金属纳米带的制备及其在电化学传感器中的应用研究进展

综述了金、银等金属纳米带的制备方法(真空冷凝法和模板法)及其在电化学传感器中的应用,展望了其发展前景.着重介绍了真空冷凝法的制备原理、装置、过程等;讨论了模板法中不同类型的有机分子模板(模板作用、兼顾模板和还原剂作用)、制备过程中的反应体系(水热、超声等)、模板分子与金属离子的物质的量比和反应时间等对纳米带微观形貌的影响.     

Development of Preparation of Metal Nanobelts and Its Application in Electrochemical Sensors

综述了金、银等金属纳米带的制备方法(真空冷凝法和模板法)及其在电化学传感器中的应用,展望了其发展前景.着重介绍了真空冷凝法的制备原理、装置、过程等;讨论了模板法中不同类型的有机分子模板(模板作用、兼顾模板和还原剂作用)、制备过程中的反应体系(水热、超声等)、模板分子与金属离子的物质的量比和反应时间等对纳米带微观形貌的影响.     

真空汽化法产生块状纳米锌的试验研究

介绍了真空汽化冷凝技术制备纳米级材料实验的原理和过程，用真空汽化冷凝技术制备纳米块状锌，并用扫描电镜观察纳米锌的形貌、晶粒度，用X射线衍射测定真空汽化冷凝钠米锌的生长方式及择优取向，用显微硬度计测定了合金锌、粉状锌以及纳米锌的显微硬度，并对此进行了分析。     

以PAMAM树形分子为模板剂纳米氧化锌的制备及其光催化性能研究

以3.5代端酯基PAMAM树型分子为模板,成功制备了颗粒均匀的纳米氧化锌.采用TEM、XRD及UV-vis等手段对合成样品的形貌和结构进行表征.初步探讨了纳米ZnO形成的可能模板机理.测试其在紫外光作用下光降解罗丹明B的性能,结果表明,该法制备的纳米ZnO具有很高的光催化活性.     

中空结构纳米TiO2微球的可控制备

纳米TiO_2作为一种氧化还原能力强、化学性质稳定、来源广泛和环境友好的多功能材料,被认为是非常有前景的半导体光催化材料之一。在各种形貌的纳米TiO_2中,中空结构TiO_2微球因具有密度低、比表面积大、渗透性好和稳定性高的特点而受到越来越多研究者的青睐。寻求工艺简单、重复性好和产物形貌可控的中空纳米TiO_2微球的制备方法显得尤为重要。中空纳米TiO_2微球的制备方法根据制备原理可分为溶胶-凝胶法、水热法、溶剂热法、喷雾干燥法和层层自组装法等;根据制备过程中是否加入模板剂又可分为硬模板法、软模板法和无模板法。本文针对硬模板法、软模板法和无模板法进行了综述。其中,硬模板是最早应用于中空TiO_2微球制备的方法,最终所得中空TiO_2的形貌、空腔大小和表面所带电荷与所用模板剂种类密切相关。目前常用的模板剂有三大类,包括聚合物、碳球和无机氧化物。而在制备模板剂过程中需要消耗大量的时间和有机溶剂,造成成本升高和环境污染。软模板法是目前最高效的一种制备方法,其制备机理与硬模板法较为相似,主要区别在于模板剂的选择上,前者的模板剂大多为刚性较强的无机粒子,而软模板剂通常为乳液液滴、超分子胶束、聚合物聚集体/囊泡等强度较低的气体或者液体。相比于硬模板法其最明显的优势在于后期对于模板剂的去除较为容易,不需要高温处理,多次洗涤即可除去,因此具有效率高、工艺简单等优势。无模板法是一种最具应用潜力的中空TiO_2微球制备方法。此法大多为一步反应,因此其可控性较差,尚未实现大范围应用与生产。但是,该法具有制备步骤少、成本低和产率高等优势,在后期的批量生产和规模化制备中空TiO_2微球方面具有潜在的优势。目前,对于中空纳米TiO_2微球的研究除了有效且成熟的制备工艺外,其高效的光催化性能也是研究者追求的目标。笔者认为通过以下三方面可以进一步提高中空纳米TiO_2的光催化性能:其一,多种半导体材料的复合可拓宽其在可见光下的响应区域;其二,非金属阴离子(氮、碳)或金属(铁、铜)离子参杂等可提高光诱导二氧化钛电子空穴对的分离效率;其三,金属氧化物的表面修饰或双原位聚合改性等多种手段共同作用可降低电子-空穴对的重组。延长光生载流子的寿命、提高光催化活性将成为今后中空TiO_2微球研究的重点。     

电化学法制备纳米材料的研究现状

分析了国内外制备纳米材料的现状,电沉积纳米晶体的优点、方法.重点介绍了利用模板法、电解电镀法、石墨电弧法、直流碳弧法、超声电化学法、直流电弧等离子蒸发-冷凝法、电沉积法制备纳米线、纳米管、纳米多层膜、纳米合金、纳米枝晶和纳米材料的基本方法、合成原理、技术要点以及一些表征等.比较了各种方法的异同点、优缺点及其在不同条件下得到的形态各异的产品.给出了相关技术参数,指出了纳米材料的未来发展方向.     

