Analysis on Equitable and Reasonable Allocation Models of Water Resources in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin

Abstract

In this paper, according to the basic rule of the equitable and reasonable utilization of water resources in international rivers, the normal approaches of resolving the conflicts over water and the basic models of water allocation are introduced. The tendency and the problems of water utilization among the riparian states in Lancang-Mekong River are discussed. The extent of cooperation and the conditions of the management institution of the river basin are analyzed. In the present situation, it is considered that the basin-wide allocation model of water resources is the best one in Lancang-Mekong River.     

黄河水资源保护存在的问题及对策

针对黄河水污染严重的原因及黄河水资源保护存在的主要问题，提出采取建立健全水资源保护法规体系和执法体系、依法保护水资源等对策与措施，并提出了建立流域与区域相结合的水资源保护统一管理和分级负责的管理体制。实行“排污总量国家确定、污染源治理省（ 区） 负责、入河排污口统一监管、入河排污口与省界断面双控制、超量排污累进补偿”的流域水质监督管理新思路。     

Energy for water utilization in China and policy implications for integrated planning

Abstract

Significant energy resources are needed for traditional and nontraditional water utilization in China. Yet the interlinkages between water and energy have not received adequate attention in the country. To address this gap, this article disaggregates and quantifies the magnitude and direction of energy and water flows in China at the national level through Sankey diagrams. Spatial distributions of energy use by different components of the water supply were further mapped at the provincial level to discern regional differences. The results of this study show that the total energy consumption by water abstraction, treatment and distribution, as well as waste treatment and reuse, amounts to 193.5 TWh of electricity, or about 4% of the total national electricity usage. The outcome of this study offers important policy implications for integrated water and energy planning and management and will contribute to achieving the goal of low-energy water utilization in the future.     

GIS and Multi-Criteria Evaluation: Robust Tools for Integrated Water Resources Management

Abstract

Integrated water resources planning and management are considered very complex issues. These issues are usually addressed through the multi-sectoral, interdisciplinary and hierarchal decomposition approaches. In general, integrated resource management indicates the consideration of water, social, socio-economic, economic and environmental issues. The current study aims at merging the GIS and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques for the integrated water resource management of a cropped area. An area of about 120,000 Hectares located in the Northern Nile River Delta area with a coastal zone on the Mediterranean was selected and GIS was applied to represent the area's different environment, social, economic, and water factors. Different randomization cropping pattern distribution scenarios were proposed. Through the merging of GIS and MCE approaches, three scenarios were run and evaluated at three different levels: farm, canal catchment area and whole area. This merging resulted in a very powerful tool for the evaluation of different plans. The merging of GIS and MCE really facilitated the decision making process for these types of integrated water management problems.     

Intermittent Water Supply under Water Scarcity Situations

Abstract

This paper describes the recently developed ‘Guidelines for the design and control of intermittent water distribution systems’. These guidelines outline a new approach to the design of urban water distribution systems for developing countries in order to maintain adequate and equitable supplies under the common conditions of water resource shortage. The guidelines are novel in that they recognise the reality of intermittent supply and hence provide new methods of analysis and design, appropriate for such systems. Design objectives specifically tailored to intermittent systems are developed and drive the design process. These objectives are expressed in terms of equity in supply, adequate pressure at water connections and duration or time of supply that are convenient to the consumers. The modifications required to model such systems have been incorporated into a new network analysis simulation tool coupled with an optimal design tool.     

