多特征融合高通量dPCR荧光图像识别

传统高通量dPCR荧光图像分析结果易因假阳性点与非特异性扩增而导致阳性点识别率较低,因而本文提出一种多特征融合高通量dPCR荧光图像识别方法(HDFINet),以提高阳性点识别准确性.首先,在特征融合部分引入自上而下结构,使得下层特征在顶层被更有效地利用.在自上而下结构中,使用通道注意力来分配荧光图像通道权重,并使用空...     

微流控细胞芯片LED诱导透射式荧光检测微系统

构建了用于微流控细胞分析芯片的发光二极管(LED)诱导透射式荧光检测微系统,以克服现有荧光检测系统体积大、能耗高,以及激发光光路、检测区域和荧光收集光路间光学耦合效率低等问题。该系统的激发光光路和荧光收集光路互成135°,LED发出的激发光经透镜聚焦和激发光滤色片滤光后,经直径为200μm的小孔光阑限束,然后投射到微流控芯片通道末端的检测区域;产生的荧光及杂散光经加工后置于微流控芯片底部的发射光高通干涉滤色薄膜后,被光电倍增管收集。以HepG2肝癌细胞为测试样本对该荧光检测微系统的有效性进行了评测,结果显示:当LED工作电流为200mA,PMT控制电压为3.5V时,可产生与背景噪声明显区分的峰值信号;用250s观测时间得到了8个平均峰高为0.7V的峰值信号,与荧光显微镜观察结果一致,实现了细胞的在线计数检测功能。提出的系统为新型微全细胞分析提供了一种新的技术途径。     

一种基于重复控制的无电解电容LED驱动电源

LED驱动电源大多使用了容量较大的电解电容作为储能滤波元件,然而其平均寿命远低于LED器件,限制了驱动电源的使用寿命和电源功率的进一步提升.针对该问题,设计了一种基于重复控制的无电解电容LED驱动电源,采用Boost功率因数校正电路,提高输入功率因数,此外,利用Buck/Boost变换器进行升压储能,并结合周期性重复控制算法,对储能实施调节,从而达到输入脉动功率与输出恒定功率之间的平衡,使负载LED获得恒定电流.由于没有采用大容量的电解电容,因而提高了LED驱动电源的使用寿命.最后,搭建了一套基于重复控制算法的无电解电容LED驱动电源,测得输入功率因数为0.97,恒定输出的电流纹波系数为3％.     

亮度高达1000：1的白色LED驱动IC

美国凌特科技（Linear Technology）日前推出亮度最高为1000：1的白色发光二极管（LED）驱动IC“LT3486”，可用于笔记本电脑液晶面板的背光灯、相机手机的闪光光源等驱动。向白色LED的输出有两个通道，每通道最多可点亮8个，共计最多可点亮16个白色LED。在使用16个白色LED的情况下，如果通过一块锂离子充电电池向白色LED驱动IC供电，可向每通道输出的最大输入电流为25mA。     

大动态范围闪烁晶体荧光模拟器的设计

针对暗物质粒子探测卫星(DMPES)锗酸铋(BGO)量能器探测单元的标定需要,设计了一种用发光二极管(LED)作为光源的闪烁晶体荧光模拟器。首先,利用光电倍增管(PMT)测量BGO晶体在宇宙线辐射下的荧光脉冲,对脉冲波形建模拟合,并将波形存储到可编程信号发生器中。然后,选择一种峰值波长与BGO晶体的荧光发射波长相近,且其光通量与工作电流的线性度较好的LED,设计LED驱动电路,令LED的工作电流与模拟器输入的模拟电压信号幅度成正比。最后,利用信号发生器输出模拟的BGO晶体荧光脉冲波形至驱动电路,使LED发光,并利用积分球将LED的荧光通过光纤均匀地输出到多个PMT。实验结果表明:模拟器光脉冲测试结果与对BGO晶体实际测试的结果相似,光强覆盖PMT的2,5,8个打拿极(Dynode)输出,动态范围达4.11×103倍,满足暗物质粒子探测卫星BGO量能器地面检测系统的需求。该荧光模拟器也可用于同类闪烁晶体探测器系统的检测和标定。     