一维碳化硅纳米材料的研究进展

介绍了具有一维纳米结构的碳化硅(SiC)如SiC纳米棒、纳米线、纳米管、纳米带的制备方法,着重介绍了碳纳米管模板生长法、碳还原法、激光烧蚀法、电弧放电法、流动催化剂法和热解有机前驱体法以及它们的生长机理,并对这几种方法的优缺点进行了分析,指出了目前研究一维纳米SiC中存在的问题和未来发展方向.     

模板法制备结构可控纳米材料的研究进展

综述了模板法制备结构可控纳米材料的研究进展,讨论了模板法可控制备纳米材料的原理及高度有序自组装的纳米多孔Al2O3模板的形成机理.重点介绍了纳米材料的可控制备方法,主要包括纳米多孔Al2O3模板法、聚合物模板法和生物模板法.其中纳米多孔Al2O3模板法又分为电化学纳米多孔Al2O3模板合成法和电化学诱导的溶胶-凝胶方法等.根据材料的物化性能,选用适合的模板,采用合理的工艺路线,可以制备出结构可控的纳米材料.     

超声振荡法制备纳米TiO_2粉体

以钛酸丁酯为原料,加入适当的模板剂,用超声振荡法制备纳米TiO2粉体,研究分散剂、干燥方式、模板剂等对TiO2粉体粒度分布及结晶性质的影响,借助于X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、激光粒度分布等测试手段对制备的TiO2粉体的晶体结构及颗粒粒度分布进行表征。结果表明:在80℃真空干燥、加入OP乳化剂和450℃煅烧条件下制备的纳米TiO2粒度较小,平均粒径为15～25nm,获得的纳米TiO2晶型为锐钛矿型,颗粒近似球形,结晶完好。     

纳米多孔金属的制备方法研究进展

综述了去合金化法和模板法2种制备纳米多孔金属材料的方法.以多孔金的制备为代表.进行了较详细的介绍.比较2种制备方法得出,模板法简单方便、可控性良好,应用更加广泛;模板法包括AAO模板/PC模板法、蛋白石/反蛋白石结构模板法以及氢气模板法等.通过模板法能够获得分布有序的多孔结构,且孔间的联通性较好,是一种制备纳米多孔材料的重要方法.     

Size-controlled simple fabrication of free-standing, ultralong metal nanobelt array

Free-standing, ultralong (up to several millimeters) nanobelts of gold, silver, and copper were fabricated by a template approach. Firstly, a metal nanofin array was prepared on a substrate via metal nanocoating of the template surface and selective removal of the metal top layer and template. Electroless plating and sputtering were employed for the metal nanocoating. In this approach, the minimum width and thickness of the Au nanobelt were 95 and 30 nm, respectively. Systematic control of the nanobelt width (from 95 to 350 nm) was successfully achieved by adjusting the template height. Free-standing nanobelts of several millimeters in length were fabricated and maintained their unique structure and alignment, even on a mesh grid.     

Structure,Synthesis, and Applications of TiO2 Nanobelts

TiO₂ semiconductor nanobelts have unique structural and functional properties, which lead to great potential in many fields, including photovoltaics, photocatalysis, energy storage, gas sensors, biosensors, and even biomaterials. A review of synthetic methods, properties, surface modification, and applications of TiO₂ nanobelts is presented here. The structural features and basic properties of TiO₂ nanobelts are systematically discussed, with the many applications of TiO₂ nanobelts in the fields of photocatalysis, solar cells, gas sensors, biosensors, and lithium‐ion batteries then introduced. Research efforts that aim to overcome the intrinsic drawbacks of TiO₂ nanobelts are also highlighted. These efforts are focused on the rational design and modification of TiO₂ nanobelts by doping with heteroatoms and/or forming surface heterostructures, to improve their desirable properties. Subsequently, the various types of surface heterostructures obtained by coupling TiO₂ nanobelts with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, chalcogenides, and conducting polymers are described. Further, the charge separation and electron transfer at the interfaces of these heterostructures are also discussed. These properties are related to improved sensitivity and selectivity for specific gases and biomolecules, as well as enhanced UV and visible light photocatalytic properties. The progress in developments of near‐infrared‐active photocatalysts based on TiO₂ nanobelts is also highlighted. Finally, an outline of important directions of future research into the synthesis, modification, and applications of this unique material is given.     

