竹活性炭吸附溶液中汞离子的试验研究

利用竹活性炭吸附去除溶液中的汞离子,考察了溶液pH值、汞离子初始浓度、活性炭投加量和吸附温度对竹活性炭吸附汞离子的影响,研究了竹活性炭吸附溶液中汞离子的吸附动力学行为。结果表明:竹活性炭吸附溶液中汞离子是一个吸附与解吸并存的物理吸附过程,20℃下竹活性炭的除汞效率明显高于80℃,是放热反应,低温利于吸附;溶液pH值是影响竹活性炭吸附汞离子的最重要因素,酸性环境可明显提高活性炭的除汞效率;活性炭的微孔和小中孔是汞离子的主要吸附位,平均孔径为2nm的竹活性炭除汞效率能够达到99%以上。竹活性炭对汞离子的吸附动力学行为遵循准二级动力学方程,相关系数高于0.99。     

燃煤烟气中Hg迁移转化特性研究

研究了300 MW煤粉锅炉系统选择性催化还原（selective catalytic reduction,SCR）、低低温电除尘器、海水脱硫、湿式电除尘器等超低排放设施在不同工况、不同煤种情况下的Hg迁移特性和脱除能力。结果表明：各工况下总汞排放浓度为1.16~2.90 μg/m³。最终排入大气中的汞主要以单质汞存在,还有少量氧化态汞,颗粒态汞被全部脱除;汞主要是在海水法烟气脱硫中被去除的,低低温电除尘器、海水脱硫、湿式电除尘器对总汞平均脱除率分别为25%、62%、37%;Hg²⁺占比是影响烟气中汞脱除效率的关键,气相中较高的Hg²⁺份额有利于在电除尘器和海水脱硫装置中获得较高的脱除效率;在该配备SCR脱硝、低低温电除尘器、海水脱硫、湿式电除尘器等超低排放设施的300 MW煤粉锅炉电厂中,总汞平均脱除率约为83%,能够实现较大程度的汞脱除。     

替代汞三相点的研究和新温标展望

从国际温标ITS-90的定义固定点中替代汞三相点,是全球禁止汞的商业交易公约实施的必然结果,也是国际温度计量领域的一个研究热点.要达到替代的目标,候选替代物三相点温坪的计量性能必须达到汞三相点的水平,替代物三相点的复现装置成本可接受、复现技术不复杂;汞三相点被替代后,必然引起温标结构的改变.针对上述问题,对国际温度计量...     

燃煤电厂烟气中Hg的生成、治理、测试及排放特征研究

燃煤电厂是大气Hg排放的主要来源之一，基于文献调研，分析了燃煤电厂烟气中Hg的来源及生成、燃烧后现有设备协同脱Hg技术和吸附剂喷射脱Hg技术、主要离线测试方法、超低排放实施前后燃煤电厂烟气Hg排放特征等，指出燃煤电厂实施更严格的烟气Hg排放控制是非常有必要的，且改性活性炭、改性飞灰喷射脱Hg技术将是未来应对更严格Hg排放限值的主流技术。研究结果可为燃煤电厂烟气Hg排放控制提供参考。     

气力输送在锅炉飞灰回燃技术中的应用

以山东省内几家热电厂75、130t/h循环流化床锅炉飞灰回燃、热效率提高为例,介绍气力输送系统在热电厂飞灰回燃过程中的应用,对热电厂飞灰含碳量高的原因进行分析,详细分析飞灰回燃系统的工艺流程,并对飞灰回燃前后的含碳量及成本进行对比。结果显示:飞灰回燃技术能够显著提高煤炭的燃烧率,提高锅炉的热效率。     

燃煤烟气中单质汞的催化氧化技术研究进展

针对燃煤电厂烟气中汞的脱除问题,综述了单质汞氧化催化剂与催化氧化机理的研究现状;着重阐述了碳基、金属及金属氧化物催化剂和选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂对单质汞的催化氧化性能,分析了活性组分、烟气条件等对各催化剂氧化单质汞性能的影响;指出异相反应是单质汞氧化的重要途径,不同催化剂、不同烟气气氛下氧化机理不同;最后结合我国燃煤电厂的现状,提出深入研究单质汞的催化氧化机理,进一步提高SCR催化剂的催化氧化单质汞活性、抗硫性及稳定性将是燃煤烟气汞污染控制技术的重点发展方向。     

活性炭改性及其对噻吩吸附性能的研究

吸附是一种极具应用前景的汽油深度脱硫分离技术。采用硝酸氧化、焙烧、负载金属等方法对活性炭进行改性,利用静态实验研究了改性活性炭对模拟汽油中噻吩的吸附脱除性能。结果表明硝酸氧化可以增加活性炭表面酸性基团的量,提高脱硫性能;N2气氛下焙烧后吸附剂脱硫效果明显优于未处理活性炭;活性炭表面负载Fe、Zn、Cu、Ni金属离子改性中,Fe离子改性活性炭脱硫效果最好。根据上述实验结果,进行了活性炭复合改性实验,得出68%硝酸氧化后再进行Fe离子负载,吸附剂脱硫率最高,噻吩的脱硫率可达到85%。     

