多级时效热处理对7056铝合金析出组织与耐蚀性的影响

利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、力学性能测试、电导率测试以及剥落腐蚀、慢应变速率拉伸应力腐蚀(SSRT)、Tafel循环极化曲线等手段研究多级时效热处理对7056铝合金析出组织及耐蚀性的影响。结果表明:过时效再时效热处理后溶质原子二次析出,晶内析出相体积分数增大,晶界析出相粗化断开,无沉淀析出带宽化。与120℃/24h相比,采用120℃/6h预时效工艺有利于晶内细小析出相回溶和粗大相长大。再时效热处理可提高过时效合金的强度和电导率,与峰时效和回归再时效相比,合金的抗拉强度损失不大,电导率明显提升。过时效再时效热处理后,合金晶界处连续阳极溶解被有效避免,抗剥落腐蚀和抗应力腐蚀性能增强。     

7N01铝合金挤压板的微结构、织构和性能

制备了挤压比λ为36和16的7N01铝合金挤压板材,并分别进行自然时效和人工时效处理。用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、常温拉伸、宏微观织构测试和慢应变拉伸实验对其进行表征,研究了挤压工艺对合金的力学性能和抗腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明,不同挤压比的板材在相同时效状态下的组织和性能有明显的差异。大挤压比板材的内部多为细小的再结晶晶粒,小挤压比板材内部为粗大的亚结构,因此具有比大挤压比板材更高的抗拉强度和屈服强度。透射电镜观察结果表明,大挤压比试样内晶界析出相比小挤压比时呈现更明显的断续分布。此外,挤压比相同的板材人工时效处理后其抗拉强度和延伸率比自然时效板材均有所下降,其中抗拉强度降低约为5.8%,但合金的屈服强度得到了显著提高(约为25%);在挤压比相同的情况下人工时效试样内晶界的析出相呈现断续分布,因此具有更好的抗腐蚀性能。     

微量元素P、B对GH4169合金组织与蠕变性能的影响

通过对等温锻造合金进行直接时效、蠕变性能测试和组织形貌观察,研究了微量元素P、B对GH4169合金组织结构及蠕变行为的影响.结果表明:添加微量P、B可促使粒状δ相在合金中析出,且沿晶界不连续析出的δ相可抑制晶界滑移,提高合金的蠕变抗力;在试验温度和应力范围内,测定出GH4169G合金具有较高的蠕变激活能Q=594.7 ...     

初始状态对2124铝合金蠕变时效行为与力学性能的影响

通过光学、透射电子显微、蠕变与室温拉伸实验研究了2124铝合金板的蠕变时效行为与力学性能。结果表明:185℃/150MPa条件下,经固溶-淬火处理(QCA)板材的蠕变机制从位错增殖发展为位错增殖-消毁平衡,其蠕变曲线第一阶段与第二阶段分界点较为明显;而经固溶-淬火-预压缩处理(PCA)板材的蠕变机制主要为预压缩引入的位错消毁,蠕变曲线第一阶段特征并不明显。蠕变时效过程中,S′相的析出总是伴随着位错线形核,其析出方位受位错运动机制的影响,PCA处理初期,经预压缩引入的位错缠结使S′相可以在互相垂直的{210}面上析出,从而抑制了S′相的位向效应。PCA处理试样的力学性能优于该合金的T6和T87状态的,且各向异性小于QCA处理的。     

预处理对2124铝合金板材蠕变时效微结构与力学性能的影响

研究了预处理(15%预变形+100℃×5h预时效)对2124铝合金板材蠕变时效成形微结构与力学性能的影响。结果表明,富Fe(Si)杂质相粒子在蠕变成形过程中会因应力集中效应而破碎,从而改善材料性能,固溶-淬火后直接进行蠕变时效处理,θ′相在{100}面上的析出行为呈现出明显的应力位向效应,但基体中存在的弥散第二相粒子周围存在着很大的晶格畸变能,能促进析出第二相的形核、长大,局部降低应力位向效应。在本研究条件下,预处理使得{111}面上析出了Ω强化相,显著提高了2124铝合金蠕变时效后的强度,但不会显著降低延伸率。     

