预处理对2124铝合金板材蠕变时效微结构与力学性能的影响

研究了预处理(15%预变形+100℃×5h预时效)对2124铝合金板材蠕变时效成形微结构与力学性能的影响。结果表明,富Fe(Si)杂质相粒子在蠕变成形过程中会因应力集中效应而破碎,从而改善材料性能,固溶-淬火后直接进行蠕变时效处理,θ′相在{100}面上的析出行为呈现出明显的应力位向效应,但基体中存在的弥散第二相粒子周围存在着很大的晶格畸变能,能促进析出第二相的形核、长大,局部降低应力位向效应。在本研究条件下,预处理使得{111}面上析出了Ω强化相,显著提高了2124铝合金蠕变时效后的强度,但不会显著降低延伸率。     

蠕变时效对7050铝合金板材组织与性能的影响

通过金相显微、透射电子显微、电子拉伸和剥落腐蚀实验研究了7050铝合金板材蠕变时效与人工时效的微结构及性能。结果表明:蠕变时效过程中施加的应力使板材不断产生变形,为η′析出相提供了大量形核点,析出相尺寸更加细小,特别是晶界无沉淀带较人工时效明显变窄,晶界析出相不连续。与人工时效相比,蠕变时效试样的抗拉强度和抗剥落腐蚀性能略有提高。     

FGH95粉末镍基合金的组织结构与蠕变断裂特征

通过对不同工艺处理FGH95合金进行组织形貌观察及持久性能测试,研究了组织结构对合金持久性能的影响规律。结果表明:经1150℃固溶和时效处理后,合金中有粗大γ′相在较宽的边界区域不连续分布,其周围存在γ′相贫化区;经1160℃固溶及时效处理后,合金中粗大γ′相完全溶解,在晶内弥散分布高体积分数的γ′相,并有粒状(Cr,Nb)23(C,B)6硼碳化合物在晶内及沿晶界不连续析出;经1165℃固溶和时效后,合金的晶粒尺寸明显长大,并有硬而脆的碳化物膜沿晶界连续析出。在650℃、1034MPa条件下,经1160℃固溶和时效合金具有较高蠕变抗力和较长持久寿命,蠕变期间的变形机制是位错以Orowan机制饶过γ′相、或位错剪切γ′相,其中晶界处不连续析出的粒状碳化物可有效阻碍位错滑移,是使合金具有较好蠕变性能的主要原因。蠕变后期,合金的变形特征是晶内发生单取向滑移,随蠕变进行位错在晶界处塞积,并引起应力集中,致使裂纹在晶界处萌生及扩展是合金的蠕变断裂机制。     

LY12合金形变时效强化的研究

本文研究了形变时效(淬火 室温预拉伸形变 时效和淬火 预时效 温形变 最终时效)对LY12合金的显微组织和常规机械性能的影响,分析了形变时效强化机制。结果表明,室温预拉伸形变可使LYl2合金强度提高,预时效(欠时效)十温形变 短时最终时效可使强度提高的幅度更大,但形变使塑性下降;细小弥散的析出相和高密度均匀分布的位错,以及两者的交互作用是形变时效强化的主要原因。     

应力时效影响Al-10Zn-3Mg-3Cu合金带外纵筋筒形件组织性能研究

目的 研究应力时效条件下Al-10Zn-3Mg-3Cu合金带外纵筋筒形件筋部试样的应力松弛行为,探明基体应力松弛机制以及强韧性协同提升机理。方法 针对淬火态筋部试样,设计不同的初始应力值进行应力时效实验,然后采用数据分析与微观组织形貌表征方法研究试样组织性能。结果 当施加的初始应力为250 MPa时,筋部试样的应力松弛程度可达85.8%,同时,试样抗拉强度为736.40 MPa,屈服强度为697.53 MPa,延伸率为10.96%。结论 在250 MPa应力时效条件下,应力松弛机制主要为晶界Coble蠕变和位错运动,位错运动促进了亚晶的增殖,Coble蠕变使基体晶粒长大,这些行为促使试样应力耗散。同时,应力时效改变了析出相形态,发展了具有孪生界面的复合析出相。经分子动力学计算可知,该特征微结构有利于基体强韧性的协同提升。     

