Development of bone scaffold using Puntius conchonius fish scale derived hydroxyapatite: Physico-mechanical and bioactivity evaluations

Naturally derived Hydroxyapatite (HAp) from fish scale is finding wide applications in the development of bone scaffold to promote bone regeneration. But porous HAp scaffold is fragile in nature making it unsuitable for bone repair or replacement applications. Thus, it is essential to improve the mechanical property of HAp scaffolds while retaining the interconnected porous structure for tissue ingrowth in vivo. In this study solvent casting particulate leaching technique is used to develop novel Puntius conchonius fish scale derived HAp bone scaffold by varying the wt.% of the HAp from 60 to 80% in PMMA matrix. Physico-chemical, mechanical, structural and bioactive properties of the developed scaffolds are investigated. The obtained results indicate that HAp-PMMA scaffold at 70?wt % HAp loading shows optimal properties with 7.26?±?0.45?MPa compressive strength, 75?±?0.8% porosity, 8.0?±?0.68% degradation and 190?±?11% water absorption. The obtained results of the scaffold can meet the physiological demands to guide bone regeneration. Moreover, in vitro bioactivity analysis also confirms the formation of bone like apatite in the scaffold surface after 28 days of SBF immersion. Thus, the developed scaffold has the potential to be effectively used in bone tissue engineering applications.     

3D printing of bioactive macro/microporous continuous carbon fibre reinforced hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds with synchronously enhanced strength and toughness

Continuous carbon fibre (CF) reinforced HA (CF/HA) composite scaffolds were prepared using a self-designed and manufactured 3D printer. The optimised design of nozzle structure and the tailored viscoelastic property of HA inks ensured compound extrusion of monofilament and multifilament CF with HA rod. The composite scaffolds designed using the CAD programme and sintered via a suitable process exhibited a hierarchical macro/microporous structure and contained approximately 50% HA and 50% β-TCP. The continuous CF synchronously enhanced the strength and toughness of the scaffolds. The compressive strengths of 1CF/HA and 5CF/HA were 11.4 ± 1.7 MPa and 16.3 ± 2.6 MPa, respectively, which were approximately double and triple compared with that of HA scaffolds. The fracture toughness of 1CF/HA was approximately double that of HA scaffolds and close to that of cortical bone. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that 1CF/HA also had apatite formation capability and adequate bone regeneration capacity.     

Boosting bonding strength of hydroxyapatite coating for carbon/carbon composites via applying tree-planting interface structure

Hydroxyapatite (HA) coated carbon/carbon composites (CC) is a potential material for orthopedic application because of the combination of good biocompatibility and mechanical properties. In this work, we synthesize a tree-planting interface which is composed of holes formed by micro-oxidized CC substrates and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to achieve a high bonding strength of HA coating. The holes include annular gaps between carbon fiber and pyrolytic carbon, as well as irregular holes formed by oxidized pyrolytic carbon. The CNTs can grow inside the holes and extend into the HA coating. As a result, the bonding strength of HA coating with tree-planting interface achieves 11.14 ± 0.78 MPa. It increases by 181.3% comparing with the HA coating on CC without interface (3.96 ± 0.30 MPa). The in-vitro bioactivity evaluated by the response of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) shows promotions of cell proliferation and cell activity with increasing culture time. After applied with tree-planting interface, the HA coating with strong bonding and good bioactivity may be applied in orthopedic field in the future.     

Compressive strength and biomineralisation improvement by water glass coating on porous calcium phosphate scaffolds

Calcium phosphate (Ca–P) based scaffolds were found to be a favourable alternative for orthopaedic applications because of their similar chemical composition to natural bone. In this study, porous triphasic Ca–P scaffolds containing macropores (∽200?μm) interconnected with micropores (∽20?μm) were fabricated using an extrusion method. The hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate ratio of the porous scaffolds was varied using different ratios of starting materials while keeping the Ca/P ratio fixed (1.5). A water glass coating on the porous Ca–P scaffolds increased the compressive strength by 45% without significantly decreasing the porosity of the H100D50 scaffold. The maximum compressive strength, ～15?MPa, was achieved on the H100D50 scaffold. The ability for apatite formation in simulated body fluid was amplified by the water glass coating on the sintered Ca–P scaffolds. Therefore, a water glass coating can be used to enhance the mechanical properties as well as the biomineralisation of the porous ceramic scaffolds.     