FGH95粉末镍基合金的组织结构与蠕变断裂特征

通过对不同工艺处理FGH95合金进行组织形貌观察及持久性能测试,研究了组织结构对合金持久性能的影响规律。结果表明:经1150℃固溶和时效处理后,合金中有粗大γ′相在较宽的边界区域不连续分布,其周围存在γ′相贫化区;经1160℃固溶及时效处理后,合金中粗大γ′相完全溶解,在晶内弥散分布高体积分数的γ′相,并有粒状(Cr,Nb)23(C,B)6硼碳化合物在晶内及沿晶界不连续析出;经1165℃固溶和时效后,合金的晶粒尺寸明显长大,并有硬而脆的碳化物膜沿晶界连续析出。在650℃、1034MPa条件下,经1160℃固溶和时效合金具有较高蠕变抗力和较长持久寿命,蠕变期间的变形机制是位错以Orowan机制饶过γ′相、或位错剪切γ′相,其中晶界处不连续析出的粒状碳化物可有效阻碍位错滑移,是使合金具有较好蠕变性能的主要原因。蠕变后期,合金的变形特征是晶内发生单取向滑移,随蠕变进行位错在晶界处塞积,并引起应力集中,致使裂纹在晶界处萌生及扩展是合金的蠕变断裂机制。     

Li含量对Al-Mg-Si合金时效析出行为的影响

采用透射电镜研究Li含量对Al-3.0Mg-0.6Si合金时效析出行为的影响,分析不同Li含量合金在170℃人工时效过程中析出相的演化与分布.结果表明:Li元素的添加改变了Al-3.0Mg-0.6Si合金的时效析出行为.添加2.15％(质量分数,下同)Li的合金,球状的δ'-Al3Li相成为晶内优先析出相,而针状的β″-Mg2Si相在时效后期阶段才逐渐析出,并在时效192 h后形成了明显的球状δ'相加针状β″相的双相析出.而添加3.12％Li的合金在所观察的时效阶段内均未发现有β″相析出.另外,未发现含Li合金晶界位置有析出相存在,晶界附近是无沉淀析出带(δ'-PFZs)和δ'相.在时效100 h后发现添加2.15％Li的合金在δ'-PFZ区域有针状β″相析出.添加2.15％Li的合金δ'-PFZ的半宽尺寸和增长速率均大于2.68％,3.12％Li添加量的合金.     

冷却方式对热连轧GH4169合金组织与蠕变行为的影响

通过对不同方式冷却的热连轧GH4169合金进行直接时效处理、蠕变性能测试和组织形貌观察,研究了冷却方式对热连轧GH4169合金的组织结构与蠕变行为的影响。结果表明:"水冷"HCR-GH4169合金经直接时效后,其组织由细小晶粒组成,大量细小γ′,γ″相在晶内弥散析出,可提高合金蠕变抗力,而"空冷"热连轧合金晶粒尺寸较大,且在基体中析出的γ′,γ″两相的数量明显减少;在实验条件下,"水冷"热连轧合金经直接时效后具有较好的蠕变抗力和较长的蠕变寿命;热连轧及直接时效合金在蠕变期间的变形机制是位错在基体中发生单、双取向滑移和孪晶变形,在蠕变后期,裂纹在晶界处萌生和扩展,并发生沿晶断裂是合金的蠕变断裂机制。     

一种GH4169镍基合金的组织结构与蠕变性能

通过对一种等温锻造GH4169镍基合金进行直接时效处理,蠕变性能测试及组织形貌观察,研究了该合金的组织结构与蠕变行为。结果表明,GH4169合金的组织结构由γ基体,γ′相、γ″相和δ相组成,且各相之间保持共格界面。测定出合金在660℃/700MPa条件下的蠕变寿命为123h。合金在680℃/700MPa的蠕变寿命为39h,在实验温度和应力范围内,计算出直接时效合金的蠕变激活能为588.0kJ/mol。合金在蠕变期间的变形机制是位错滑移和孪晶变形,其中,沿晶界析出的粒状碳化物,可抑制晶界滑移,是使合金具有较好蠕变抗力的主要原因。随蠕变进行,开动的滑移系中位错运动至晶界受阻,并塞积于该区域引起应力集中,当应力集中值大于晶界的结合强度时,可促使其在与应力轴垂直的晶界处发生裂纹的萌生与扩展,直至断裂,是合金在蠕变期间的断裂机制。     

