超声检测中的兰姆波层析成像

兰姆波作为超声导波，可以对薄板类结构实现大范围快速的检测。然而，从兰姆波数据中提取定量信息时对检测人员的技术素质提出了很高的要求。文章用兰姆波层析成像仿真实现了铝板中不同缺陷的重建图像。结果表明：采用滤波反投影算法得到的层析图像给出了关于缺陷位置和类型的信息，从而使技术人员可以方便地识别出材料中的缺陷。     

表面裂纹的激光超声可视化兰姆波检测研究

兰姆波在板材的缺陷检测中具有重要的地位,但兰姆波在裂纹检测过程的可视化实验研究较少。通过激光超声可视化技术,观察了激光激励出的宽频兰姆波在0.4 mm深、0.2 mm宽的裂纹上的反射和透射现象;并利用带通滤波技术,研究了不同中心频率的兰姆波在裂纹上的散射特性。结果发现:兰姆波在裂纹上发生了模态转换现象,出现了传播速度较快的兰姆波模态;并随着兰姆波频率的增加,反射兰姆波的能量增强。该研究为板中裂纹的兰姆波检测提供了实验参考。     

压电换能器对兰姆波影响的仿真

0引言兰姆波由于传输距离远、检测范围广,一直是国内外无损检测领域研究的热点。频散现象和模态混叠使兰姆波的传播特性十分复杂。解决办法之一就是通过换能器激发单一的模式[1]。考虑高效和低成本,采用压电换能器激励和接收兰姆波是无损检测的常用方法[2]。传统的兰姆波仿真通常不考虑传感器对兰姆波的影响。本文通过有限元软件COMSOL时域分析兰姆波在铝板中的传播状况,为无损检测提供参考。     

一维准周期声子晶体板中兰姆波的禁带特性分析

结合超胞法,利用有限元软件COMSOL计算了兰姆波在一维准周期声子晶体板中的频带结构,研究了其禁带特性和波动局部化现象。讨论了超胞的选取,通过模态图和位移矢量图进行了兰姆波的模态分析;讨论了结构参数和材料参数对兰姆波禁带的影响,其中结构参数包括板厚与晶格常数之比L/D和填充率,材料参数包括组元材料的密度和弹性模量。本文研究结果为实现对兰姆波传播的控制和调节提供新的思路,为准周期声子晶体板用于声学功能器件的设计制作提供一定的理论基础。     

EMAT激发超声兰姆波的模式展开分析

0前言因超声兰姆波的多模和频散特性,使其在激励、接收和模式识别等方面存在较大的复杂性[1]。本文提出一种研究电磁超声换能器(EMAT)激发超声兰姆波的模式展开分析方法。从EMAT曲折线圈的电流分布出发,推导出铝板表面洛伦兹切向应力的形式解;对其进行空间傅立叶变换,得到激发超声兰姆波的表面应力之波数谱密度。在此基础上采用导波的模式展开分析方法,推导出与曲折线圈的     

识别薄板中兰姆波和体波的阶梯板方法

斜探头在某些频率下激励出的兰姆波,其群速度与体波的传播速度相近,所以通过判断传播速度不易区分出兰姆波和体波。通过数值模拟和实验,分别研究了激励频率为2 MHz的纵波和S0模态兰姆波在阶梯板上的反射特性,发现:在阶梯板上入射S0模态兰姆波时,有反射回波;而入射纵波时,无反射回波。基于这种反射特性的差别,提出了一种利用阶梯板区别薄板中兰姆波和体波的方法,该方法可用于确认探头的激励特性。     

电磁超声兰姆波换能器多目标优化设计

针对电磁超声兰姆波换能器激发的兰姆波存在多模式、频散现象和信号较弱的问题,结合铝合金板材检测背景,提出一种基于＂双交点法＂、＂零斜率准则＂和正交试验设计相结合的电磁超声兰姆波换能器多目标优化设计方法。其中,＂双交点法＂可有效削弱兰姆波多模式现象的影响,＂零斜率准则＂能够有效降低兰姆波的频散现象,而正交试验设计方法可有效提高电磁超声兰姆波信号的幅值。依据所提优化设计方法,对一个在铝板检测中常用的电磁超声兰姆波换能器的9个主要参数进行了多目标优化设计。实验表明,优化后,兰姆波信号中的多模式、频散现象得到显著抑制,而且信号幅值得到明显提升,有效改善了电磁超声兰姆波换能器的工程实用性。     

固-液-固3层结构板中超声兰姆波的频散特性

文章采用传统矩阵方法研究固－液－固3层结构板中兰姆波的传播,数值计算结果证明了用该方法分析层状材料中的兰姆波的有效性与实用性,文章计算出的多种频散曲线对超声兰姆波的应用是有益的。     

薄板腐蚀缺陷兰姆波成像检测的有限元模拟

基于A0模式兰姆波对薄板腐蚀缺陷进行成像检测,在频率一定时,由于腐蚀造成板厚的改变将进一步影响检测兰姆波速度的变化,通过检测兰姆波波速的变化可以对板材腐蚀类缺陷进行监测.根据A0模式兰姆波的频率特征,测量发射探头与接收探头之间的兰姆波走时,结合波的实际传播路径,计算出实际检测兰姆波的速度,采用联合迭代重建技术(SIRT)对走时数据进行群速度图像重建.基于有限元数值方法,采用A0模式兰姆波对薄铝板中的腐蚀类缺陷进行模拟检测,给出了成像检测结果.     