活性炭负载银吸附剂的制备与脱除苯并噻吩的研究

采用浓硝酸氧化改性的活性炭为载体负载金属Ag制备了Ag/AC系列吸附剂,并进行了模型柴油中苯并噻吩(BT)的吸附脱除性能研究。采用N2吸附、SEM、FT-IR及XRD技术对吸附剂进行了表征。结果表明,氧化改性增加了活性炭表面酸性基团,有利于脱除弱碱性的BT。以HNO3氧化改性后的活性炭为载体负载AgCl所制备的吸附剂具有最高脱硫率达91.8%。最后探讨了AgNO3在活性炭上的吸附行为及金属Ag对BT的吸附脱除机理。     

燃煤电厂烟气汞的监测方法

燃煤电厂汞污染已经成为继S02污染之后的又一重大污染问题。燃煤烟气中汞的迁移转化规律及污染控制技术的研究是目前重要的环保课题之一，但是对烟气汞的准确监测是各项研究的前提和关键。本文综述了国内外燃煤电厂烟气中汞的监测方法，并做了简要的分析与总结，对未来我国燃煤烟气汞监测方法的发展进行了展望。     

两种酸处理对褐煤半焦表面性质及其脱汞性能的影响

分别用浓度为25%HNO3和25%H2SO4溶液制备改性半焦,并在固定床吸附装置上以氮气作为载气携带汞蒸气,对比研究了半焦的脱汞性能,分析了半焦脱汞影响因素。利用酸碱滴定、Boehm滴定、SEM、BET、FT-IR、XRD等方法对改性前后半焦的物化性质进行了表征。结果表明,硝酸和硫酸氧化降低了半焦的灰分含量,提高了改性半焦含氧、含氮和磺酸基团的含量。在吸附温度为30和140℃时,硝酸改性半焦对气态单质汞的脱除效率均提高;而硫酸改性后,只能提高吸附温度为140℃时的除汞效率,这与改性半焦表面性质及其酸性官能团含量有关。     

Environmental-benign utilisation of fly ash as low-cost adsorbents

Fly ash is a waste substance from thermal power plants, steel mills, etc. that is found in abundance in the world. In recent years, utilisation of fly ash has gained much attention in public and industry, which will help reduce the environmental burden and enhance economic benefit. In this paper, the technical feasibility of utilisation of fly ash as a low-cost adsorbent for various adsorption processes for removal of pollutants in air and water systems has been reviewed. Instead of using commercial activated carbon or zeolites, a lot of researches have been conducted using fly ash for adsorption of NO(x), SO(x), organic compounds, and mercury in air, and cations, anions, dyes and other organic matters in waters. It is recognised that fly ash is a promising adsorbent for removal of various pollutants. Chemical treatment of fly ash will make conversion of fly ash into a more efficient adsorbent for gas and water cleaning. Investigations also revealed that unburned carbon component in fly ash plays an important role in adsorption capacity. Directions for future research are also discussed.     

Comparative study of adsorption properties of Turkish fly ashes. II. The case of chromium (VI) and cadmium (II)

The purpose of the study described in this paper was to compare the removal of Cr(VI) and Cd(II) from an aqueous solution using two different Turkish fly ashes; Afsin-Elbistan and Seyitomer as adsorbents. The influence of four parameters (contact time, solution pH, initial metal concentration in solution and ash quality) on the removal at 20+/-2 degrees C was studied. Fly ashes were found to have a higher adsorption capacity for the adsorption of Cd(II) as compared to Cr(VI) and both Cr(VI) and Cd(II) required an equilibrium time of 2h. The adsorption of Cr(VI) was higher at pH 4.0 for Afsin-Elbistan fly ash (25.46%) and pH 3.0 for Seyitomer fly ash (30.91%) while Cd(II) was adsorbed to a greater extent (98.43% for Afsin-Elbistan fly ash and 65.24% for Seyitomer fly ash) at pH 7.0. The adsorption of Cd(II) increased with an increase in the concentrations of these metals in solution while Cr(VI) adsorption decreased by both fly ashes. The lime (crystalline CaO) content in fly ash seemed to be a significant factor in influencing Cr(VI) and Cd(II) ions removal. The linear forms of the Langmuir and Freundlich equations were utilised for experiments with metal concentrations of 55+/-2mg/l for Cr(VI) and 6+/-0.2mg/l for Cd(II) as functions of solution pH (3.0-8.0). The adsorption of Cr(VI) on both fly ashes was not described by both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms while Cd(II) adsorption on both fly ashes satisfied only the Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption capacities of both fly ashes were nearly three times less than that of activated carbon for the removal of Cr(VI) while Afsin-Elbistan fly ash with high-calcium content was as effective as activated carbon for the removal of Cd(II). Therefore, there are possibilities for use the adsorption of Cd(II) ions onto fly ash with high-calcium content in practical applications in Turkey.     