Ni-25Cr-20Co合金时效组织结构及性能研究

在Thermo-Calc热力学软件模拟计算基础上,采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、能谱检测和透射电子显微镜研究了Ni-25Cr-20Co合金在长期时效过程中析出相的变化情况及对性能的影响,理论分析了γ′相颗粒粗化对合金拉伸变形过程中第二相与位错交互作用机制的影响。结果表明:经750℃时效后合金中析出MC、M_(23)C_6和γ′相,γ′相的体积分数约为16%。长期时效后,γ′相颗粒的平均尺寸与时间t符合LSW理论,受溶质原子扩散及γ/γ′界面能的影响。时效后合金的拉伸强度明显增加,随时效时间的延长,拉伸强度逐渐降低。随γ′相的粗化,拉伸变形过程中第二相与位错交互作用的机制由位错热攀移机制→位错切割机制→Orowan绕越机制转变为位错热攀移机制→Orowan绕越机制→位错切割机制。     

时效时间对一种新型Al-Cu-Li系合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

研究了时效时间对一种新研制的Al-Cu-Li系合金组织性能的影响。研究发现:在不同时效状态下,该合金析出了δ′,T1,θ′,θ″,σ等第二相,时效过程中析出T1相始终保持稳定的数量和尺寸,θ″相随着时效的进行不断减少并且最终消失。力学性能随着析出相的种类和数量的不同而改变,T1相对合金起到了很好的强化效果,δ′相和θ′相的复合强化有效地改善了合金的力学性能,σ相对该合金的强化作用优于θ′相。     

2A23时效成形铝合金的时效研究

通过拉伸性能、维氏硬度测试和TEM分析研究了2A23时效成形铝合金的时效制度以及不同时效处理制度下该合金的显微组织和力学性能.结果表明:合金适宜的时效温度为170℃,时效时间为20h;S′过渡相为合金的主要强化相;时效前的预变形能促进S′相细小弥散析出,显著提高合金的强度;合金的强度随预变形量的增大而升高,但过大的预变形量又会导致塑性下降;合金最佳的预变形量为2.5%～5%.     

TiB2/Al-Cu-Li复合材料时效析出及组织演变对力学性能的影响

研究了TiB₂/Al-Cu-Li复合材料T6工艺的微观组织演变和时效析出对力学性能的影响。通过气氛保护熔炼法制备了TiB₂/Al-Cu-Li复合材料。结果表明：在铸态合金的微观组织中,TiB₂颗粒和共晶相主要分布在晶界周围。均匀化处理后,大部分共晶相回溶。轧制变形后,TiB₂颗粒沿着轧制方向被拉长,产生了大量位错。固溶处理削弱了轧制产生的Brass织构和S织构,回溶了轧制产生的析出相。在175℃温度下进行时效,欠时效过程中,δ’(Al₃Li)/β’(Al₃Zr)为主要析出相。随着时效时间的增加,到22 h峰时效时,T1相为主要析出强化相。通过位错强化和析出强化的共同作用,随时效时间增加,屈服强度和抗拉强度先上升后下降,延伸率持续下降。复合材料峰时效的极限抗拉强度为562.7 MPa,屈服强度为475.9 MPa,延伸率为4.5%。     

预时效对变形镁合金组织与力学性能的影响

与铸造镁合金相比,变形镁合金可获得更高的强度、更好的延展性以及更多样化的力学性能,从而满足多样化镁合金结构件的应用需求.但由于变形镁合金绝对强度低、塑性变形能力差,其应用范围受到了极大的限制.近期研究发现,对变形镁合金进行预时效处理能够显著提高合金的综合力学性能,因此总结和归纳预时效对变形镁合金的影响具有重要的理论参考价值和实践指导意义.预时效是在塑性加工前进行时效处理的一种时效方法,预时效处理可通过欠时效、峰值时效和过时效等工艺调控析出相的大小、形状、分布和位向,析出相在后续的加工变形过程中具有改善材料组织与性能的重要作用.预时效提供的析出相,在后续塑性加工变形过程中为动态再结晶提供形核核心,促进动态再结晶,细化晶粒,激活非基面滑移,弱化基面织构,且晶界析出相可显著抑制晶粒长大,有效阻碍位错运动,也可使位错累积增多,小角度晶界增多.此外,增加析出相含量能减小晶粒尺寸,抑制{1012}拉伸孪晶的形核和长大,增加{1011}压缩孪晶和{1011}-{1012}双孪晶含量,这些孪晶增加了动态再结晶的形核核心,改变了晶粒取向,进而大幅提高了合金的强度、屈服应力和峰值应力,同时也保证了合金的延展性,极大地改善了镁合金的综合力学性能.本文针对Mg-Al系、Mg-Zn系、Mg-Sn系和Mg-RE系等四系合金,总结分析了预时效对变形镁合金组织与性能的影响,着重从压缩、拉伸、挤压和轧制等变形工艺角度进行综述,为制备综合力学性能优良的镁合金提供参考.此外,本文指出了预时效变形镁合金在未来的发展动态和研究重点.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。