火灾中端板连接的模拟单元

采用2结点连接单元模拟高温下的端板螺栓连接。该单元允许在参考平面设置单元结点,参考平面中连接内部温度分布不均匀。考虑了由于弯曲、轴拉、轴压及剪切引起的连接破坏,并考虑了轴拉力对连接的影响。本模型兼具简化模型和组合模型的优点。进行23组耐火试验,验证模型的正确性。结果表明:本模型可用于分析火灾下端板螺栓连接性能,具有足够可靠度。与试验相比,本模型偏保守,可用于进行钢框架组合结构的耐火设计。借助本思路,可设计其他连接形式,如简单连接,柱连接及中空截面连接等。     

梁端受框架约束的平端板连接组合节点抗火性能试验研究

对梁端轴向约束作用下平端板螺栓连接组合节点的抗火性能进行了试验研究。试验共设计制作四个试件,一个为梁端无轴向约束的组合节点抗火试验试件、两个为梁端受框架约束的组合节点抗火试验试件,另一个梁端无轴向约束的组合节点试件作为对比试件,进行常温下受力性能试验,以研究梁端轴向约束对组合节点耐火性能的影响。试验结果表明,常温下组合节点因柱腹板受压屈曲而破坏。火灾作用下组合节点温度场分布不均匀,组合节点均出现梁下翼缘屈曲,但二者在梁下翼缘屈曲后的受力行为不同。梁端无轴向约束组合节点在梁下翼缘屈曲后承载力迅速降低;而梁端有框架约束的组合节点在梁下翼缘屈曲后由于钢梁出现悬链线效应（在梁大挠度情况下,梁内轴力由压力转为拉力来承受竖向荷载）,节点由压弯受力转为拉弯受力,表现出较好的承载能力和变形能力。试验反映了组合节点在结构中与梁的相互影响和共同作用,为理解火灾下组合节点在梁轴力影响下的结构反应、承载机理和破坏模式提供了依据。     

Finite element analysis of flush end-plate connections connected to column web

Eurocode 3: Part 1.8 (2005b) does not cover the empirical design for flush end-plate connections connected to column web. Thus, experimental works need to be performed to investigate the behaviour of the minor axis end-plate bolted connection. However, the experimental tests are expensive, tedious and time consuming to be conducted. Alternatively, finite element modelling and analysis can be adopted to predict the behaviour of the connection accurately. Five specimens of flush end-plate connections connected to column web with variable parameters have been tested and the results are compared with finite element analysis. Finite element models with enhanced strain solid and contact joint elements are used to stimulate the connection behaviour. The objective of this paper is to compare and validate the accuracy and reliability of the finite element model by correlating moment rotation (M-Φ) curves between the finite element model and experimental tests. The comparison shows a reasonable agreement between the predicted results from FEA and the experimental tests.     

不同排列伸展螺栓端板半刚性节点的三维非线性分析

对钢结构中不同排列的伸展螺栓端板这种半刚性连接节点采用非线性有限元分析 ,对连接中的主要构件 :端板、高强螺栓、梁翼缘、柱翼缘以及连接接触进行三维非线性有限元精细模拟 ,针对不同的尺寸和截面进行比较分析 ,探讨了螺栓端板半刚性连接的受力性能     

Influence of initial imperfection on the behaviour of extended bolted end-plate connections for portal frames

Initial imperfection in bolted end-plate connections is mainly induced by residual deformation of welding. Three typical initial imperfections, namely V-shape, C-shape and W-shape are identified in terms of the geometrical imperfection shapes for extended bolted end-plate connections based on a field study. Seven specimens of extended bolted end-plate connection, among which six specimens with V-shape initial imperfection and one without imperfection in the end-plates were tested, and the influence of the initial imperfection of the end-plate on the behaviour of the connections was investigated. Test results show that initial rotation stiffness of extended bolted end-plate joints decreases with increase of initial imperfection in the end-plate, however, the strength of the end-plate joints is only affected slightly by the imperfection. Besides, the thicker the end-plate is, the more reduction in the initial rotation stiffness relatively. Further parametric study on 14 extended bolted end-plate connections with three typical shapes of imperfections were conducted based on the finite element analysis. Among the three types of initial imperfection, the V-shape has the least influence, and the C-shape has the biggest influence on the initial rotation stiffness of the extended bolted end-plate joints. For initial geometrical imperfection in a V-shape, its influence on behaviour of extended bolted end-plate connections is negligible as far as the imperfection is limited to the criterion, giving H/300. The influence of initial imperfection in a W-shape on rotation stiffness should be acceptable if the initial imperfection is limited to the criterion. In the case of a C-shape initial imperfection in the end-plate, its influence on the rotation stiffness would be substantial; even it satisfies the requirement of the imperfection limit. The results of the study should be applicable to the bolted end-plate connections, whether flushed or extended end-plate beam to column joints in structural frames.     

