超宽带天线口径辐射效应的时域研究

如何高效而又有较少拖尾地将信号辐射出去是超宽带天线的设计关键，本文利用FDTD方法研究了在口径面上设定场值的情况下口径形状和激励脉冲的脉宽与辐射波形之间的关系，得出在不同口径形状的情况下口径辐射的两个主轴面的辐射情况。     

口径天线辐射脉冲持续时间的研究

通过解析积分运算 ,获得了阶跃脉冲激励口径天线的瞬态辐射场的解析表达式 ,分析了辐射电场脉冲的持续时间与口径尺寸、观察距离及观察角度的依赖关系。分析表明在θ≠ 0°方位上辐射场脉冲持续时间随场点俯角的增大、口径的增大而展宽 ,而在θ =0°附近辐射场脉冲持续时间随观察距离的增大而减小。通过解析积分运算 ,获得了阶跃脉冲激励口径天线的瞬态辐射场的解析表达式 ,分析了辐射电场脉冲的持续时间与口径尺寸、观察距离及观察角度的依赖关系。分析表明在θ≠ 0°方位上辐射场脉冲持续时间随场点俯角的增大、口径的增大而展宽 ,而在θ =0°附近辐射场脉冲持续时间随观察距离的增大而减小。     

锥削分布圆形口径场的瞬态辐射

利用电磁脉冲的口径瞬态辐射场计算公式,针对锥削分布圆形口径的同相口径场及线性相移、平方律相移等非同相口径场情况,计算了辐射高斯脉冲时的E面能量方向图、半能量波瓣宽度及面积利用系数等参数。计算表明,对于锥削分布圆形口径场,其辐射场特性与口径面半径、激励脉冲宽度及口径面锥削分布指数有着密切的关系。     

指数渐变TEM喇叭辐射脉冲波形畸变分析

指数渐变TEM喇叭沿主轴方向长度一定时,主射方向上辐射脉冲峰峰值随口径高度递增,当辐射脉冲峰峰值到达最大值后,辐射脉冲峰峰值随着口径高度递减,并且辐射脉冲波形发生畸变。为了分析响应波形畸变原因,基于等效开路传输线模型给出指数渐变TEM喇叭脉冲响应的近似表达式,并且结合指数渐变TEM喇叭内部的电磁能量流动过程修正辐射脉冲表达式。理论分析表明,指数渐变TEM喇叭辐射脉冲由两个分量叠加而成,并且这分量之间存在的相对时延与高度渐变线的相对变化率正相关,过大的相对时延会使辐射脉冲的波形发生畸变,从而导致辐射脉冲峰峰值小于同尺寸线性渐变TEM喇叭的辐射脉冲峰峰值。利用电磁仿真软件得到相同尺寸的指数渐变TEM喇叭与线性渐变TEM喇叭的辐射脉冲波形,通过二者之间的对比验证理论分析的正确性。     

单周期超短脉冲光束的时空传输

当电偶极子以高斯脉冲形式随时间振荡时，辐射出的电磁场可以用来描写非缓变包格近似条件下单周期超短脉冲光束在自由空间中的传输特性。利用复点源模型，通过分析和计算，我们得出它的传输特性。第一，在空间传输过程中，单周期超短脉冲高期光束能流密度基本保持高斯函数不变，振幅大小随不同的z平面振荡。第二，单周期超短脉冲光束在真空中主要以光速c沿z方向传输。在传输过程中，脉冲宽度保持不变，脉冲形状演变成不对称。能流密度不再随时间作简谐振荡，它的振幅构成一个高斯形状的包络。     

矩形波导开口与缝隙辐射的FDTD分析

时域有限差分方法在分析波导辐射问题时具有非常大的灵活性,从Gauss脉冲在波导中的加入和传输出发,给出了计算模型,讨论了激励信号参数的选取以及信号在波导中的高保真传输;计算了脉冲激励条件下开口波导的辐射场,与测量结果一致,表明该方法的有效性。计算结果还表明Kirchhoff近似对口径面场分布的估计沿短边方向有较大偏差。最后给出了采用文中方法对一个四元波导缝隙阵列和喇叭天线辐射的计算实例。     

有耗媒质中目标瞬态谐振特性实验测量与分析

目标识别是雷达探测领域研究的难点问题，本文利用无载频脉冲探地雷达系统对有耗媒质中细长导线状和环状金属目标的瞬态散射特性进行了实验测量，并利用极点展开理论对谐振现象的产生给予了分析和讨论。在瞬态脉冲激励下，有耗媒质中的目标能够产生外部振荡现象，目标谐振时雷达接收信号的幅值比非谐振时大得多。谐振信号的产生与目标形状和特性、媒质参数、激励脉冲的宽度和天线极化特性等因素有关。     