长江流域水资源监测实践及认识

为了落实最严格的水资源管理制度,加快国家水资源监控能力建设项目的建设,提高对水资源监测管理工作的服务能力,长江水利委员会水文局通过采取一系列的措施,夯实了长江流域水资源监测工作的基础,大大提高了水资源监测方面的能力。以长江流域水资源监测管理为例,分析了长江流域水资源监测现状及存在的问题。面对实行最严格水资源管理制度要求下的水资源监测管理,通过实施技术装备、基础设施的建设管理,省界等重要控制断面的监测管理,取水户的监督管理,水资源监测信息发布等信息管理,制度、规范等技术文件的管理,建立了长江流域水资源监测一体化管理体系,从而加强了水资源监测管理工作,满足了长江流域实施最严格水资源管理的需要。同时还总结了利用管理体系对水资源实施有效管理所取得的成效,这些对我国水资源监测管理而言,可谓是一个成功的范例。     

Institutional Aspects of Water Management in Central Asia Water Users Associations

Abstract

The way water resources in the former Soviet Union (FSU) were managed in the second half of the past century had both positive and negative effects and contributed to the existing situation. On the one hand, extensive development of water resources led to the transformation of millions of hectares of virgin lands into agricultural production, providing millions of people with food and livelihoods. On the other hand, the over-exploitation of water resources led to drastic changes of the environment: many water bodies, such as lakes, small rivers, and delta wetlands dried up. The Aral Sea basin is one of the dramatic examples of the negative impacts of large-scale irrigation interventions. The state-controlled era of development in the Soviet period has a legacy of standardized procedures and rules formulated at the top. The shortcomings of such a water management included fragmentation, duplication, and a highly administrative approach without considering the needs of the environment and input of water users into planning, allocating, and managing of water resources. This paper presents an analytical view of the role and importance of water users organizations/associations (WUOs/WUAs) in the irrigated agriculture and under irrigation management transfer (IMT) in Central Asia region. International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and the Scientific Information Center of Interstate Coordination Water Commission (SIC ICWC) conducted the “Best Practices.” Projects including activities covered Syr Darya and Amu Darya basins of Central Asia. During the first stage of the project (01.04.1002-31.03.2002), the monitoring objects were: 30 district water management organizations (DWMO), eight WUAs, 58 collective farms (CCF), and 61 private farms (PPF) from eight provinces Central Asia) project for conserving water resources by involving water users into water savings. The primary strategy was to propagate application of inexpensive technical and managerial methods and measures to save water by users themselves. The project is a joint project of IWMI and SIC ICWC aimed to monitor and disseminate the best practices of water conservation initiated by water users. The first year of the “Best Practices” project accomplished a broader involvement of water users into the water conserving methods, therefore continuing the beneficial good water management practices. It also continued to involve the water supplying organizations and various groups of water users (collective farms, farmers, and water users' associations). The major interest was to analyze the impacts of the different water conservation and management practices on productivity of water use.     

加快国家水资源监控能力项目建设

国家水资源监控能力建设是实行最严格水资源管理制度的关键支撑,旨在全面提高水资源管理能力与技术水平。阐述国家水资源监控能力建设项目建设的重要意义,介绍目前取得的进展,分析项目实施存在的问题和省级项目建设滞后的主要原因。针对存在的问题,从加强组织领导,加强技术指导,完善技术方案,加快中央、流域和省级信息平台开发,抓紧推进3大监控体系建设,加强建设管理等6个方面提出改进措施,以确保按时按质完成项目建设任务。     

The Australian Water Market Experiment

Abstract

Intra-country and international water trading is being discussed widely as the limits of utilizing water resources become apparent. The establishment of a water market in Australia involved government policy, institutional management, the nature of a common resource, the environmental and economic consequences of privatization, and an assessment of social costs and benefits. In essence, it provides a case study in the potential of water trading and the political differences that may have to be reconciled if such a market is to operate in a socially equitable and environmentally sustainable manner     

基于最严格水资源管理制度的水资源利用考核关键技术研究——以南水北调东线江苏省受水区为例

针对技术与管理层面对最严格水资源管理制度量化实施支撑不足的问题,为满足跨流域调水复杂水工程集群的管理需求,以南水北调江苏受水区为研究对象,从水资源高效利用角度出发,基于课题组建立的多层次水资源模拟与配置模型,核定并解析地级市、水资源分区、区段、梯级等多层次区域用水总量控制目标,基于现状用水与高效用水不同模式,进行用水总量考核;构建水资源利用效率指标体系,评估水资源利用效率。结果表明:水资源利用总量控制考核全体达标;水资源利用效率方面,北高南低,差距较大,其中最高综合得分1. 2,最低-5. 1;研究区节水潜力有待进一步深入挖掘,尤其是在水源相对充足的区域,水资源利用效率更为低下。基于多层次水资源模拟与配置模型及其反算功能,解决了省控控制条件与不同层面水资源管理部门量化执行需求之间的脱节,为最严格水资源管理制度下的水资源利用考核提供技术支撑,为区域水资源管理提供示范与借鉴。     

