表面裂纹的激光超声可视化兰姆波检测研究

兰姆波在板材的缺陷检测中具有重要的地位,但兰姆波在裂纹检测过程的可视化实验研究较少。通过激光超声可视化技术,观察了激光激励出的宽频兰姆波在0.4 mm深、0.2 mm宽的裂纹上的反射和透射现象;并利用带通滤波技术,研究了不同中心频率的兰姆波在裂纹上的散射特性。结果发现:兰姆波在裂纹上发生了模态转换现象,出现了传播速度较快的兰姆波模态;并随着兰姆波频率的增加,反射兰姆波的能量增强。该研究为板中裂纹的兰姆波检测提供了实验参考。     

阵列EMAT相控延时激励实现兰姆波模态控制与增强的研究

兰姆波具有频散、多模态特性,导致在检测过程中难以区分回波信号.针对这一问题,进行阵列EMAT相控延时实现单一模态兰姆波控制激励与增强的研究.在不改变EMAT配置方式、结构及参数的情况下,通过计算阵列EMAT频率响应取得最大值时的延迟时间,将其施加到各个阵元,实现单一模态兰姆波的激励与增强.同时,研究了激励频率对增强阵列...     

薄板腐蚀缺陷兰姆波成像检测的有限元模拟

基于A0模式兰姆波对薄板腐蚀缺陷进行成像检测,在频率一定时,由于腐蚀造成板厚的改变将进一步影响检测兰姆波速度的变化,通过检测兰姆波波速的变化可以对板材腐蚀类缺陷进行监测.根据A0模式兰姆波的频率特征,测量发射探头与接收探头之间的兰姆波走时,结合波的实际传播路径,计算出实际检测兰姆波的速度,采用联合迭代重建技术(SIRT)对走时数据进行群速度图像重建.基于有限元数值方法,采用A0模式兰姆波对薄铝板中的腐蚀类缺陷进行模拟检测,给出了成像检测结果.     

多孔媒质界面上声波的反射和折射

一、引言 利用地震波进行石油勘探和利用超声波检测多孔材料时,了解声波在流体饱和的多孔媒质界面上的反射和透射特性十分重要。与一般的各向同性固体不同,多孔媒质中可以有传播速度不同的三种波型(快纵波、慢纵波和切变波)[1,2],其界面上声波的反射和折射行为较为复杂。Stoll[3]曾研究过流体中传播的平面纵波入射到水饱和的沉积岩表面上的反射系数,但未具体计算在多孔媒质中的折射波的振幅,也未考虑在多孔煤质中传播的声波入射到流体(或固体)界面时的反射和折射特性。Hovem[4]在研究声波通过浸没在流体中的多孔媒质栩透射特性时,为简便地…     

兰姆波在裂纹处的模态转换及散射特性研究

该文采用散射矩阵表征兰姆波在缺陷处的模态转换和散射特性, 研究了S₀模态兰姆波与亚波长级槽形裂纹的交互作用. 由板中导波模态位移场的特性, 提出了只存在零阶模态时的模态分离方法. 求解了S₀模态在不同尺寸裂纹处的多模态散射矩阵. 结果表明, S₀模态入射到裂纹时, 散射波动场周向分布不均, 与入射角度相关;散射特征的强弱由裂纹长度决定, 长度越短, 散射特征越明显;各散射模态的能量分配由裂纹的深度决定, 随着裂纹深度增加, 散射的S₀和SH₀模态能量增加, 而A₀模态先增加后急剧减小.     