单相光伏并网控制的研究

以DSP为控制平台设计单相光伏并网系统,在改进型单纯型加速法的基础上设计新型光伏阵列最大跟踪控制优化算法,跟踪光伏阵列最大输出功率点,使负载获得最大功率。在线调节步长改变电压收敛速度,设计锁相控制电路,自动同步跟踪电网频率和相位。测试数据表明,结合优化技术的变步长MPPT(Maximum Power Point Tracking)算法能快速准确跟踪最大功率点,系统波动小稳定性高,逆变器电流和电网电压同频同相,有效提高系统逆变效率及可靠性。     

电场能量采集器的最大输出功率追踪电路设计*

本文采用频率变换原理采集输电线周围电场能量,设计了一种能量采集电路,对超级电容充电。负载阻抗呈电容性,为非线性负载,充电过程中阻抗不断变化。为实现最大输出功率传输,设计了低功耗的最大输出功率追踪(MPPT)电路,采用频率值为32.768 k Hz石英晶体构成方波振荡电路,因电容电压不能突变,通过充电电流控制开关导通时间,构成电流反馈最大输出功率点追踪系统。最大输出功率追踪电路的工作电流为1.2 u A,工作电压为5 V,功耗为6 u W。实验结果表明,在充电36min时达到最大功率输出,储能电容电压的大小为0.32 V,输出功率最大为18 u W。相比于直接充电电路,最大输出功率电路的能量采集效率提高了50%。     

新型双腔油气式磁流变减震器阻尼特性分析与仿真

针对双腔油气式减震器无法根据外部环境激励的改变而调节自身阻尼特性变化的问题,基于磁流变原理,设计了一种适用于飞机起落架系统的双腔油气式磁流变减震器。为提升该减震器的减震性能,增加可控阻尼力初始值及其变化范围;在现行双腔油气式减震器的基础上优化了内部结构参数;采用孔缝结合的方式对双腔油气式磁流变减震器阻尼通道进行了重新设计;依据阻尼通道形式完善了磁路设计与优化;利用有限元方法分析了内部磁场特性;并对比分析了不同阻尼通道形式下的最大输出阻尼力与可控阻尼范围。结果表明:优化后的节流通道处磁感应强度分布更为均匀,孔缝结合的阻尼通道形式实现了较大初始阻尼力的输出,增加了可变阻尼力调节范围。     

多波长LED阵列光源叶绿素荧光探测仪电路的单片机实现

构建了一种新的浮游植物分类检测仪器——多波长LED阵列光源叶绿素荧光探测仪,系统利用调制的多波长LED阵列作为激发光源,测量各个LED激发下总的叶绿素a的荧光强度信号以及水温、水深。介绍了仪器的原理,重点介绍了这个仪器的电路设计：以ADI公司的ADuC841作为微处理器,通过设计合理的光源调制电路,荧光峰值检测电路和数据的采集、处理与存储电路,实现了对浮游植物浓度进行快速、实时、原位和分类测量。系统采样速度快、精度高,而且直接利用电池供电,功耗极低。     

发光二极管诱导荧光微芯片分析检测器的研制

以高功率发光二极管(LED)为激发光源,研制了一种小型LED诱导荧光检测器,用于微流控芯片分析检测.利用MOS管压控恒流原理,设计恒流驱动电路,使高功率LED发光稳定.通过设计和制造光学结构,成功地将LED发散光聚焦成约3.5 mm×0.3 mm的线状光束,实现了与微流控芯片中的微通道对准,简化了复杂的机械校准结构,且大大减少了光学系统体积(约为9.5 cm×4 cm×17 cm).用荧光染料NBD和高密度脂蛋白评价该体系的性能,结果表明,LED激发光源稳定,检测器重复性好,可用于微流控芯片毛细管电泳分析检测,基本实现了LED诱导荧光检测器的微型化.     