UWB通信中赫兹磁偶极子天线发射特性研究

在UWB通信中,利用赫兹磁偶极子天线的微分特性,由输入方波的上升沿产生窄脉冲。对不同尺寸的赫兹磁偶极子天线的发射信号进行了测试及分析,由测试结果表明,该天线作为发射天线具有良好的微分特性,实现了宽带辐射。天线的尺寸对发射脉冲的宽度和幅度有较大的影响,天线的尺寸越大,其辐射的脉冲信号幅度越高,但其脉冲宽度也越宽。     

V型振子脉冲天线的形状优化

在大多数脉冲电磁场的应用中，需要能在空间某一方向上产生最强瞬时冲击脉冲的天线，为了这一目的，本文中用时间步进法对曲线形状偶极子天线的时域辐射特性进行了分析，并在此基础上用共轭梯度法对天线的形状进行了优化。优化过程的目标函数为天线前向辐射脉冲的瞬时冲击值，优化变量为天线的形状参数。     

V形振子脉冲天线的形状优化

在大多数脉冲电磁场的应用中，需要能在空间某一方向上产生最强瞬时冲击脉冲的天线，为了这一目的，本文中用时间步进法对曲线形状偶极子天线的时域辐射特性进行了分析，并在此基础上用共轭梯度法对天线的形状进行了优化。优化过程的目标函数为天线前向辐射脉冲的瞬时冲击值，优化变量为天线的形状参数。     

Auto-design of band-notched UWB antennas using mixed model of 2D GA and FDTD

A mixed model of two-dimensional (2D) genetic algorithm (GA) and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) is applied to the automatic design of band-notched ultra-wideband (UWB) planar antennas of a finite size. The geometric shape of a band-notched UWB antenna is constructed by the method. Measured return losses, radiation patterns and gains are in good agreement with the designed ones. These results illustrate that the method is valid and a new band- notched UWB antenna is designed successfully in the designated small size.     

Phase synthesis of antennas for a given radiation pattern in oneplane using piecewise linear aperture phase distribution

A phase-only method for the synthesis of planar aperture antennas for a given complex radiation pattern in one plane is reported. The problem is reduced to determining an appropriate aperture phase distribution in the form of a ruled function and solved for apertures with rectangular shape and an arbitrary amplitude distribution and for apertures of arbitrary shape and amplitude distribution. This method can be used for controlling the pattern of phased-array antennas. Results of computer modeling are presented     

A Simple Ultrawideband Planar Rectangular Printed Antenna With Band Dispensation

A compact planar ultrawideband (UWB) antenna with band notched characteristics is presented. Modification in the shape of radiation element and ground plane with two symmetrical bevel slots on the lower edge of the radiation element and on the upper edge of the ground plane makes the antenna different from the rectangular printed monopole. These slots improve the input impedance bandwidth and the high frequency radiation characteristics. With this design, the reflection coefficient is lower than 10 dB in the 3.1–10.6 GHz frequency range and radiation pattern is similar to dipole antenna. With the inclusion of an additional small radiation patch, a frequency-notched antenna is also designed and good out of band performance from 5.0–6.0 GHz can be achieved. Measured results confirm that the antenna is suitable for UWB applications due to its compact size and high performance. Also an approximate empirical expression to calculate the lowest resonant frequency is proposed.      

Compound Fresnel Zone Lens Conformal to Truncated Cone: Antenna Application

A millimeter wave antenna consisting of two Fresnel zone plate lenses, plane and conical, is examined numerically by use of the vector diffraction theory. The lenses are of Wood-Wiltse (double-dielectric) or Soret (half-open) type, and are designed for the frequency of 117 GHz. The lenses are made conformal to a truncated circular cone with a base diameter of 500 mm and a plateau diameter of 250 mm. Designs for two opening semi-angles, 45° and 75° each of them with a particular lens thickness are presented. For the angle of 90° the cone lens becomes a plane ring lens, which in combination with the plateau zone lens forms a plane lens of size equal to the cone base diameter. Illuminated by directive feeds set at a focal distance of 525 mm from the cone apex, the double-dielectric and half-open compound and plane lenses, form three pairs of Fresnel zone lens antennas, the co-polar and cross-polar radiation characteristics of which have been compared numerically. The double-dielectric lens antennas examined are about 5 dB superior in gain to the half-open lens antennas, which has a gain of approximately 45 dBi. Because all lenses are of equal transverse aperture, the corresponding lens antennas exhibit the same ?3 dB beamwidth of about 0.33 degrees. The plane zone lens antenna is very thin and simple. Instead, the antenna comprising a 3-D compound Fresnel zone lens is thicker but can be made conformal to a specific surface shape and possesses more levels of design and optimization freedom.     