Component modelling of flexible end-plate connections in fire

This paper describes a component-based model for simulating the behaviour of flexible end-plate connections between beams and columns in steel framed structures in fire conditions. In this method, a simple steel connection was split into a number of active components for which mechanical properties are represented by non-linear springs. The behaviour of a steel connection is then determined by assembling the individual behaviour for each active component into a spring model. The component model presented in this paper is capable of predicting the behaviour of steel connections under varied loading conditions. It is also capable of predicting the tying resistance and critical components of failure for steel connections in fire. Compared with experimental test data, a good correlation with the simplified model has been achieved and this method, combined with finite element modelling, may be used to examine the performance of simple steel connections in fire conditions.     

钢管混凝土柱-组合梁单边螺栓连接框架耐火性能研究

为明确钢管混凝土柱-组合梁单边螺栓连接框架的耐火性能,采用有限元方法分析了ISO 834 标准升温曲线火灾作用下,圆形钢管混凝土柱-组合梁单边螺栓连接框架的温度场和耐火极限。研究结果表明：提出的简化的HB 螺栓模型可以有效地对圆形钢管混凝土-组合梁框架的耐火性能进行分析。钢管混凝土柱横截面混凝土的网格划分方法对于钢管混凝土柱-组合梁框架的耐火极限影响较小。当节点连接可靠时,钢管混凝土柱-组合梁框架达到耐火极限时的破坏模式主要有柱破坏模式和组合梁破坏模式。     

Behaviour of composite beam-column flush end-plate connections subjected to low-probability, high-consequence loading

This paper aims to investigate the performance of beam-column flush end-plate connections when using blind bolts. The paper studies the strength on medium rise buildings in regions of medium to high seismicity. This paper presents the result of both experiments and finite element analysis on composite beam-column flush end-plate connections subjected to low-probability, high-consequence loading. The earthquake actions were determined using the earthquake code, AS1170.4, Standard Australia (2004) [44]. Considerable savings were apparent when moving from a pinned connection to a semi-rigid connection. Not only in terms of weight savings, but more importantly the ability to reduce the floor-to-floor heights, which can considerably reduce the cost of services and facades and subsequently mass and inertia of the structure. This can also result in more lettable floor space due to reduced column sizes and the possibility of adding another floor for the same total height compared with the pinned connection. The experimental studies and finite element analysis enables improvement to the design of the connections to be used in engineering practice.     

FE model of beam-to-column extended end-plate joints

The rotational behaviour of steel end-plate connections can be studied using the finite element method for the following three reasons: 1) such models are inexpensive and robust; 2) they allow the understanding of local effects which are difficult to measure accurately physically; and 3) they can be used to generate extensive parametric studies. This paper presents a full three-dimensional ANSYS finite element model of steel beam to column bolted extended end-plate joints for use to obtain their behaviour. The model includes: contact and sliding between different elements; bolt pre-tension; and geometric and material non-linearity.The model was calibrated and validated with experimental results found in the literature and with the model proposed by Eurocode 3. The results from the finite element analysis were verified by comparing the obtained moment-rotation curve of the joint. The procedure for determining the moment-rotation curve using finite element analysis is also given, together with a brief explanation of how the design moment resistance and the initial rotational stiffness of the joint are obtained.     

