用泡利试剂鉴别蚕丝和羊毛的损伤

泡利(Pauly)试剂用于鉴别羊毛的损伤,迄今一直是很有效的。无论是化学损伤、生物损伤还是机械损伤,随着羊毛受损程度的不同,与泡利试剂接触后,羊毛会变成黄色、橙色或红褐色。现在发现这种试剂对丝     

羊毛损伤的化学分析

羊毛在生产加工和后整理的过程中会受到各种损伤,从而影响到产品质量,因此测定损伤产生的真正原因具有重要的现实意义.着色试验法是用各种着色剂来测试受损羊毛,根据得色量来判断羊毛受损伤的程度;泡利反应法是利用泡利试剂与受损羊毛反应后生成物的颜色深浅来判断羊毛的受损情况,可以初步判断是机械损伤、化学损伤还是生物损伤;.KMV法可测试羊毛的酸、碱损伤程度;生物测试法可分析羊毛受到的细菌损伤或真菌损伤.这些损伤分析方法是羊毛质量控制的重要组成部分,对质量保证起到重要作用.     

关于织物风格客观评定的研讨

织物风格是一个涉及范围广,牵涉内容多的问题。由于它的复杂性,给研究工作带来了困难。近年来,人们对纺织品的要求发生了很大的变化,织物风格成了引人注目的问题。纺织科研工作者深感兴趣的是如何通过仪器测试,评定织物的风格。 根据国内外学者的一般意见,织物风格分为广义风格和狭义风格,狭义风格寓于广义风格之中,本文研究的是狭义风格。任何一块织物都有它一定的风格,我们称之为综     

丝织物风格与织物几何结构的相关性

在《丝织物风格测试结果的模糊聚类分析》一文中,曾讨论了国产SYG5501型织物风格仪和日本KES—F 系列织物风格仪的风格模糊聚类评定方法,并提出了两种风格仪之间的相关性。本文拟进一步探讨丝织物风格与织物几何结构的关系,以揭示织物风格与织物结构之间的内     

浅谈居住空间设计——以室内设计风格为例

随着经济文化不断发展,各地域文化交流越来越频繁。本文以现代化室内居住风格设计进行研究对象,概述室内设计风格的来源和室内设计的发展、演化过程;简述了现代受人们热爱的室内设计风格,人们可以根据自身喜爱选择不同的室内设计风格;分析了不同的室内设计风格运用到不同的场所和人群中的作用以及室内设计不同风格的异同,为现代室内设计风格发展奠定了基础,在此基础上来研究现代室内设计风格。     

对中国葡萄酒风格的思考

针对目前葡萄酒产品风格相似、葡萄酒企业之间竞争同质化、中国葡萄酒缺乏自己的特色和风格的现状,结合葡萄酒产业的特点,分析了葡萄酒风格的来源和新旧世界的葡萄酒风格特点,并在此基础上分析了中国葡萄酒风格选择存在的问题,最后提出了葡萄酒企业应结合目标客户群体的消费需求和企业自身条件确定企业葡萄酒的特色和风格的对策和建议,作者认为这是中国葡萄酒风格发展的正确方向。     

服装风格评价体系探讨

文章提出了服装风格的概念并建立了服装风格评价体系的模型,进而分别论述了服装风格评价中的主观和客观评定因素所包含的主要内容及其主要评价方法,并阐述了服装风格评价体系未来的发展趋势。     

织物风格评价的模式识别方法

本文讨论了目前各类风格仪的优缺点,提出了一种基于模式识别理论的新型织物风格测量手段及数学处理方法,并举例得出织物风格值和织物风格的优劣评价。     

论“写意”在现代女装中的体现

文章阐述了写意的概念,分析了现代写意风格女装的精神内涵,从造型、色彩与服装材料等方面分析现代写意风格女装的特征与设计表现,揭示了写意风格女装特点,为该类风格女装设计提供了理论依据。     

涤棉府绸风格的研究

本文对涤棉府绸风格进行研究,设立了涤棉府绸的综合风格计算式。利用计算式能对比各种涤棉府绸的风格,评定其风格的优劣。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.