新型集成超宽带开槽天线的研制及其应用

研制出一种用于超宽带短脉宽射和接收的新型集成超宽带槽天线，该天线采用共面波导到槽线的宽带过渡方式馈电，实验结果显示了其高保真的宽带特性及高增益高效益特性。利用所研制的ＵＷＢ天线建立起超宽超带雷达实验系统，测量几种简单目标特性及涂层目标特性，证明了该种天线可用作实际的ＵＷＢＲ天线。     

Design of Ultrawideband Planar Monopole Antennas of Circular and Elliptical Shape

An efficient approach is described for designing ultrawideband (UWB) antennas in the form of planar monopoles of elliptical and circular shape. To avoid the time consuming trial-and-error approach presented in other works, simple design formulas for this type of radiators are described and their validity is tested via electromagnetic analysis and measurements. Full electromagnetic wave investigations are performed assuming three types of substrates with wide range of dielectric constant and thickness. The presented results show that the proposed method can be applied directly to design planar antennas that cover the ultrawide frequency band from 3.1 GHz to more than 10.6 GHz. Four types of monopole antennas were manufactured using RT6010LM substrate and their operation was tested in terms of return loss, radiation pattern characteristics, gain, and time domain response. The developed antennas feature UWB behavior with near omnidirectional characteristics and good radiation efficiency. The time domain transmission tests between two identical elements show that the manufactured circular monopoles offer better performance in terms of distortionless pulse transmission than their elliptically shaped counter parts. These antennas are also assessed in terms of fidelity factor. The manufactured antennas show a high fidelity factor which is more than 90% for the face-to-face orientation.     

Study on frequency and impulse response of novel triple band notched UWB antenna in indoor environments

In this paper, a novel fork shaped structure backed plane is added to a simple UWB (ultra wideband) slot antenna to enhance the impedance bandwidth as well as create triple band notched characteristics for Impulse Radio (IR) UWB applications. This fork-shaped structure is connected to a rectangular radiating patch at four different points through the cylindrical pins. The proposed antenna with this fork-shaped structure shows a very wide impedance bandwidth which spans from 2.5 up to more than 20 GHz and offers triple band-notched properties in WiMAX, WLAN and X-band downlink satellite communication spectrums. Moreover, the proposed antenna shows good radiation features such as gain, radiation efficiency and radiation patterns. A comprehensive investigation on the antenna time domain performance is also performed throughout the paper, and the effect of the proposed antenna on the two popular excitation pulses including modulated Gaussian (MG) and square root raised cosine (SRRC) pulses is fully investigated. A frequency-domain measurement setup is applied to measure time domain characteristics of the proposed antenna. Also, the realistic indoor multipath propagation channel characteristics when the proposed antennas are applied as the transmitter and receiver antennas are studied. Sub-band divided ray tracing method is used to simulate channel characteristics.     

超宽带阶梯形微带单极子天线的设计与研究

针对当前已有超宽带（ultra-wideband, UWB）微带单极子天线带宽窄、尺寸大等缺陷,设计了一款小型化UWB阶梯形微带单极子天线,采用开槽的矩形辐射贴片、阶梯形微带馈电线和缺陷地面结构(defected ground structure, DGS)实现良好的UWB特性. 对天线的回波损耗、电压驻波比（voltage standing wave ratio, VSWR）、辐射方向图及增益进行了仿真计算和优化设计,实测显示,天线的工作频段为2.6～22.1 GHz,增益最大值为12.9 dBi,仿真和实测结果基本吻合. 所设计天线结构简单、覆盖频率广、尺寸小、工作频带内具有良好的辐射特性,表明该天线适用于各种UWB通信系统中.     

Performance and design procedure of dual parabolic cylindricalantennas

The radiation characteristics of dual parabolic cylindrical antennas are studied, and the dependence of the principal plane beamwidths and the peak cross-polarization on their geometrical parameters is determined. The antenna aperture is rectangular in shape and generates an elliptical beam pattern, with a beamwidth ratio that can be controlled by the main and subreflector focal lengths. The far-field patterns are determined by an extended aperture integration method that includes the contributions of the reflected and the main diffracted rays. It is found that the cross-polarization depends of the offset angle between the axis and the direction of the normal to the subreflector surface and can be minimized by optimizing the relative angle between the reflectors. Other pattern characteristics are controlled by the antenna geometrical parameters and the feed illumination. A procedure for the design of these antennas and the expressions for determining the reflector geometries are provided     

Conformal double exponentially tapered slot antenna (DETSA) on LCP for UWB applications

We discuss the use of a double exponentially tapered slot antenna (DETSA) fabricated on flexible liquid crystal polymer (LCP) as a candidate for ultrawideband (UWB) communications systems. The features of the antenna and the effect of the antenna on a transmitted pulse are investigated. Return loss and E and H plane radiation pattern measurements are presented in several frequencies covering the whole ultra wide band. The return loss remains below -10 dB and the shape of the radiation pattern remains fairly constant in the whole UWB range (3.1 to 10.6 GHz). The main lobe characteristic of the radiation pattern remains stable even when the antenna is significantly conformed. The major effect of the conformation is an increase in the cross polarization component amplitude. The system: transmitter DETSA-channel receiver DETSA is measured in frequency domain and shows that the antenna adds very little distortion on a transmitted pulse. The distortion remains small even when both transmitter and receiver antennas are folded, although it increases slightly.