The effects of protected beams and their connections on the fire resistance of composite buildings

According to full-scale fire tests, it is noticed that tensile membrane action within the concrete floor slabs plays an important role in affecting the fire resistance of composite buildings. It is well known that the development of tensile membrane actions relies on the vertical support along the edges of the slab panel. However, there is at present a lack of research into the influence of vertical supports on the tensile membrane actions of the floor slabs. In this paper, the performances of a generic three dimensional 45 m×45 m composite floor subjected to ISO834 Fire and Natural Fire are investigated. Different vertical support conditions and three steel meshes are applied in order to assess the impact of vertical supports on tensile membrane action of floor slabs. Unlike other existing large scale modelling which assumes the connections behave as pinned or rigid for simplicity, two robust 2-node connection element models developed by the authors are used to model the behaviour of end-plate and partial end-plate connections of composite structures under fire conditions. The impact of connections on the 3D behaviour of composite floor is taken into consideration. The load-transfer mechanisms of composite floor when connections fail due to axial tension, vertical shear and bending are investigated. Based on the results obtained, some design recommendations are proposed to enhance the fire resistance of composite buildings.     

Q690高强钢端板连接梁柱节点抗震性能试验研究

对3个齐平式端板螺栓连接节点试件进行低周反复荷载试验,其中1个为普通钢端板节点试件,另2个为Q690高强钢端板节点试件。通过改变端板和柱的尺寸与材料,得到普通钢与高强钢端板节点、刚性柱和非刚性柱节点的性能差别,并与欧洲规范EC3的计算结果进行对比。结果表明：Q690高强钢端板节点的受弯承载能力比Q345钢端板节点高30%,但因其端板弹性变形能力较强,易于导致螺栓破坏,因此,需提高螺栓的承载力以提高其延性;刚性柱节点的受弯承载能力与非刚性柱节点基本相同,但其转动能力、延性、耗能能力等抗震性能明显优于非刚性柱节点;EC3组件法普通钢节点承载能力的预测公式可直接用于高强钢端板节点,但转动刚度及破坏模式的预测方法并不适用于高强钢端板节点。     

Dynamic response of hollow section frames with bolted moment connections

The behaviour of moment-resisting steel frames under various types of loads is dependent on the type of beam-to-column connections and their flexibilities. The extended end-plate connection is a practical field bolted moment connection that can be adopted in moment-resisting steel frames with hollow structural steel (HSS) columns, by using high strength blind bolts. The objective of this work was to study the behaviour of blind bolted extended end-plate connections for HSS columns under cyclic loading. With proper detailing and modelling of such connections, it has been possible to investigate the effect of joint flexibility on the response of the frame when subjected to dynamic loading and then to compare its response to that of a rigid frame. It is concluded that the proposed bolted joint behaves in a predictable manner that can be modelled and analysed using standard frame analysis programmes. The study also showed that the inclusion of the connection flexibility in frame analysis is essential to obtain a more realistic frame behaviour.     

螺栓连接钢-混凝土组合T型节点抗震性能的试验研究

设计了三组高强、足尺的螺栓端板连接的钢梁-钢筋混凝土柱组合节点试件,完成了其在低周反复荷载作用下的受力性能试验研究。试验结果表明,该新型组合节点具有优良的抗震性能和优越的施工性,在高强螺栓端板连接设计中应适当加大螺栓承载力的安全储备。     

方钢管混凝土柱穿芯螺栓端板节点性能的非线性有限元分析

用ANSYS有限元程序对方钢管混凝土柱一钢梁穿芯螺栓端板半刚性节点的非线性性能进行了理论分析,并将计算结果与试验结果进行了比较,两者吻合较好。通过对6个系列共13个方钢管混凝土柱一钢梁穿芯螺栓端板连接试件的非线性有限元分析,重点探讨了连接的各类组件对节点力学性能的影响。结果表明：端板加劲肋和高强螺栓预应力对节点力学性能有较明显的影响,端板厚度和轴压比对节点力学性能有一定的影响,螺栓直径及排列间距对节点力学性能的影响较小。     

端板连接节点对门式刚架整体性能的影响分析

传统钢结构设计中将高强螺栓端板连接作为刚性节点,而实际情况下这种连接形式与计算结果有差异.采用有限元方法针对8种不同计算跨度的轻型门式刚架建立了三维整体有限元模型,分析了高强螺栓端板连接的节点刚度对门式刚架内力和位移的影响.计算结果表明,高强螺栓端板连接是一种半刚性连接形式,节点刚度对门式刚架整体结构的内力和变形将产生较大影响,在门式刚架的分析和设计中,应考虑节点半刚性的实际影响.     