基于超声导波检测的角钢型材缺陷特性分析

输电线路铁塔长期暴露在大气环境之中受到腐蚀,会造成角钢型材不同位置出现壁厚减小的情况,严重时可能导致铁塔断裂倒塌。为此,对角钢型材内壁锈蚀情况的检测技术进行探究。首先,对超声兰姆波的传播机理进行分析,确定角钢型材超声兰姆波的检测模态;然后,基于有限元理论对角钢型材进行三维数值建模,通过数值模拟探究了导波在钢材中的传播特性,分析了不同激励信号频率下角钢型材端面回波的波形特征;最后,通过对不同位置、不同深度腐蚀缺陷的角钢型材进行数值模拟,得到不同缺陷状态下超声兰姆波在角钢型材中的传播特性。研究结果表明,所提检测方法能够有效检测出输电线路铁塔的缺陷,为实际应用提供参考依据。     

超声Lamb波在缺陷处的二维散射特性研究

利用散射系数周向分布图研究了超声Lamb波在缺陷处的二维散射特性。建立了超声Lamb波与缺陷交互作用的有限元仿真模型,采用双元激励法产生单一S0模态入射信号,利用吸收边界消除边界回波的影响,采集缺陷所有方向上的散射信号并产生散射系数周向分布图。此模型的计算结果与实验结果一致,证明了模型的正确性。研究了S0模态与通孔和通透裂纹两种缺陷的交互作用,并测量了S0模态以零度角入射缺陷时的周向散射系数分布图,利用其图形特征可以进行缺陷种类识别。分析了散射场中多模态信号的能量分布,指出检测中若激励单一模态,而接收多模态信号,可以防止漏检,更有效地检测缺陷。     

纵波脉冲回波法和兰姆波法在表征薄层结构中的应用比较

介绍了两种常用的材料薄层超声表征方法——纵波脉冲回波法和兰姆波法。阐述了其基本原理，并结合实例比较了它们的应用情况、优缺点和适用条件等。纵波脉冲回波法简单易行，能够获得薄层厚度、声速和衰减等信息。但实验结果受薄层介质的声衰减和表面粗糙度影响较大，对探头的性能要求较高。兰姆波法主要用于表征薄板类材料，无需较高检测频率，可以测得板中纵波和横波的声速、板厚和板与板之间的结合特性等，检测精度较高。缺点是发射和接收探头之间的距离和倾斜角度需要严格控制，影响因素较多。     

基于超声波水浸点聚焦探头测量材料弹性模量的方法

弹性模量是表征与评定材料力学性能的基础,本文基于超声波斜入射至异质界面时的波型转换原理,提出了测量材料弹性模量的方法.当超声纵波以小于第一临界角的角度入射至材料时,可在材料的底面和水的界面产生反射纵波与反射横波.通过计算材料表面回波与反射纵波、反射横波之间的声时差,并结合材料的厚度值可计算得到材料的纵波声速与横波声速,进而获得弹性模量与泊松比的数值.本文对厚度约2 mm的轧制铝和镍试样进行了超声测量,结果表明:弹性模量、泊松比的测量值与理论值之间的相对误差分别小于2%,6%.     

压电换能器对兰姆波影响的仿真

0引言兰姆波由于传输距离远、检测范围广,一直是国内外无损检测领域研究的热点。频散现象和模态混叠使兰姆波的传播特性十分复杂。解决办法之一就是通过换能器激发单一的模式[1]。考虑高效和低成本,采用压电换能器激励和接收兰姆波是无损检测的常用方法[2]。传统的兰姆波仿真通常不考虑传感器对兰姆波的影响。本文通过有限元软件COMSOL时域分析兰姆波在铝板中的传播状况,为无损检测提供参考。     

板材厚度变化对Lamb波透射系数的影响

对Lamb波与厚度变化的板材之间的相互作用进行了分析。针对S0模式Lamb波入射情况,利用混合边界元模型计算了台阶状散射体的透射系数与厚度变化的关系,并进行了实验验证。结果表明S0模式的透射系数能够很好的反映板材的厚度变化,从而为该类材料的定量无损检测提供一定的理论支撑,在实际工业中具有重要的应用意义。     