A novel foam-like silane modified alumina scaffold coated with nano-hydroxyapatite–poly(ε-caprolactone fumarate) composite layer

Although alumina scaffolds with biodegradable polymer coating can overcome the limitations of conventional ceramic bone substitutes, the bioactivity potential of these scaffolds needs to be enhanced. In this study, the macroporous alumina scaffolds with the defined pore-channel interconnectivity were successfully prepared by the foam replication method. The average pore size of the scaffolds was in the range 200–900 μm with around 82% porosity. The average Young's modulus of alumina scaffolds was 2.8 GPa. Coating of nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA) in poly(ε-caprolactone fumarate) (PCLF) as a carrier on the surface of alumina scaffold was performed. The nano-HA powder was synthesized successfully by the sol–gel method. The crystallite and particle sizes of HA powders were in nano range and confirmed by the Scherrer equation from X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The PCLF was synthesized and characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In order to make a chemical link between the alumina scaffolds and the coating, a silane coupling agent was used. The results showed that using of 1 g Methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane in 100 g solvent is sufficient for making a thin interface layer between the scaffold and the polymer. The coating process was performed by immersion of scaffolds in the solutions with different percents of nano-HA. The morphology and chemical structure of the coated scaffolds were investigated by SEM and FTIR. SEM images demonstrated that the scaffolds were constituted of interconnected and homogeneously distributed pores. Also, HA distribution and agglomerates on the surface of scaffolds were enhanced by increasing the nano-HA percent in the coating solutions.     

Preparation and performance of hydroxyapatite/Ti porous biocomposite scaffolds

Hydroxyapatite/titanium (HA/Ti) porous biocomposite scaffolds were prepared via a powder metallurgical method using NH₄HCO₃ as the pore-forming agent. The scaffolds induced HA formation and showed high bioactivity, and their porosity and compressive strength could be regulated by changing the NH₄HCO₃ dosage. When the NH₄HCO₃ dosage was 40.0%, the porosity was 67.0 ± 0.8%, and compressive strength was 19.0 ± 0.6 MPa, indicating the corresponding scaffold was an ideal choice for spongy bone repair.     

Processing and in vitro bioactivity of high-strength 45S5 glass-ceramic scaffolds for bone regeneration

In this paper, the compressive strength and in vitro bioactivity of sintered 45S5 bioactive glass scaffolds produced by powder technology and polymer foaming were investigated. The sintering temperature of scaffolds was 975 °C. The characterization of scaffolds before immersion in SBF was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microtomography (μCT). The scaffolds were also tested for compression, and their density and porosity were measured. After immersion, the samples were observed through SEM and analyzed using EDS, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Mass variation was also estimated. The glass-ceramic scaffolds showed a 61.44±3.13% interconnected porosity and an average compressive strength of 13.78±2.43 MPa. They also showed the formation of a hydroxyapatite layer after seven days of immersion in SBF, demonstrating that partial crystallization during sintering did not suppress their bioactivity.     

Physico-chemical and biological studies on three-dimensional porous silk/spray-dried mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds

The incorporation of a bioactive inorganic phase in polymeric scaffolds is a good strategy for the improvement of the bioactivity and the mechanical properties, which represent crucial features in the field of bone tissue engineering. In this study, spray-dried mesoporous bioactive glass particles (SD-MBG), belonging to the binary system of SiO₂-CaO (80:20 mol%), were used to prepare composite scaffolds by freeze-drying technique, using a silk fibroin matrix. The physico-chemical and biological properties of the scaffolds were extensively studied. The scaffolds showed a highly interconnected porosity with a mean pore size in the range of 150 µm for both pure silk and silk/SD-MBG scaffolds. The elastic moduli of the silk and silk/SD-MBG scaffolds were 1.1±0.2 MPa and 6.9±1.0 MPa and compressive strength were 0.5±0.05 MPa and 0.9±0.2 MPa, respectively, showing a noticeable increase of the mechanical properties of the composite scaffolds compared to the silk ones. The contact angle value decreased from 105.3° to 71.2° with the incorporation of SD-MBG particles. Moreover, the SD-MBG incorporation countered the lack of bioactivity of the silk scaffolds inducing the precipitation of hydroxyapatite layer on their surface already after 1 day of incubation in simulated body fluid. The composite scaffolds showed good biocompatibility and a good alkaline phosphatase activity toward human mesenchymal stromal cells, showing the ability for their use as three-dimensional constructs for bone tissue engineering.     