LED中荧光材料量子效率测量系统的设计

LED作为新兴光源,与传统的白炽灯光源相比,具有很大的优势。衡量其荧光材料发光性能的一个重要参数就是量子效率。为了准确地测量荧光材料的量子效率,提出了一种基于半积分球装置的量子效率测量系统。该系统采用了中心波长为465nm的蓝光LED芯片作为激发光源,与直径为150mm的半积分球和直径为150mm、中心孔直径为8mm的平面反射镜搭配使用,运用光纤和线阵CCD光谱仪采集光谱数据,并进一步计算出量子效率。为了验证系统的有效性,分别采用两种不同的荧光材料对测量系统进行测试,测量结果与厂商所给的数值基本一致。实验结果表明,该测量系统能有效地评估LED中荧光材料的发光性能。     

单芯大功率LED匀光照明阵列的设计

为构造大功率LED激发Cy3/Cy5荧光染料的均匀面照明系统,选择单芯大功率LED芯片PT54TE设计了红绿双通道匀光照明阵列。首先通过分析单芯大功率LED芯片PT54TE辐射强度的分布,建立大功率LED环形照明阵列的模型;然后为提高光线利用率,在LED外侧建立柱面镜反射结构,并通过斯派罗法则求解该结构的参数;最后由Tracepro仿真验证。研究表明,分别由4颗红/绿PT54TE构成的环形阵列在目标平面(30mm×30mm)内的光照均匀度大于95.4%,光通量大于700lm,比未配置柱面镜反射结构的环形阵列的光通量至少提高了52.5%。     

基于Linux的光照控制系统

以发光二极管(light emitting diode,LED)为光源的光照控制系统已经在工业生产及实验等领域应用越来越广泛,近年来关于大功率的LED灯的驱动及光照强度控制技术也不断发展。文中主要介绍一种以三星的ARM9 S3C2440为核心控制芯片,采用多种光谱LED灯作为光源,通过恒流源输出电流大小控制发光强度的基于Linux的嵌入式系统。文中详细分析了控制、驱动模块的软、硬件设计,以及系统图形用户接口(graphic user interface,GUI)的实现。为模拟藻类生长的光照控制系统提供了一种良好的解决方案。     

HPV基因芯片检测装置的匀光照明设计

人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)基因芯片检测装置可读取与分析HPV芯片的杂交点信号值,进而区分不同的HPV病毒类型,而检测装置照明的均匀性关系到HPV芯片图像处理算法的可靠性与难度。为实现均匀照明,优化了矩形LED阵列排布并配置匀光扩散板。首先,分析单个LED灯珠的辐射强度分布,建立矩形LED阵列的理论模型;然后,在仿真软件中建立4行8列的矩形LED阵列模型;最后,搭建HPV基因芯片检测装置进行实验测试。实验结果表明,该照明系统能使70 mm×20 mm的目标被照面的灰度均匀度达到95.6%,满足了HPV基因芯片检测装置均匀照明的要求。     

新型LED驱动电源设计

以SEPIC拓扑电路为主电路,采用L6562和TSM101,进行了功率因数校正和LED恒压恒流控制。实验结果证明,设计的电源实现了临界连续模式下,SEPIC电路的高功率因数和较宽范围的恒压恒流输出,成功驱动了LED灯源。     

Spectroscopic identification of individual fluorophores using photoluminescence excitation spectra