水资源监测数据的质量控制

对省界断面水量、取用水户实时水量、省界断面和重要水功能区的水质以及饮用水水源地的实时水质等水资源监测类型及监测方式方法展开了分析。基于分析结果,总结出了适用于水资源考核要求的水文站水量监测数据、取用水户在线水量监测数据、水质实验室水质监测数据以及水质自动监测数据的特点及其存在的问题。同时,提出了有关水资源监测数据质量控制方面的原则和方法,并对现有的水资源管理系统提出了一些有待改进的合理化建议。     

Contradictions and Challenges in China's Water Policy Development

Abstract

External assessment of China's water problems, and recommendations for policy solutions, often fail to recognize interrelated physical, institutional, historical-cultural, and ideologically-grounded contradictions in the water sphere, distinctive to China, that challenge Chinese policy makers in unique ways. As new market-based approaches to flood and drought prevention and control, water quality maintenance, adequate water supply, and ecological support are being discussed and implemented, problems of overcoming deep-seated contradictions in the water economy compel searching review of policy assumptions and strategies which force reconsideration and modification of longstanding strategies and procedures for managing water resources. This paper considers the implications of water policy contradictions and challenges in four key areas: (1) coordination of economic measures and legal constraints associated with a 1988 Water Law; (2) a major 1999 policy shift from emphasis on strutural engineering solutions in shuili (water management) enterprise to a broader resource-defined concept of “resource” water management (ziyuanshuili) in support of water sustainability; (3) continuing reference to traditional historical/cultural and Marxist theoretical perspectives despite increasing adoption of Western market-based instruments in water policy development; and (4) problems of modifying and adapting indigenous water science and engineering in the process of building a new water economy. The paper concludes that bilateral and multilateral efforts to ameliorate China's water problems may be successful in achieving limited technical objectives in the several water sectors but face difficulties in contributing to China's long-term water sustainability and hazard mitigation because they are insensitive to internal contradictions that are being addressed with ever greater intensity and urgency in the quest for solutions.     

我国现有水资源冲突管理制度体系探析

对我国现行的水资源冲突管理制度体系展开了述评。主要梳理了国家制定的水资源冲突管理制度、国务院组成部门的水资源冲突管理制度,以及上述两类制度的主要内容;分析了水量冲突管理制度、水质冲突管理制度以及跨界水资源冲突管理制度存在的不足之处。在此基础上,提出了完善我国水量冲突管理制度、水质冲突管理制度、跨界水资源冲突管理制度方面的有益建议,可为水资源冲突管理部门和相关决策机构系统构建我国的水资源冲突管理制度提供参考与借鉴。     

建立水资源保护与污染防治工作协作机制的思考

针对我国水资源保护与水污染防治管理实践中存在管理目标不统一、管理标准和规范不兼容、管理体系缺乏统筹联动、管理环节衔接不顺畅、管理内容有交叉等问题,探讨了如何有效地建立我国水资源保护与水污染防治工作的协作机制。分析认为,有效的协作机制能从入河湖污染物排放总量控制、水体监测的规范化管理、水体监测体系建设和水环境联合执法、河湖水体污染过程监督管理、饮用水源保护和地下水资源保护等主要方面促使多部门达成共识,形成工作合力,应分别在国家、流域和地方层面分别建立相应的议事协调制度。具体措施包括通过规划编制、制定政策性文件等强化顶层设计,推动建立水资源保护与水污染防治工作协作机制。     