应用兰姆波测定材料弹性参数的反演方法

提出基于兰姆波基础阶对称模式的反演方法来估计材料的弹性常数。兰姆波在存在复杂边界的结构中传播时,时域上边界回波相互混叠,各波包成分难以识别。根据兰姆波的频散特性,选取群速度最快对称模式的低频,用于反演计算。利用相位展开法获取基础阶对称模式的相速度实验值;建立以相速度实验值、弹性常数估计值、频率为变量的误差函数,当误差函数最小时,相速度实验值与基于弹性常数估计值的频散曲线吻合度最好。结合薄铝板、发电机大功率电机的线棒绝缘层、转向架的弹性常数反演过程,并进行误差分析,验证基础阶对称模式反演方法的可行性、通用性。     

The power flow angle of acoustic waves in thin piezoelectric plates

The curves of slowness and power flow angle (PFA) of quasi-antisymmetric (A0) and quasi-symmetric (S0) Lamb waves as well as quasi-shear-horizontal (SH0) acoustic waves in thin plates of lithium niobate and potassium niobate of X-,Y-, and Z-cuts for various propagation directions and the influence of electrical shorting of one plate surface on these curves and PFA have been theoretically investigated. It has been found that the group velocity of such waves does not coincide with the phase velocity for the most directions of propagation. It has been also shown that S0 and SH0 wave are characterized by record high values of PFA and its change due to electrical shorting of the plate surface in comparison with surface and bulk acoustic waves in the same material. The most interesting results have been verified by experiment. As a whole, the results obtained may be useful for development of various devices for signal processing, for example, electrically controlled acoustic switchers.     

Generation and reception of ultrasonic guided waves in composite plates using conformable piezoelectric transmitters and optical-fiber detectors

A condition monitoring nondestructive evaluation (NDE) system, combining the generation of ultrasonic Lamb waves in thin composite plates and their subsequent detection using an embedded optical fiber system is described. The acoustic source is of low profile with respect to the composite plate thickness, surface conformable, and able to efficiently launch a known Lamb wave mode, at operating frequencies between 100 and 500 kHz, over typical propagation distances of 100 to 500 mm. It incorporates both piezocomposite technology and interdigital design techniques to generate the fundamental symmetrical Lamb wave mode in both metallic and carbon-fiber composite plates. Linear systems and finite element modeling techniques have been used to evaluate the operation of the transducer structure, and this is supplemented by experimental verification of the simulated data. An optical fiber, either bonded to the surface or embedded across the length of the composite plate samples, is used to detect the propagating ultrasonic Lamb waves. Single mode silica fiber has been used in conjunction with a portable 633 nm Mach-Zehnder interferometer for signal demodulation and subsequent data acquisition. This hybrid system is shown to generate and detect the fundamental symmetrical Lamb wave (s(0)) in both carbon-fiber and glass-fiber reinforced composite plates. Importantly, the system signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) associated with the acoustic source compares favorably with s(0) Lamb wave generation using a conventional transducer and angled perspex wedge arrangement.     

套管井中泄漏弯曲型Lamb波声场的模拟与分析

基于套管中传播的最低阶泄漏弯曲型Lamb波(以下简称弯曲型Lamb波)对套管后介质尤其是低阻抗慢速水泥声学参数的敏感性,通过建立多层介质模型并利用实轴积分方法,数值模拟了有限尺寸定向辐射探头激发的声场和定点接收的全波波列。结果表明,在声源辐射到套管内壁上的入射角度约为33°时,在套管中主要激发弯曲型Lamb波。声场快照显示弯曲型Lamb波在沿着套管传播时,还会向与套管耦合的泥浆或水泥中泄漏比它速度低的波。若套管后介质是纵横波速度均低于弯曲型Lamb波相速度的慢速水泥,则套管中弯曲型Lamb波的衰减较大。利用弯曲型Lamb波对套管后耦合不同参数介质时的敏感性,可以有效地区分声阻抗接近的固体和液体,提高低阻抗水泥固井质量评价的效果。     