Self-catalytic growth and photoluminescence properties of ZnS nanostructures

Mass production of uniform wurtzite ZnS nanostructures has been achieved by a H₂-assisted thermal evaporation technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observations show that the ZnS nanostructures consist of nanobelts, nanosheets with a hexagonal wurtzite structure. The as-synthesized nanobelts have a length of several tens of micrometers and a width of several hundreds of nanometers. Self-catalytic vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth and vapor-solid (VS) growth are proposed for the formation of the ZnS nanostructures because neither a metal catalyst nor a template was introduced in the synthesis process. Room-temperature photoluminescence measurement indicates that the synthesized ZnS nanostructures have a strong emission band at a wavelength of 443 nm, which may be attributed to the presence of various surface states.     

Arrays of iso-oriented gold nanobelts

For the first time single crystalline gold nanobelt arrays with identical crystallographic orientation were obtained. A combined method consisting of directional solid-state transformation of a Fe-Au eutectoid and a well controlled electrochemical treatment enables production of arrays of nanobelts with a desired length. They have an average thickness of 25 nm and width of 200-250 nm, respectively. The obtained gold nanobelt arrays were characterized by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), X-ray diffraction, and XPS. The underlying mechanisms and the potential of this method for the production of nanosensors are discussed.     

Ideal Three‐Dimensional Electrode Structures for Electrochemical Energy Storage

Three‐dimensional electrodes offer great advantages, such as enhanced ion and electron transport, increased material loading per unit substrate area, and improved mechanical stability upon repeated charge–discharge. The origin of these advantages is discussed and the criteria for ideal 3D electrode structure are outlined. One of the common features of ideal 3D electrodes is the use of a 3D carbon‐ or metal‐based porous framework as the structural backbone and current collector. The synthesis methods of these 3D frameworks and their composites with redox‐active materials are summarized, including transition metal oxides and conducting polymers. The structural characteristics and electrochemical performances are also reviewed. Synthesis of composite 3D electrodes is divided into two types — template‐assisted and template‐free methods — depending on whether a pre‐made template is required. The advantages and drawbacks of both strategies are discussed.     

金属有序纳米孔道阵列模板合成法

评述了采用母板复型法合成金属有序纳米孔道阵列模板合成方法、金属模板的特点及应用的研究进展.用于合成金属模板的母板有:多孔阳极氧化铝、径迹刻蚀高分子聚合物、具有纳米孔道的玻璃及氧化锌晶体阵列等,金属模板的金属沉积方法有化学镀、电镀、物理气相沉积法等.由于金属模板具有金属特性,在纳米阵列材料组装、电极制备及过滤膜制备领域具有重要应用前景,研究直接制备金属模板的方法是一个很有发展前途的方向.     

Sn掺杂ZnO纳米带的制备及其光致发光性能研究

采用热蒸发法制备了单晶Sn掺杂ZnO纳米带,其中Sn的掺杂含量约为5%(原子分数).X射线衍射(XRD)结果表明Sn掺杂ZnO纳米带为单相纤锌矿结构.X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表明样品中Sn的价态为4+.样品的室温光致发光谱(PL)在445.8nm处存在较强的蓝光发射峰,对其发光机制进行了分析.     

电解方法制备纳米金属粉末的研究进展

介绍了国内外用电解方法制备纳米金属粉末的发展历程及研究现状。比较了各种传统和新型电解方法在制备纳米金属粉末方面的优缺点,并分析和探讨了电解法制备活泼纳米金属粉末的发展动向。分析认为,电解法与超声波、有机溶剂、离子液体、隔膜等技术的结合,将会成为一种高效、低成本、适合连续工业化生产的制备纳米金属粉末的新方法。     

Large-scale hydrothermal synthesis of SnS2 nanobelts

SnS2 nanobelts were successfully synthesized through a controllable solution-phase hydrothermal method on a large scale. The nanobelts have a very high yield, which is more than 95%, with widths ranging from 100 to 200 nanometers, lengths up to several micrometers and thicknesses ca. 10 nanometers. X-ray diffraction patterns, electronic diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectra, field emission scanning electron microscopy images, transmission electron microscopy images and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy investigated the phase structures, compositions, and morphologies of SnS2 nanobelts. Dodecanethiol played important roles in the process of SnS2 nanobelts formation and growth. The formation mechanism of SnS2 nanobelts was investigated and discussed on the basis of the experimental results.