Fabrication and performance of calcium phosphate cement/small intestinal submucosa composite bionic bone scaffolds with different microstructures

The microstructure of the tissue has a very important determining effect on its performance. Herein, two calcium phosphate cement (CPC)/small intestinal submucosa(SIS) composites bionic bone scaffolds with different microstructures were fabricated by rolling or/ and assembling method. The microstructure, 3D morphology, the crystal phase and mechanical properties of the scaffolds were investigated by micro CT, XRD, FIIR, SEM and electronic universal testing machines respectively. The results showed that the pore size of all scaffolds are in the range of 100–400?µm, which are beneficial to cells growth, migration, and tissue vascularization. Their porosity and the specific surface area were 14.53?±?0.76%, 8.74?±?1.38?m²/m³ and 32?±?0.58%, 26.75?±?2.69?m²/m³ separately. The high porosity and the large specific surface area can provide a larger space and contact area for cells adhesion and proliferation. Meanwhile, compressive strength of the scaffolds soaked were 10?MPa and 27?MPa, about 1.2 folds and 3.2 folds of the original scaffolds, respectively. The results are derived from different microstructures of the scaffolds and chemical bonds between SIS and new phases (hydroxyapatite), and the scaffolds performance steadily increased at near the physiological conditions. Finally, biocompatibility of the scaffolds was evaluated by CCK8, bionic microstructure scaffolds are no cytotoxicity and their biocompatibility is favorable. Based on the microstructure, compressive strength and cytotoxicity of the scaffolds, bionic Harvarsin microstructure CPC/SIS composite scaffold is expected to turn into a scaffold with the excellent properties of real bone.     

In vitro evaluation of electrospun gelatin‐bioactive glass hybrid scaffolds for bone regeneration

Organic–inorganic hybrid materials, composed of phases that interact on a nanoscale and a microstructure that mimics the extracellular matrix, can potentially provide attractive scaffolds for bone regeneration. In the present study, hybrid scaffolds of gelatin and bioactive glass (BG) with a fibrous microstructure were prepared by a combined sol–gel and electrospinning technique and evaluated in vitro. Structural and chemical analyses showed that the fibers consisted of gelatin and BG that were covalently linked by 3‐glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane to form a homogeneous phase. Immersion of the gelatin–BG hybrid scaffolds in a simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37°C resulted in the formation of a hydroxyapatite (HA)‐like material on the surface of the fibers within 12 h, showing the bioactivity of the scaffolds. After 5 days in SBF, the surface of the hybrid scaffolds was completely covered with an HA‐like layer. The gelatin–BG hybrid scaffolds had a tensile strength of 4.3 ± 1.2 MPa and an elongation to failure of 168 ± 14%, compared to values of 0.5 ± 0.2 MPa and 63 ± 2% for gelatin scaffolds with a similar microstructure. The hybrid scaffolds supported the proliferation of osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization during in vitro culture, showing their biocompatibility. The results indicate that these gelatin–BG hybrid scaffolds prepared by a combination of sol–gel processing and electrospinning have potential for application in bone regeneration. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Improvement of mechanical properties and in vitro bioactivity of freeze-dried gelatin/chitosan scaffolds by functionalized carbon nanotubes

Functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) were used to reinforce the freeze-dried gelatin (G)/chitosan (Ch) scaffolds for bone graft substitution. Two types of G/Ch scaffolds at a ratio of 2:1 and 3:1 by weight incorporated with 0.025, 0.05, or 0.1 and 0.2 or 0.4?wt% f-MWCNT, respectively, were prepared by freeze drying, and their structure, morphology, and physicochemical and compressive mechanical properties were evaluated. The scaffolds exhibited porous structure with pore size of 80–300 and 120–140?µm for the reinforced scaffolds of G/Ch 2:1 and 3:1, respectively, and porosity 90–93% which slightly decreased with an increase in f-MWCNTs content for both types. Incorporation of f-MWCNTs led to 11- and 9.6-fold increase in modulus, with respect to their pure biopolymer blend scaffolds at a level of 0.05?wt% for G/Ch 2:1 and 0.2?wt% for G/Ch 3:1, respectively. The higher content of f-MWCNTs resulted in loss of mechanical properties due to agglomeration. The highest value of compressive strength and modulus was obtained for G/Ch 2:1 with 0.05?wt% f-MWCNT as 411?kPa and 18.7?MPa, respectively. Improvement of in vitro bioactivity as a result of f-MWCNTs incorporation was proved by formation of a bone-like apatite layer on the surface of scaffolds upon immersion in simulated body fluid. The findings indicate that the f-MWCNT-reinforced gelatin/chitosan scaffolds may be a suitable candidate for bone tissue engineering.     

Porous hydroxyapatite‐bioactive glass hybrid scaffolds fabricated via ceramic honeycomb extrusion

The successful fabrication of hydroxyapatite‐bioactive glass scaffolds using honeycomb extrusion is presented herein. Hydroxyapatite was combined with either 10 wt% stoichiometric Bioglass^® (BG1), calcium‐excess Bioglass^® (BG2) or canasite (CAN). For all composite materials, glass‐induced partial phase transformation of the HA into the mechanically weaker β‐tricalcium phosphate (TCP) occurred but XRD data demonstrated that BG2 exhibited a lower volume fraction of TCP than BG1. Consequently, the maximum compressive strength observed for BG1 and BG2 were 30.3 ± 3.9 and 56.7 ± 6.9 MPa, respectively, for specimens sintered at 1300°C. CAN scaffolds, in contrast, collapsed when handled when sintered below 1300°C, and thus failed. The microstructure illustrated a morphology similar to that of BG1 sintered at 1200°C, and hence a comparable compressive strength (11.4 ± 3.1 MPa). The results highlight the great potential offered by honeycomb extrusion for fabricating high‐strength porous scaffolds. The compressive strengths exceed that of commercial scaffolds, and biological tests revealed an increase in cell viability over 7 days for all hybrid scaffolds. Thus it is expected that the incorporation of 10 wt% bioactive glass will provide the added advantage of enhanced bioactivity in concert with improved mechanical stability.     

Bioactivity and Antibacterial Behaviors of Nanostructured Lithium-Doped Hydroxyapatite for Bone Scaffold Application

The material for bone scaffold replacement should be biocompatible and antibacterial to prevent scaffold-associated infection. We biofunctionalized the hydroxyapatite (HA) properties by doping it with lithium (Li). The HA and 4 Li-doped HA (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 wt.%) samples were investigated to find the most suitable Li content for both aspects. The synthesized nanoparticles, by the mechanical alloying method, were cold-pressed uniaxially and then sintered for 2 h at 1250 °C. Characterization using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) revealed particle sizes in the range of 60 to 120 nm. The XRD analysis proved the formation of HA and Li-doped HA nanoparticles with crystal sizes ranging from 59 to 89 nm. The bioactivity of samples was investigated in simulated body fluid (SBF), and the growth of apatite formed on surfaces was evaluated using SEM and EDS. Cellular behavior was estimated by MG63 osteoblast-like cells. The results of apatite growth and cell analysis showed that 1.0 wt.% Li doping was optimal to maximize the bioactivity of HA. Antibacterial characteristics against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were performed by colony-forming unit (CFU) tests. The results showed that Li in the structure of HA increases its antibacterial properties. HA biofunctionalized by Li doping can be considered a suitable option for the fabrication of bone scaffolds due to its antibacterial and unique bioactivity properties.     