Ultrasonic guided wave scattering in a plate overlap

Guided wave scattering in a plate overlap is investigated by numerical calculations and experimental measurements of transmission and reflection factors from the overlap region. In the numerical study, a hybrid boundary element-finite element method is used to calculate the guided wave scattered field from the overlap region. Transmission and reflection factors are calculated for incident A0 and S0 Lamb and n0 shear horizontal waves, including higher modes generated through mode conversion phenomena. In addition, parametric studies of transmission and reflection factors in this problem are performed numerically over various incident modes, frequencies, and overlap lengths. For verification and comparison with numerical results, experiments were conducted to measure the transmission and reflection factors for incident Lamb and shear horizontal waves in steel plates with two different overlap areas. The experimental results agree well with the numerical calculations. The numerical and experimental results show that it is highly feasible to carry out efficient Lamb wave nondestructive evaluation (NDE) in overlapped plates and in multilayer structures with various lap joints by selecting various modes and tuning frequency.     

考虑材料各向异性的纤维增强聚合物基复合材料板损伤Lamb波检测和定位

超声Lamb波法是检测板状结构损伤的常用方法,然而纤维增强聚合物基复合材料（Fiber reinforced plastics,FRP）本身的各向异性会对Lamb波损伤定位的精度造成较大的影响。为了解决此问题,在传统椭圆法的基础上,提出了考虑材料各向异性的时间概率密度法的损伤定位方法。该方法通过考虑不同传播方向的A₀模态波的群速度变化,计算FRP板上任意一点存在损伤的反射波的走时,得到声波传播时间图。创建声波传播时间与实际损伤反射波走时的映射关系,可得到能表征损伤存在概率的时间概率密度图,通过相应的数值分析和实验研究,发现本方法误差比传统椭圆法误差的减小率可达到70%以上,论证本方法对各向异性FRP板损伤定位的可行性和准确性。      

Elastodynamic guided wave scattering in infinite plates

The scattering of elastic guided waves by defects in two‐dimensional infinite plates is analysed in the plane and antiplane cases, corresponding, respectively, to Lamb and SH modes. A hybrid boundary element–finite element technique is used, where the defect neighbourhood is discretized with quadratic boundary elements and the radiation condition in the plate is satisfied through a normal mode expansion. A semi‐analytical finite element technique is applied in the infinite plate to calculate its dispersion curves and normal modes. This hybrid technique, which showed excellent performance in the solution of Lamb wave reflection at the edge of semi‐infinite plates, is extended in this paper to a wider range of problems, such as Lamb mode scattering by delaminations and surface defects and SH mode interaction with step discontinuities. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Elastic property measurement using Rayleigh-Lamb waves

A nondestructive technique is described for the measurement of elastic constants of isotropic plates using ultrasonic Rayleigh-Lamb waves. The experimental method employs continuous harmonic waves and a pair of variable-angle contact transducers in pitch-catch mode. The phase velocity of the R-L waves at a particular frequency is determined from the phase shift over a measured path length. This simple experimental technique can measure phase velocity over the range 1–10 mm/µs with an error of less than 0.5% over a frequency range of 50 kHz-2 MHz. Individual symmetric and antisymmetric modes can be generated through the selection of transducer angle and frequency. Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio for the material are calculated from measurements of frequency and phase velocity by a nonlinear least squares solution to the dispersion equations. The sensitivity of the nonlinear least squares function to the measurement region of the dispersion curve is investigated. It was found that estimations of material properties are more accurate and less sensitive to small experimental errors when only selected frequencies and R-L modes are used in the least squares calculation. This technique is demonstrated with several isotropic materials and with both thick (6 mm) and thin (0.8 mm) plates. Values for elastic constants determined by the contact transducer Lamb wave technique compare favorably with values measured using the pulse-echo-overlap method. The uncertainty in measurements of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio was less than 1% and 2%, respectively. The technique has advantages over more traditional methods for measuring elastic properties when it is desirable to use wavelengths greater than the plate thickness, when properties may vary with frequency, or when it is necessary to measure in-plane elastic properties of thin plate structures.