时效早期Al-Mg-Si合金的组织和析出相的演变

用显微硬度测试、差示扫描量热法(DSC)和高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)观察等手段研究了Al-Mg-Si合金人工时效过程中的硬化、组织变化以及早期析出相的演变。结果表明：在170℃时效的合金具有更高的峰值硬度。在时效初期晶内析出高数量密度的溶质原子团簇和GP区,合金的硬度显著提高。在170℃处理4 h后合金的硬度达到峰值,此时晶内析出相以针状β″相为主,β″相与Al基体界面三维共格应变是合金强化的主要原因。同时,晶界析出相呈断续分布状态。随着时效时间的增加β″相开始粗化,晶界析出相的连续程度降低。在过时效阶段晶内析出相的严重粗化和数量密度的降低,使合金的硬度剧烈降低。在时效的初始阶段,合金的析出序列为过饱和固溶体→球形原子团簇→针状GP区→针状β″相。     

800 MPa级超高强度铝合金的时效析出行为

采用硬度、电导率、室温拉伸测试方法,研究110~140℃范围内时效不同时间后新型铝合金性能的变化。利用透射显微镜(TEM)观察合金的组织形貌特征。结果表明:该新型铝合金最佳的时效工艺为110℃保温24 h,此条件下合金的抗拉强度,屈服强度和伸长率分别为808,785 MPa与6.9%。时效温度是影响合金析出相种类、密度和尺寸的主要因素。在110℃时效时,合金主要的析出相是GPⅠ区、GPⅡ区和亚稳η′相。110℃时长时间(直至96 h)时效后,GPⅠ区和GPⅡ区仍能稳定存在。与110℃时效相比,在140℃时效时,析出过程加速。当140℃时效4 h后,未观察到GP区的存在,主要的析出相为η′相;140℃时效24 h后,主要的析出相为η′相和η相。     

Zn含量对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金挤压棒材耐剥落腐蚀性能的影响

通过剥落腐蚀浸泡实验和极化曲线测试,研究了Zn含量对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金挤压棒材耐剥落腐蚀性能的影响,结合金相显微镜、扫描电镜、扫描透射电镜等微观组织表征方法对影响机理进行了分析和讨论。结果表明:Zn含量(质量分数)由7.93%增至9.85%时,棒材剥落腐蚀抗力下降,剥落腐蚀等级由EA变成EC,最大腐蚀深度由334 μm增至579 μm。Zn含量增加,合金中粗大第二相数量增加,时效后晶界η相尺寸和间距变小、Zn和Mg含量增加,是耐剥落腐蚀性能下降的主要原因。     

On the corrosion-induced mechanical degradation for different artificial aging conditions of 2024 aluminum alloy

In the present work, the effect of different artificial aging conditions of the Al 2024-T3 on the mechanical properties degradation due to corrosion exposure is studied. Different artificial aging conditions had been applied to tensile and fracture toughness specimens, which were subsequently exposed to exfoliation corrosion environment. Microstructure analysis showed that for the reference (T3) and peak-aged (PA) specimens the corrosion-induced surface pits were followed by formation of a microcrack network, while only large surface pits were noticed for the over-aged (OA) specimens. The tensile test results showed that the higher the (OA) condition, the lower degradation due to corrosion exposure the alloy has. Fracture toughness K_cr calculated on the basis of nominal thickness of the specimens confirms that the decrease due to corrosion is lower for the (OA) specimens. The K_cr values calculated on the basis of effective thickness of the specimens showed that the degree of decrease due to corrosion damage is negligible for the (OA) specimens. This phenomenon has been explained and discussed based on the resulting microstructure for the various aging conditions of the alloy.     

Influence of aging temperature on corrosion behavior of Al–Zn–Mg–Sc–Zr alloy

Al–Zn–Mg–Sc–Zr alloy sheets were prepared using water chilling copper mould ingot metallurgy processing which was protected by active flux. The effect of aging temperature on the corrosion characteristics of Al–Zn–Mg–Sc–Zr alloy was investigated by means of exfoliation corrosion testing, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) combined with transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy observation. It is found that with increasing the aging temperature the susceptibility to exfoliation corrosion decreases. Electrochemical measurements reveal that at early stage of immersion in testing solution, EIS plots of the samples are composed of a capacitive arc and an inductive loop. Inductive loop disappears with the increasing of immersion time and two time constants in impedance diagrams appear. Moreover, the trends of corrosion resistance are further confirmed by polarization curve and EIS test. In addition, transmission electron microscopy observations show that the improved corrosion resistance from increasing aging temperature is duo to the coarsening of matrix and separated precipitates at the grain boundary, and the increased spacing of grain boundary precipitates.     