Therapeutic effect of magnetic nanoparticles on calcium silicate bioceramic in alternating field for biomedical application

The cancerous bone may be treated using magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) coupled with hyperthermia treatment technology. During the last three decades, calcium-silicate (CS) based bioceramics have been investigated as a proper choice due to their bioactivity, biocompatibility, magnetization property, and ability to form suitable apatite for hard tissue engineering approaches. For this purpose, three-dimensional bio-nanocomposite scaffolds utilizing bioactive wollastonite (WS) and bioglass (BG) as composed based materials with 0 wt% (S1), 5 wt% (S2), 10 wt% (S3), and 15 wt% (S4) of Zr–Fe₃O₄ are considered in this study. These materials with two various space-agents such as sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) particles containing ball mill with high energy and pressing under 150 MPa, and sintered at 850 °C are analyzed. Additionally, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM), and mechanical tests include of toughness and compressive strength are investigated. The powder's and scaffold's crystals size are measured between 30 and 50 nm, and the pores and porosity size are measured from 70 to 180 μm and 25%–40%. The VSM curves illustrate that the zirconium-ferrite has a soft magnetic property, which is easily magnetized by applying a small amount of magnetic field, and it rapidly loses its magnetic moment by cutting off the field. The low coercive force, as well as high magnetic saturation with low residue, are represented for the S2 and S3. The obtained outcomes indicate that the best amounts of mechanical properties amongst the specimens are related to the specimen with 15 wt%, 7.9 ± 1 MPa of compressive strength, and 203.3 ± 10 MPa of elastic modulus. Likewise, the biological assessment shows that the sample containing 10 wt% MNPs provides a better apatite creation on porous scaffolds after 28 days. The gained outcomes represent that those specimens containing 10 and 15 wt% MNPs provide proper biological and mechanical replies.     

Properties of calcium phosphates ceramic composites derived from natural materials

In this study, ceramics containing mixed phases of hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate (HA/β-TCP) were fabricated by a solid-state reaction technique. The HA powder was synthesized from cockle shells while the β-TCP powder was synthesized from egg shells. Pure HA and β-TCP fine powders were successfully obtained. The HA and β-TCP were mixed and subjected to a thermal treatment up to 1100 °C. To form the mixed phase ceramics, the resulting powders were sintered at 1350 °C. Effects of HA concentration on the properties of the studied ceramic were investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that all samples presented multiphase of calcium phosphate compounds. Average grain size of the ceramics decreased with the HA additive content. The 75 wt% HA ceramic showed the maximum hardness value (5.5 GPa) which is high when compared with many calcium phosphate ceramics. In vitro bioactivity test indicated that apatite forming increased with the HA additive content. To increase antibacterial activity, selected ceramics were coated with AgNO₃. Antibacterial test suggested that an Ag compound coating on the ceramics could improve the antibacterial ability of the studied ceramics. In addition, the antibacterial ability for the Ag coated ceramics depended on the porosity of the ceramics.     

Liquid Phase Sintered Ceramic Bone Scaffolds by Combined Laser and Furnace

Fabrication of mechanically competent bioactive scaffolds is a great challenge in bone tissue engineering. In this paper, β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds were successfully fabricated by selective laser sintering combined with furnace sintering. Bioglass 45S5 was introduced in the process as liquid phase in order to improve the mechanical and biological properties. The results showed that sintering of β-TCP with the bioglass revealed some features of liquid phase sintering. The optimum amount of 45S5 was 5 wt %. At this point, the scaffolds were densified without defects. The fracture toughness, compressive strength and stiffness were 1.67 MPam^1/2, 21.32 MPa and 264.32 MPa, respectively. Bone like apatite layer was formed and the stimulation for apatite formation was increased with increase in 45S5 content after soaking in simulated body fluid, which indicated that 45S5 could improve the bioactivity. Furthermore, MG-63 cells adhered and spread well, and proliferated with increase in the culture time.     