高强螺栓连接钢梁-混凝土柱组合节点的抗震性能

提出了一种螺栓端板连接的钢梁-钢筋混凝土柱新型组合节点,为了研究这种新型节点的抗震性能,对两组足尺试件进行了模拟地震加载试验。试验结果表明,两组试件均具有较高的承载力、良好的延性和耗能能力,它们的延性系数都超过4。由于试件JD02采用了比试件JD01更厚的端板、更大直径的高强螺栓,破坏形态由JD01的螺栓断裂变成JD02螺栓断裂同时还发生梁铰破坏。结果表明,JD02具有更高的承载力、更大的延性和更好的耗能能力。由试验结果可看出,这种新型节点具有优良的抗震性能;影响其抗震性能的主要因素是高强螺栓的预拉力和端板的厚度。     

门式刚架轻型房屋钢结构端板连接性能分析

结合门式刚架轻型房屋钢结构中普遍应用的端板连接方式,在总结试验和有限元分析的基础上,本文从节点形式、构造措施和计算方法上对门式刚架端板连接提出设计建议。     

Blind bolted moment connection to sides of hollow section columns

This paper presents the results of an experimental programme for a new blind bolted connection to unfilled hollow section (HS) columns under static loading. In this connection, channels with side plates connect beam flanges to the side face of HS columns. This is a simple alternative connection to typical face connections, i.e. the extended endplate connection or the T-stub connection (with T-stubs connecting the top and bottom flanges of the beam to the face of the column). The channel side plate connection was found to be much stiffer than a typical face connection and has the potential to achieve a rigid connection status for braced frames according to the EC3 classifications. Comparison of the test results and three dimensional finite element (FE) modelling indicates that the FE analyses can be used to predict the connection behaviour with sufficient accuracy. The preliminary investigation for the channel side plate connection shows promising results and forms the basis for the development of other blind bolted side connections for applications in the low rise construction industry.     

Blind bolted moment connection to sides of hollow section columns

This paper presents the results of an experimental programme for a new blind bolted connection to unfilled hollow section (HS) columns under static loading. In this connection, channels with side plates connect beam flanges to the side face of HS columns. This is a simple alternative connection to typical face connections, i.e. the extended endplate connection or the T-stub connection (with T-stubs connecting the top and bottom flanges of the beam to the face of the column). The channel side plate connection was found to be much stiffer than a typical face connection and has the potential to achieve a rigid connection status for braced frames according to the EC3 classifications. Comparison of the test results and three dimensional finite element (FE) modelling indicates that the FE analyses can be used to predict the connection behaviour with sufficient accuracy. The preliminary investigation for the channel side plate connection shows promising results and forms the basis for the development of other blind bolted side connections for applications in the low rise construction industry.     

超大承载力端板连接节点试验研究

在大跨或重载钢结构中,当梁柱之间需要采用螺栓连接时,如果普通构造的端板连接节点和大承载力端板连接节点不能满足承载力要求,则需要采用受拉区布置12颗或16颗螺栓的超大承载力端板连接节点。为研究该类型节点受力性能,进行4个超大承载力端板连接节点足尺试件的单调加载试验,得到各节点试件的弯矩-转角曲线,分析不同螺栓直径、端板厚度和螺栓布置形式下各节点的抗弯承载力、转动刚度和受拉区螺栓拉应变增量分布的特点。结果表明,在试验试件构造条件下超大承载力端板连接节点的弯曲失效模式为端板屈服后螺栓失效,端板厚度对节点承载力影响明显;各螺栓的拉应变增量分布不均匀,角部螺栓对节点抗弯承载力影响较小,建议在设计中移除或仅按抗剪螺栓考虑;建议节点域屈服承载力仍按照现行规范计算,该类节点的等效受拉螺栓数量取为7。