Effect of minor Sc addition on microstructure and stress corrosion cracking behavior of medium strength Al–Zn–Mg alloy

Influence of Sc content on microstructure and stress corrosion cracking behavior of medium strength Al–Zn–Mg alloy have been investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and slow strain rate test. The results indicate that the addition of Sc results in the formation of the quaternary coherent Al_3(Sc, Zr, Ti) dispersoids during homogenization treatment, which will inhibit the dynamic recrystallization behavior. The number density of Al_3(Sc, Zr, Ti) particles increases with the increase of Sc content, and thus the recrystallization fraction of hot-extruded alloy is reduced and the peak strength in two-stage artificial aging sample is enhanced. At the same time, the wide of precipitation free zone is reduced, and the content of Zn and Mg in grain boundary particles and precipitation free zone is increased with the increase of Sc content. In peak-aged state, the 0.06 wt% Sc added alloy shows the better stress corrosion cracking resistance than the Sc-free alloy because of the reduction of recrystallization fraction and the interrupted distribution of grain boundary precipitates along grain boundary. However, the further addition of Sc to 0.11 wt% will result in the deterioration of stress corrosion cracking resistance due to the increase of electrochemical activity of grain boundary particles and precipitation free zone as well as hydrogen embrittlement.     

Effect of cooling aging on microstructure and mechanical properties of an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy

In the present work, Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy was aged by non-isothermal cooling aging treatment (CAT). At high initial aging temperature (IAT), the hardness was decreased with the decreased cooling rate. However, when IAT was lower than 180 °C, the hardness was increased with the decreased cooling rate. Conductivity was increased with the decreased cooling rate regardless of IAT. The tensile strength, yield strength and conductivity of Al alloy after (200–100 °C, 80 °C/h) CAT were increased 2.9%, 8.1% and 8.3% than that after T6 treatment, respectively. With an increase of IAT and decrease of cooling rate, the fine GP zone and η′ phase were transformed to be larger η′ and η precipitates. Moreover, continuous η phase at grain boundary was also grown to be individual large precipitates. Cooling aging time was decreased about 90% than that for T6 treatment, indicating cooling aging could improve the mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and production efficiency with less energy consumption.     

Mn和Zr对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu铝合金各向异性的影响

采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)以及室温拉伸、剥落腐蚀、晶间腐蚀等测试方法,研究了微量的Mn和Zr对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu铝合金的组织和性能各向异性的影响。结果表明,在Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Ti合金中,分别添加微量的Mn和Zr,合金中对应析出细小弥散的Al6Mn和Al3Zr相,这两相均能抑制基体再结晶,促使合金的晶粒纵横比增大。合金的力学性能、抗晶间腐蚀和剥落腐蚀性能提高,但性能各向异性增大。同时,结果显示Zr对合金的组织和性能各向异性的影响显著大于Mn。     

人工时效对7003/7046铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和力学性能的影响

采用差示扫描量热分析、硬度、室温拉伸实验、背散射电子衍射和透射电子显微镜等手段研究了焊后人工时效对7003-7046异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接(FSW)接头的微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：FSW接头后退侧(7046铝合金侧)的硬度明显高于前进侧(7003铝合金侧),两侧平均硬度的差约为30HV;人工时效后接头的硬度提高,两侧平均硬度的差增大到约50HV,接头的屈服强度提高,抗拉强度略有提高,伸长率几乎不变。根据时效前后FSW接头不同区域微观组织的特征,分析了接头力学性能变化的原因。     

800MPa级Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系合金

通过采用在线精炼、在线细化、热顶铸造等技术手段,成功在直接水冷半连续铸造设备上制备出了合金化元素总量达20%的Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系合金,打破了7000系铝合金合金化元素总量不高于14%的极限。利用金相显微镜、透射电镜进行微观组织观察,采用差热分析仪测试相转变温度,测试了硬度、拉伸性能并利用扫描电镜进行断口分析。该合金经过挤压、RRA热处理后,其抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别达到810.3,799.3MPa和3.4%。通过对单级时效动力学和三级时效动力学进行研究,确定了合金的最佳时效温度为120℃,而时效时间的可选择范围较大。Zn含量高达16.1%的铝合金中主要由未溶第二相和时效析出相η′相共同强化,未发现其他新析出相。