结果表明，建立样品集的化学值（又称真值）与双波长紫外预测值的相关系数分别为：单环芳烃R＝0．9628，多环芳烃R＝0．9752，检验样品集的化学值与双波长紫外预测值的相关系数分别为0．9737和0．9818，说明所建模型具有实际应用价值。     

单基发射药中钝感剂组分含量的快速检测方法

为解决传统分析方法测定单基发射药中钝感剂(樟脑)含量存在时间长、工作量大等问题,建立了一种采用近红外光谱法快速测定单基发射药中钝感剂(樟脑)组分含量的新方法;通过对比单基发射药药粒样品及钝感剂光谱图特点,确定了钝感剂组分最佳建模光谱范围为8 300~8 510cm~(-1);并对样品光谱图进行了预处理,对比了多个不同光谱预处理方法的效果,确定出最佳光谱预处理方法是多元散射校正(MSC)+一阶导数的组合;采用偏最小二乘法建立了钝感剂的近红外模型,并对模型的预测能力进行了验证。结果表明,钝感剂的模型校正相关系数(R_c~2)和验证相关系数(R_p~2)分别为0.972 3和0.973 5,验证的校正标准偏差(RMSEC)和交互验证的校正标准偏差(RMSECV)分别为0.163 6和0.150 8;预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.182 7,验证集标准偏差与预测标准偏差的比值(RPD)为6.87;将该模型应用到单基发射药中樟脑含量的检测,可使预测值极差和标准偏差均低于0.2%,表明该方法能实现单基发射药中钝感剂组分含量的快速检测。     

近红外透射光谱法测定黄芪提取液中总皂苷含量

应用傅立叶变换近红外光谱仪透射光谱技术对黄芪提取液中总皂苷含量进行检测分析,采用主成分分析(PCA)和偏最小二乘回归法(PLS)建立了黄芪提取液中皂苷类物质含量近红外数学校正集模型,其相关系数R为0.99943、校正集标准偏差(RMSEC)为 0.544、预测集标准偏差(RMSEP)为0.567.用建立的数学校正集模型检测未知样品的含量,预测标准偏差(RMSEP)为0.576.该方法快速、准确、无损,适于中药活性成分的快速检测分析.     

FT-NIR快速测定烟叶及卷烟烟丝中挥发碱的含量

采用傅立叶变换近红外光谱技术采集烤烟烟叶和卷烟烟丝样品的近红外光谱,结合水蒸汽蒸馏法测定样品中挥发碱含量的数据,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)分别建立了预测烤烟烟叶和国内品牌卷烟烟丝中挥发碱含量的近红外模型,两种模型的相关系数分别为0.95396和0.96558。进行了准确性和重复性实验。实验表明,近红外光谱法与标准方法之间不存在显著性差异,可以很好的应用于两类样品挥发碱含量的快速检测。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.