Removal of lead and zinc ions from water by low cost adsorbents

In this study, activated carbon, kaolin, bentonite, blast furnace slag and fly ash were used as adsorbent with a particle size between 100 mesh and 200 mesh to remove the lead and zinc ions from water. The concentration of the solutions prepared was in the range of 50–100 mg/L for lead and zinc for single and binary systems which are diluted as required for batch experiments. The effect of contact time, pH and adsorbent dosage on removal of lead and zinc by adsorption was investigated. The equilibrium time was found to be 30 min for activated carbon and 3 h for kaolin, bentonite, blast furnace slag and fly ash. The most effective pH value for lead and zinc removal was 6 for activated carbon. pH value did not effect lead and zinc removal significantly for other adsorbents. Adsorbent doses were varied from 5 g/L to 20 g/L for both lead and zinc solutions. An increase in adsorbent doses increases the percent removal of lead and zinc. A series of isotherm studies was undertaken and the data evaluated for compliance was found to match with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. To investigate the adsorption mechanism, the kinetic models were tested, and it follows second order kinetics. Kinetic studies reveals that blast furnace slag was not effective for lead and zinc removal. The bentonite and fly ash were effective for lead and zinc removal.     

Adsorbents for capturing mercury in coal-fired boiler flue gas

This paper reviews recent advances in the research and development of sorbents used to capture mercury from coal-fired utility boiler flue gas. Mercury emissions are the source of serious health concerns. Worldwide mercury emissions from human activities are estimated to be 1000 to 6000 t/annum. Mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants are believed to be the largest source of anthropogenic mercury emissions. Mercury emissions from coal-fired utility boilers vary in total amount and speciation, depending on coal types, boiler operating conditions, and configurations of air pollution control devices (APCDs). The APCDs, such as fabric filter (FF) bag house, electrostatic precipitator (ESP), and wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD), can remove some particulate-bound and oxidized forms of mercury. Elemental mercury often escapes from these devices. Activated carbon injection upstream of a particulate control device has been shown to have the best potential to remove both elemental and oxidized mercury from the flue gas. For this paper, NORIT FGD activated carbon was extensively studied for its mercury adsorption behavior. Results from bench-, pilot- and field-scale studies, mercury adsorption by coal chars, and a case of lignite-burned mercury control were reviewed. Studies of brominated carbon, sulfur-impregnated carbon and chloride-impregnated carbon were also reviewed. Carbon substitutes, such as calcium sorbents, petroleum coke, zeolites and fly ash were analyzed for their mercury-adsorption performance. At this time, brominated activated carbon appears to be the best-performing mercury sorbent. A non-injection regenerable sorbent technology is briefly introduced herein, and the issue of mercury leachability is briefly covered. Future research directions are suggested.     

高强度三掺复合水泥的强度及孔结构性能研究

分别将30%、40%、50%混合材与水泥熟料复合,制备高强度复合水泥.混合材主要为矿渣、活化粉煤灰和活化煤矸石.通过砂浆强度测试及孔结构测试等技术,对复合水泥的力学性能、水化过程和水化机理进行了分析研究.试验结果表明,当3种混合材复掺时,制备的复合水泥的强度较高.复合水泥28d抗压强度最高达到65MPa,各试样的抗压强度均超过50MPa,且后期强度继续增大.从孔结构结果可看出,制备的复合水泥的水泥石有较多的凝胶孔和较低的总孔隙率.     

Removal of chlorophenols from aqueous solution by fly ash

Fly ash from coal-fired thermal power plants can be used for the removal of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) with enthalpy changes of about -3 kcal/mol. The amounts of 2-CP and 2,4-DCP removed are affected by the pH value of the solution. The efficiency of removal improves when the pH value is less than the pK(a) values of 2-CP and 2,4-DCP, respectively. The adsorbed amount of chlorophenol by fly ash is also affected by particle diameter, carbon content, and the specific surface area of the ash used in this study. As expected, more adsorption takes place with fly ash of higher carbon content and larger specific surface area. Moreover, the adsorbed amount of chlorophenol is not influenced by the matrix in the wastewater, as shown by studying the removal of 2-CP and 2, 4-DCP in wastewater from a synthetic fiber plant. Chlorophenols in the wastewater were also removed efficiently through a fly ash column, with breakthrough times being inversely proportional to flow rates.     