阵列EMAT相控延时激励实现兰姆波模态控制与增强的研究

兰姆波具有频散、多模态特性,导致在检测过程中难以区分回波信号.针对这一问题,进行阵列EMAT相控延时实现单一模态兰姆波控制激励与增强的研究.在不改变EMAT配置方式、结构及参数的情况下,通过计算阵列EMAT频率响应取得最大值时的延迟时间,将其施加到各个阵元,实现单一模态兰姆波的激励与增强.同时,研究了激励频率对增强阵列...     

薄板钢结构超声检测Lamb波激励与模态分析

运用超声Lamb波对薄板钢结构进行检测,采用斜入射方式实施Lamb波的激励,并对检测信号进行模态分析。经实验发现选择合适的频率/入射角组合可实现对Lamb波模态的选择和控制,实现对检测对象的检测策略,并具有一定的工程应用价值。     

兰姆波检测参数曲线的应用研究

为了推广应用兰姆波进行无损检测,对兰姆波检测参数曲线进行了研究。通过对兰姆波频率特征方程的对称模式和反对称模式两种情况进行算法分析,用VC++软件加以编程实现,设计了专门用于绘制兰姆波参数曲线的软件,同时依据激励角频散曲线设计了兰姆波换能器的斜楔结构参数,并制作了兰姆波换能器,进而解决了兰姆波检测参数曲线的绘制和应用问题,所绘制的参数曲线适用于不同材质、不同型号的金属薄板兰姆波检测。     

A Real-time Monitoring Technique for Local Plasticity in Metals Based on Lamb Waves and a Directional Actuator/Sensor Set

A real-time monitoring technique for local plasticity using Lamb waves was developed. Tensile test of a thin aluminum plate with a circular hole where high stress concentration was induced was conducted to verify this technique. During the tensile test, a series of wave signals passing through the local plastic region were collected using a directional actuator/sensor set to monitor plasticity evolution. A pulse compression technique was used to process the wave signals. With the increase of tensile stress in the specimen, the amplitude changes of S₀ and A₀ modes were obtained and the difference of Lamb wave signals was further evaluated using a proposed signal index I calculated by wavelet analysis. Combined with the numerical stress analysis of the tensile specimen, the influence of the plasticity on the amplitudes of S₀ and A₀ wave modes was analyzed. As the plastic zone grows gradually, the wave amplitudes and I of S₀ and A₀ wave modes show their different change tendencies compared with those in elastic stage. The amplitude change is more sensitive to mild plasticity than that of I, while the change of I caused by severe plasticity is more obvious than the amplitude change.     

A Lamb wave lens for acoustic microscopy

In a conventional scanning acoustic microscope the excited leaky modes contribute significantly to the high contrast obtained in the images. However, all such modes exist simultaneously, and the interpretation of the images is not straightforward, especially in layered media. A lens geometry is proposed that can be used with acoustic microscopes to image layered solid structures. This lens can focus the acoustic waves in only one of the Lamb wave modes of the layered solid with a high efficiency. V(Z) curves obtained from this lens are more sensitive to material properties compared to that obtained from conventional lens. Measuring the return signal as a function of frequency results in another characteristic curve, V(f). The Lamb wave lens and the associated characterization methods for the layered structures are described. The results presented show that the Lamb wave lens is at least an order of magnitude more sensitive than the conventional lens and can easily differentiate between a good bond and disbond in a layered structure.     

The excitation and detection of lamb waves with planar coil electromagnetic acoustic transducers

Planar coil electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) are investigated for the excitation and detection of Lamb waves in nonferromagnetic metallic wave-guides. Such EMATs are attractive for certain applications due to their omni-directional sensitivity to wave modes with predominantly in-plane surface displacement, such as the So Lamb wave mode. A model is developed that enables the modal content of the radiated Lamb wave field from a transmitting EMAT to be calculated, and the output voltage from a receiving EMAT to be predicted when a Lamb wave mode is incident on it. The predictions from this model are compared with experimental data obtained from 12 different EMATs tested on a 5-mm thick aluminum plate, and good agreement is obtained. The model then is used to analyze the different effects that contribute to the overall Lamb wave modal sensitivity of an EMAT. The relationship between coil geometry and wavelength is examined.     

