沸石催化合成丁酸乙酯

沸石催化剂作为一种化工新材料在近年来得到了快速发展和广泛应用。本实验用硫酸特殊处理过的人造沸石作催化剂,合成了丁酸乙酯,其合成效果较好、产率高、副反应少、对环境污染较低。同时考察了合成条件对丁酸和无水乙醇酯化反应的影响。适宜的条件为催化剂用量1／3 g丁酸,丁酸:无水乙醇=1:1．5,带水剂环己烷用量为10mL／mol丁酸,反应温度为75～80℃,反应时间为1 h。在此条件下丁酸的转化率在80％以上,该催化剂可以重复使用。     

强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化合成丁酸己酯的研究

以丁酸、正己醇为原料，直接酯化合成丁酸己酯，分别研究了反应温度、反应时间、原料配比、带水剂、催化剂用量等条件对合成反应的影响，确定了最佳工艺条件。该方法合成丁酸己酯的最佳工艺条件是：反应温度120℃、反应时间3．5h、n（正己醇）：n（丁酸）为1．2、催化剂用量为2．32％、带水剂环己烷为15mL（丁酸为0．2mol的情况下）。丁酸己酯的收率达到95．86％。催化剂不经处理可循环使用多次。该催化剂具有价廉易得、催化活性好、不腐蚀设备、无环境污染等优点。     

对甲苯磺酸催化合成丁酸正戊酯

以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,正丁酸与正戊醇为原料催化合成丁酸正戊酯。较系统地研究了酸醇量比、催化剂用量、带水剂用量及反应时间等条件对收率的影响。结果表明：在固定正丁醇用量为0.2mol的情况下,在n（正丁酸）：n（正戊醇）=1：1.4,催化剂占反应物料总量2.5%,带水剂环己烷的用量为6mL,反应时间2.5h的优化条件下,产品收率可达83.3%。     

稀土固体超强酸SO2-4/TiO2/La3+催化合成丁酸乙酯

研究了以固体超强酸ＳＯ４＾２－／ＴｉＯ２／Ｌａ＾３＋为催化剂,丁酸和无水乙醇为原料合成丁酸乙酯,并考察了影响反应的因素。结果表明,醇酸摩尔比为２．０：１,催化剂用量的０．５ｇ（丁酸为０．２ｍｏｌ的情况下）,带水剂苯为１５ｍＬ,反应时间为２．０ｈ,是最适宜的反应条件,酯化率达９５．６％。     

纳米固体超强酸SO_4（2-）/Fe_2O_3催化合成正丁酸异戊酯的研究

采用纳米固体超强酸SO42-/Fe2O3为催化剂,以正丁酸和异戊醇为原料,催化合成正丁酸异戊酯。较适宜反应条件为：正丁酸150 mmol,n（酸）∶n（醇）=1∶1.2,催化剂300 mg（占反应物总量1%）,于150-160℃回流反应3 h,产率达96.30%。     

TiSiW12O40/TiO2催化合成肉桂酸正戊酯

报道了以固载杂多酸盐TiSiW12O40/TiO2为多相催化剂，对以肉桂酸和正戊醇为原料合成肉桂酸正戊酯的反应条件进行了研究。实验表明：TiSiW12O40/TiO2是合成肉桂酸正戊酯的良好催化剂，最佳反应条件为：n（醇）：n（酸）＝4：1，催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的2．0％，反应时间1．5h，反应温度122℃－126℃。上述条件下，肉桂酸正戊酯的效率可达93．33％。     

磷钨钼酸催化合成4-苯基-6-甲基-5-乙氧羰基-3，4-二氢嘧啶-2（H）-酮

以磷钨钼杂多酸为催化剂，无水乙醇为溶剂，苯甲醛、乙酰乙酸乙酯、尿素为原料，合成了4-苯基-6-甲基-5-乙氧羰基-3，4-二氢嘧啶-2（H）-酮，系统研究了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、原料配比诸因素对产品收率的影响。实验表明：磷钨钼杂多酸是合成4-苯基-6-甲基-5-乙氧羰基-3，4-二氢嘧啶-2（H）-酮的良好催化剂。确定的最优合成工艺条件为：尿素37．5mmol时，n（苯甲醛）：n（乙酰乙酸乙酯）：n（尿素）=1：1．2：1．5，催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的1．5%，反应温度为60℃，反应时间1．0h。在此条件下，产品收率可达44．6%.     

苯基丁基醚的相转移催化合成研究

在相转移催化剂存在下，以苯酚、溴丁烷为原料合成苯基丁基醚。分别研究了反应温度、反应时间、原料配比、催化剂用量等条件对合成反应的影响，确定了最佳工艺条件，该方法合成苯基丁基醚的最佳工艺条件是：反应温度85℃、反应时间4h、n（苯酚）：n（溴丁烷）=1：1．10；n（苯酚）：n（氢氧化钾）=1：1．15；相转移催化剂用量为0．5g（基于0．1mol苯酚），苯基丁基醚的收率可达到95.20％以上，产品纯度w（苯基丁基醚）为98．5％。     

固体酸S2O2-8/ZnO-WO3催化涤纶废料制取增塑剂DOTP

介绍了由涤纶废丝和异辛醇在催化剂作用下，一步合成增塑剂DOTP，筛选了几种固体酸作为催化剂，研究了以S2O^2 8-／ZnO-WO3为催化剂，最佳反应条件为：n（PET）：n（2-EH）=1：4．0，反应温度210～220℃，催化剂用量1．0g（PET8．4g），反应时间4h，产物DOTP颜色较浅，产率可达96．5％。     

双酚A改性甲价酚醛树脂的合成和表征

利用双酚A、苯酚、甲醛水溶液为原料，在KOH的催化下，合成了一种含有羟甲基的双酚A改性甲阶酚醛树脂，研究了反应温度、反应物配比、催化剂用量、反应时间对合成的影响，并用红外光谱分析了产品的结构。结果表明，在反应温度为80℃，反应时间为3h条件下，各反应物物质的量比的适宜范围：n(甲醛)：n(苯酚)为（3.0-3.5）:1;n(氢氧化钾)：n(苯酚)为（0.085-0.15）:1;n(双酚A)：n(苯酚)为（0.1-0.35）:1。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。