稻壳制备活性炭的研究

随着环保问题的日趋重视,各行业对活性炭的需求逐年增加。稻壳是制备活性炭的良好材料,但它的灰分高,如果不对其进行降灰处理,难以制备高质量的活性炭。通过用 Ｎａ Ｏ Ｈ 除灰,制备活性炭实验,研究了 Ｎａ Ｏ Ｈ 溶液浓度、温度、浸渍时间对除灰效果的影响及灰分对活性炭吸附性能的影响。经除灰后,当稻壳炭的灰分为３７．３１％ 、１７．３５％ 和５．６３％ 时,制备的活性炭的碘值分别为７４９．０ ｍ ｇ／ｇ,９９７．０ ｍ ｇ／ｇ 和１ １２７．０ ｍ ｇ／ｇ。     

The role of weathering on fly ash charge distribution during triboelectrostatic beneficiation

Triboelectrostatic beneficiation of coal combustion fly ashes with high-unburned carbon contents can produce low-carbon ash products having value as mineral admixtures and meeting technical requirements for replacing cement in concrete. This capability is a result of establishing bipolar charge on mineral ash versus carbon particles where, typically, unburned carbon attains positive surface charge and ash attains negative surface charge under the tribocharging conditions employed in triboelectrostatic technologies. However, long-term exposure of fly ash to weathering conditions, such as moisture or high humidity, before beneficiation is known to dramatically diminish carbon-ash separation efficiencies. Although experimentation has shown that water soluble surface species can be redistributed on fly ash particles after exposure to moisture, which could affect the extent of charging and polarities, measurement of the actual amount of charge and polarity on particles after weathering exposure versus after removal of surface moisture has not been accomplished. Hence, a new experimental methodology was developed and applied to measure charge distributions on tribocharged ash and carbon particles in a fly ash that had been exposed to weathering conditions for 6 months before and after removal of the surface moisture. Weathered ash particles were found to have an average zero charge, whereas carbon particles attained an average negative charge, opposite of the normal polarity for carbon. Although the extent of uncharged particles decreased and ash particles attained an average negative charge after drying, carbon particles attained only an average zero charge. These changes were reflected in very small increases in carbon-ash separation efficiency, in contrast to previous beneficiation tests in which fly ash drying led to significant increases in carbon-ash separation efficiency. It is suggested that removal of surface moisture in the absence of other processes like surface ion redistribution would beneficially impact carbon-ash triboelectrostatic beneficiation.     

Catalytic oxidation of gaseous reduced sulfur compounds using coal fly ash

Activated carbon has been shown to oxidize reduced sulfur compounds, but in many cases it is too costly for large-scale environmental remediation applications. Alternatively, we theorized that coal fly ash, given its high metal content and the presence of carbon could act as an inexpensive catalytic oxidizer of reduced sulfur compounds for "odor" removal. Initial results indicate that coal fly ash can catalyze the oxidization of H(2)S and ethanethiol, but not dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) at room temperature. In batch reactor systems, initial concentrations of 100-500 ppmv H(2)S or ethanethiol were reduced to 0-2 ppmv within 1-2 and 6-8 min, respectively. This was contrary to control systems without ash in which concentrations remained constant. Diethyl disulfide was formed from ethanethiol substantiating the claim that catalytic oxidation occurred. The presence of water increased the rate of adsorption/reaction of both H(2)S and ethanethiol for the room temperature reactions (23-25 degrees C). Additionally, in a continuous flow packed bed reactor, a gaseous stream containing an inlet H(2)S concentration of 400-500 ppmv was reduced to 200 ppmv at a 4.6s residence time. The removal efficiency remained at 50% for approximately 4.6h or 3500 reactor volumes. These results demonstrate the potential of using coal fly ash in reactors for removal of H(2)S and other reduced sulfur compounds.     

Alkali-activation potential of biomass-coal co-fired fly ash

Co-fired fly ash, derived from the co-combustion of coal and biomass, is examined as a potential precursor for geopolymers. Compared to a coal fly ash, two co-fired fly ashes have a lower vitreous content and higher carbon content, primarily due to differing combustion processing variables. As a result, binders produced with these co-fired fly ashes have reduced reaction potential. Nevertheless, compressive strengths are generally highest for all ashes activated with solutions with a molar ratio of SiO₂/(Na₂O + K₂O) = 1, and these mixes reach the highest extent of reaction among those studied. Activation with sodium hydroxide solution forms zeolitic phases for all ashes. The thermal and dilatometric behavior of the coal and co-fired fly ash geopolymers is similar between equivalent mix designs. These results indicate that co-fired fly ashes can be viably used to form alkali-activated geopolymers, which is a new beneficial end-use for these emerging waste materials.