The identity of a fluorophore can be ambiguous if other fluorophores or nonspecific fluorescent impurities have overlapping emission spectra. The presence of overlapping spectra makes it difficult to differentiate fluorescent species using discrete detection channels and unmixing of spectra. The unique absorption and emission signatures of fluorophores provide an opportunity for spectroscopic identification. However, absorption spectroscopy may be affected by scattering, whereas fluorescence emission spectroscopy suffers from signal loss by gratings or other dispersive optics. Photoluminescence excitation spectra, where excitation is varied and emission is detected at a fixed wavelength, allows hyperspectral imaging with a single emission filter for high signal‐to‐background ratio without any moving optics on the emission side. We report a high throughput method for measuring the photoluminescence excitation spectra of individual fluorophores using a tunable supercontinuum laser and prism‐type total internal reflection fluorescence microscope. We used the system to measure and sort the photoluminescence excitation spectra of individual Alexa dyes, fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs), and fluorescent polystyrene beads. We used a Gaussian mixture model with maximum likelihood estimation to objectively separate the spectra. Finally, we spectroscopically identified different species of fluorescent nanodiamonds with overlapping spectra and characterized the heterogeneity of fluorescent nanodiamonds of varying size.     

High-brightness,high-power LED-based strobe illumination for double-frame micro particle image velocimetry

There is a need for more practical, cost-effective and adaptive flow measurement instruments. Unfortunately, most of the current equipment still has to employ bulky and expensive laser systems for flow illumination. In this work we explore the practicability of using high-brightness high-power light-emitting diodes (LED) as a strobe-light illuminator within a double-frame micro particle image velocimetry (microPIV) system. A compact, cost-effective, and controllable LED driver was designed and applied to study the optical and spectral behavior of green and blue family direct-color single chip LEDs, which have excitation wavelengths corresponding to the most widely used fluorescent micro particles. To achieve strobe illumination, LEDs were subjected to high current double-pulsed operating regimes (up to 35 A at 20 μs pulse duration), which are much beyond their physical damage thresholds. We have witnessed that the blue family LEDs are more suitable for the fluorescence based microPIV experiments as they exhibit more stable spectral behavior at the double-pulsed high currents compared to the green colored LEDs. Specifically, we have observed that the spectral wavelength shift of blue family LEDs due to the high current is less severe and still enough to excite particles than that of green LEDs. Also, we have studied the relation between the pulse duration (as a means of parameter controlling signal-to-noise ratio) and the motion blur effect that arises due to the prolonged pulse durations. As a result, adequate pulse durations for most widely used microPIV experimental conditions were calculated. The feasibility and robustness of the developed double-pulsed LED illumination system was validated through a series of microPIV experiments with real flows inside two different topology microchannels, where the measured velocity was in good agreement with the corresponding analytical solutions. Overall, we can conclude that the high-brightness LED devices are promising candidates to replace their laser counterparts in the microPIV systems.     

Multiphoton versus confocal high resolution z-sectioning of enhanced green fluorescent microtubules: increased multiphoton photobleaching within the focal plane can be compensated using a Pockels cell and dual widefield detectors

Multiphoton excitation was originally projected to improve live cell fluorescence imaging by minimizing photobleaching effects outside the focal plane, yet reports suggest that photobleaching within the focal plane is actually worse than with one photon excitation. We confirm that when imaging enhanced green fluorescent protein, photobleaching is indeed more acute within the multiphoton excitation volume, so that whilst fluorescence increases as predicted with the square of the excitation power, photobleaching rates increase with a higher order relationship. Crucially however, multiphoton excitation also affords unique opportunities for substantial improvements to fluorescence detection. By using a Pockels cell to minimize exposure of the specimen together with multiple nondescanned detectors we show quantitatively that for any particular bleach rate multiphoton excitation produces significantly more signal than one photon excitation confocal microscopy in high resolution Z‐axis sectioning of thin samples. Both modifications are readily implemented on a commercial multiphoton microscope system.     

高功率LED散热用节能蒸汽压缩式制冷系统方案浅析

随着LED功率的提高,芯片散热困难的问题凸显出来,传统冷却方式将不再满足散热需求。文中介绍了一种应用于高功率LED散热的新型节能蒸汽压缩式制冷系统,该系统结合了蒸汽压缩式制冷技术和半导体热电转换技术,通过初步热平衡计算,探讨了系统的技术可行性及其在工程应用中的关键技术,对开展此领域的相关研究具有一定指导意义。