Group velocity and characteristic wave curves of Lamb waves in composites: Modeling and experiments

The propagation characteristics of Lamb waves in composites, with emphasis on group velocity and characteristic wave curves, are investigated theoretically and experimentally. In particular, the experimental study focuses on the existence of multiple higher-order Lamb wave modes that can be observed from piezoelectric sensors by the excitation of ultrasonic frequencies. Using three-dimensional (3-D) elasticity theory, the exact dispersion relations governed by transcendental equations are numerically solved for an infinite number of possible wave modes. For symmetric laminates, a robust method by imposing boundary conditions on the mid-plane and top surface is proposed to separate symmetric and anti-symmetric wave modes. A new semi-exact method is developed to calculate group velocities of Lamb waves in composites. Meanwhile, three characteristic wave curves: velocity, slowness, and wave curves are adopted to analyze the angular dependency of Lamb wave propagation. The dispersive and anisotropic behavior of Lamb waves in a two different types of symmetric laminates is studied in detail theoretically. In the experimental study, two surface-mounted piezoelectric actuators are excited either symmetric or anti-symmetric wave modes with narrowband signals, and a Gabor wavelet transform is used to extract group velocities from arrival times of Lamb wave received by a piezoelectric sensor. In comparison with the results from the theory and experiment, it is confirmed that multiple higher-order Lamb waves can be excited from piezoelectric actuators and the measured group velocities agree well with those from 3-D elasticity theory.     

应用Poisson板理论求解S0兰姆波在通孔缺陷的散射

为降低3D精确理论散射场求解的复杂性和计算成本,应用Poisson板理论描述面内波模式,给出了S0波在各向同性板中受通孔散射的近似模型。该理论利用波函数展开技术以及孔边缘的边界条件,得到了S0和SH0模式的散射远场。将Poisson板理论与3D精确理论进行比较,两者在低频情况下具有较好的一致性。考察了两个基本导波模式在不同尺寸孔的散射特性,发现它们的散射波幅值在某些散射方向随孔径呈线性变换,该结果为兰姆波无损评价提供了依据。     

纤维增强复合板中声弹Lamb波的波结构分析

基于线性三维弹性理论和“增量变形力学”理论,采用勒让德正交多项式展开法,推导了在水平和垂直方向施加初应力时,沿纤维增强复合板的非主对称轴方向传播的声弹Lamb波的波动方程,并对波动方程进行数值求解。为了验证方法的准确性,将该文方法求解的各向同性材料的相速度频散曲线与Disperse?软件的计算结果进行比较,两者吻合良好。以单层单向纤维增强复合材料板为例,计算了无初应力状态下的波结构应力曲线,并与应力自由边界初始条件的一致性进行了比较。研究了水平和垂直方向初应力效应对Lamb波频散曲线的影响。针对声弹效应较为敏感的Lamb波A₀模态,着重分析了初应力效应对波结构位移分布曲线的影响。     

Lamb wave mode selection concepts for interfacial weakness analysis

Utilization of specific Lamb wave modes with special cross-sectional wave structures is proposed for the detection of interfacial weakness between an adhesive and adherent. Such an approach is based on plate wave behavior in a three-layered medium with imperfections on the individual interfaces. Selection of appropriate modes and frequencies for adhesion weakness detection is obtained by numerical analysis of the dispersion relations and comparisons of the dispersive curves for perfect, welded and imperfect, smooth boundary conditions. The inspection parameters were evaluated by an analysis of displacement, stress, and power distributions across the three-layered asymmetric adhesive structure. Special selection criteria are proposed. Utilization of dispersive curves do not always provide expected increased sensitivity as in the cross-sectional field distribution approach.     

Single Mode Tuning Effects on Lamb Wave Time Reversal with Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring

Lamb wave time reversal method is a new and tempting baseline-free damage detection technique for structural health monitoring. With this method, certain types of damage can be detected without baseline data. However, the application of this method using piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) is complicated by the existence of at least two Lamb wave modes at any given frequency, and by the dispersion nature of the Lamb wave modes existing in thin-wall structures. The theory of PWAS-related Lamb wave time reversal has not yet been fully studied. This paper addresses this problem by developing a theoretical model for the analysis of PWAS-related Lamb wave time reversal based on the exact solutions of the Rayleigh-Lamb wave equation. The theoretical model is first used to predict the existence of single-mode Lamb waves. Then the time reversal behavior of single-mode and two-mode Lamb waves is studied numerically. The advantages of single-mode tuning in the application of time reversal damage detection are highlighted. The validity of the proposed theoretical model is verified through experimental studies. In addition, a similarity metric for judging time invariance of Lamb wave time reversal is presented. It is shown that, under certain condition, the use of PWAS-tuned single-mode Lamb waves can greatly improve the effectiveness of the time-reversal damage detection procedure.