Porous Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds Coated With Bioactive Apatite–Wollastonite Glass–Ceramics

The objective of this study was to fabricate porous hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds coated with bioactive A/W glass–ceramics and to examine their mechanical and biological properties. Firstly, the HA scaffolds were prepared by the polymeric sponge replication method, and then A/W glasses were coated on the surface of the struts. All of the scaffolds had a highly porous structure with well-interconnected pores. It was observed that the bioactive glass coating markedly increased the strength of the HA scaffolds. This enhancement was attributed to the formation of a dense and strong coating layer on the weak HA struts. The in vitro bioactivities of the scaffolds were markedly improved by the coatings. When the coated scaffolds were soaked in a simulated body fluid (SBF), the bone-like apatite crystals were well mineralized on their surfaces. Osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3) adhered, spread, and grew well on the porous scaffolds. The cells placed on the glass-coated HA scaffold showed a higher proliferation rate and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity than those on the pure HA scaffold. These results demonstrate that the bioactive glass coating is effective in improving the strength and bioactivity of the porous HA scaffolds.     

Chitosan graft copolymers‐HA/DBM biocomposites: Preparation,characterization, and in vitro evaluation

The combination of biopolymer with a bioactive component takes advantage of the osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity properties. The studies on composites containing hydroxyapatite (HA), demineralized bone matrix (DBM) fillers and chitosan biopolymer are still conducted. In the present study, the bioactive fillers were loaded onto p(HEMA‐MMA) grafted chitosan copolymer to produce a novel biocomposites having osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties. The produced composites were assessed by TGA, XRD, FTIR, and SEM techniques to prove the interaction between both matrices. In vitro behavior of these composites was performed in SBF to verify the formation of apatite layer onto their surfaces and its enhancement. The results confirmed the formation of thick apatite layer containing carbonate ions onto the surface of biocomposites especially these containing HA‐DBM mixture and pMMA having bone cement formation in their structure. These a novel biocomposites have unique bioactivity properties can be applied in bone implants and tissue engineering applications as scaffolds in future. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007     

Studies on novel bioactive glasses and bioactive glass-nano-HAp composites suitable for coating on metallic implants

A series of novel zinc oxide (ZnO) containing bioactive glass compositions in SiO₂-Na₂O-CaO-P₂O₅ system and composite with hydroxyapatite (HAp) nano-particles were developed and applied as coating on Ti-6Al-4V substrates. The bioactive glasses and their composites were also processed to yield dense scaffolds, porous scaffolds and porous bone filler materials. The coating materials and the coatings were characterized and evaluated by different in vitro techniques to establish their superior mechanical properties. The cytotoxicity test of the coating material, porous and dense scaffolds and coated specimens showed non-cytotoxicity, biocompatibility and promising in vitro bioactivity for all tested samples. The dissolution behaviour studies of the bioactive glasses and the composites in simulated body fluid showed promising in vitro release pattern and bioactivity for all tested samples. Addition of nanosized HAp improves mechanical properties of the bioactive glass coating without affecting the in vitro bioactivity.     

A duplex coating composed of electrophoretic deposited graphene oxide inner-layer and electrodeposited graphene oxide/Mg substituted hydroxyapatite outer-layer on carbon/carbon composites for biomedical application

A duplex coating composed of electrophoretic deposited graphene oxide (GO) inner-layer and electrodeposited GO/Mg substituted hydroxyapatite (MH) outer-layer was prepared on carbon/carbon composites (CC). The morphology and microstructure of GO-GO/MH coating were researched by Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The bonding strength between GO-GO/MH coating and CC substrate was investigated by shear test. The in-vitro bioactivity of GO-GO/MH coating was analyzed by simulated body fluid (SBF) immersion test. The results demonstrated that electrophoretic deposited GO inner-layer was successfully introduced on CC and could serve as an interlayer between CC and following electrodeposited GO/MH outer-layer. GO/MH outer-layer presented a flake morphology with 150–250?nm in thickness and 1.5–2.5?µm in width, exhibiting porous three-dimensional networks structure uniformly. The shear test showed that the bonding strength between the duplex coating and CC reached 7.4?MPa, which was 80.49% higher than that of single-layered MH coating without GO. The duplex coating could induce the formation of flocculent and chapped apatite after SBF immersion, which demonstrated the in-vitro bioactivity of the duplex coating. These results suggested that GO-GO/MH coating might be a promising candidate in the field of biomaterials, especially for implant coatings.