山东省提升农村饮水安全水平的成效与实践

山东省多措并举,建管并重,从组织领导、规模化发展、水质安全、基金筹集、管理体制、行业管理等方面入手,大力提升农村饮水安全水平。改变过去农村供水存在的"城乡分割、各自为战"的局面,大力发展规模化集中连片供水。走专业化管理的路子,主要推广自来水公司管理、供水企业管理、乡镇水利站管理三种管理模式。通过落实省政府规章的相关内容、加大检查督导力度、加强人员培训,强化行业管理,提高相关人员的从业水平和能力,为农村供水工程良性运行奠定管理和人才基础。     

珠江流域省界缓冲区水质超标影响评价方法

为科学判定省界缓冲区水质超标影响范围及程度,保证珠江流域水功能区限制纳污红线管理的公正、公平性,根据珠江流域主要跨省河流水资源特征及水功能区监督管理工作基础,拟定了珠江流域省界缓冲区水质超标影响评价方法并进行了实例验证。结果表明,所提计算方法科学,结果合理,在珠江流域水功能区水质达标评价中具有实用性,能为珠江流域最严格水资源管理制度考核提供有力支撑。     

对长江流域水资源问题的几点认识

根据长江流域水资源特征,且与黄河、珠江和海河等流域进行比较,分析了长江流域在我国水资源中的地位和特点。针对长江流域中下游洪涝灾害、上游水土流失、下游水环境污染、缺水特征及水能资源的利用等问题,提出应同时重视工程措施与非工程措施,加强全流域综合规划、监测和治理,建立节水制度等建议。并认为,要解决好长江流域水资源可持续利用问题,最关键是实行水资源的统一管理。     

Towards Sustainable Management of Scarce Water Resources in Botswana

Abstract

Proper management of scarce water resources has in recent years become necessary to maintain sustainable societies. This article discusses the management of water resources in Botswana. It highlights the amount of water resources available, relating it to the demand, and observes that the current trend of exploiting these resources will not be sustainable in the long run unless the major strategies suggested herein are adopted. It also looks at the administration of water and water resources in Botswana, focusing on the shared water resources. Government policies and strategies towards sustainable management of scarce water resources are also discussed. The author draws particular attention to the water tariff structure, noting that the prevailing water tariff system promotes sustainable management of water resources.     

Ralph Pentland and Chris Wood,Down the drain: how we are failing to protect our water resources

Abstract

The importance of water in satisfying many consumption needs, the vagaries related to its natural occurrence, and the stress on the environment resulting from the development of human societies are serious. The future will depend on the sustainable development of all the natural, institutional, and financial resources available. Manageable mathematical optimization techniques are an extremely important aid to the decision-making process, contributing to a more efficient use of these resources. The advances made in operations research in the second half of the 20^th century have helped to solve many of the problems related to the rational utilization of various types of resources. Two particularly sensitive systems must be addressed in the context of satisfying a population's water requirements, if optimized planning and management are the goals. This paper concentrates on the application of suitable optimization techniques in the development and management of groundwater systems and water distribution systems. The implications of using optimization techniques are described and the models that have been developed for application in similar cases are evaluated for the benefit of water development practitioners. Analysis of the methodological advances achieved and the reliability associated with decisions reached through operation research methods suggest that the gap between research and practice in the planning and managing of aquifers and water distribution systems may be narrowing.     

Rules and Roles in Water Policy and Management

Abstract

Water policy and management are currently subject to a significant change. Water users and other stakeholders are gradually playing a much more active and also constructive role. This is no substitute for government efforts. Public sector activities and regulatory arrangements are of vital importance. Traditional functions and orientation of work need, however, to be modified, and new tasks are forcing themselves on to the national, municipal, and local agendas. Interaction between government, civil society organizations, and professionals must be based on a policy where water is made everybody's business and where the various components of management, i.e., development of the resource, provision, actual use, and disposal after use, are considered. With a policy where the relations between water, people, development, and the environment are duly recognised, it becomes imperative and natural that the rules for water management are defined that allow various stakeholders to contribute to achieve water security.