PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF ORGANIC GRAPES

Studies on antioxidative activities of fruits have focused mainly on grapes, which have been reported to inhibit oxidation of human low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) at a level comparable to wine. With regard to consumer attitude on the health benefits of the product, organic grapes were selected for study. Organic grapes of Vitis vinifera origin var. Semillon, Columbard, Cabernet sauvignon, Merlot, Grenache and Carignan produced under the control of International Nutrition and Agriculture Certification Company in Kemalpasa/Ulucak were studied. The order of grape varieties concerning grape cluster, stem and number (100) values from the highest to the lowest was determined as: Semillon > Merlot > Cabernet sauvignon > Carignan > Columbard > Grenache. Positive correlation was determined between antioxidant activities (AOA) and total phenols (r = 0.845; P = 0.034). The highest AOA were determined in Merlot (86.55%) and Cabernet sauvignon (83.60%) varieties. Considering LDL, low‐density lipoprotein‐diene values for Cabernet sauvignon and Merlot varieties were 82.73 and 65.48%, respectively. The values of low‐density lipoprotein‐malondialdehyde were different, with the highest percentage found for Semillon (80%). The highest value of total phenols was found in Merlot (4,200 mg/L gallic acid equivalents) variety. Evaluating all analyzed parameters, principal component analysis results demonstrated the similarities between Carignan and Grenache, between Merlot and Cabernet sauvignon and between Columbard and Semillon grape varieties.     

三种不同珠干红葡萄酒品质的对比性研究

选取烟台地区的赤霞珠、梅鹿辄和蛇龙珠葡萄为原料,采用相同的工艺酿造干红葡萄酒,对酒的品质进行对比研究。结果表明,酒中3-甲基-1-丁醇、2-甲基-1-丁醇、1-己醇、β-苯乙醇、4-羟基-苯乙醇、甘油、丁二酸单乙酯、1,4丁内酯和丁二酸二乙酯的含量为赤霞珠＞梅鹿辄＞蛇龙珠。赤霞珠、梅鹿辄葡萄酒中2-甲基-1-丙醇的含量均高于蛇龙珠葡萄酒。蛇龙珠葡萄酒中丙醇、1-丁醇、丁二醇的含量较高。蛇龙珠葡萄酒中乳酸含量最高,而梅鹿辄葡萄酒中酒石酸含量最高。梅鹿辄、赤霞珠葡萄酒中杨梅素、槲皮素含量分别为蛇龙珠葡萄酒的5.0倍、6.4倍和19.6倍、44.5倍。蛇龙珠葡萄酒中除对香豆酸外,其余酚类物质的含量较少。梅鹿辄和赤霞珠葡萄酒的感官得分高于蛇龙珠葡萄酒。     

不同酒帽管理方式对干红葡萄酒理化指标和感官质量的影响

以赤霞珠、梅洛为原料制备干红葡萄酒,探究带皮发酵期间压帽法和浸入法两种不同的酒帽管理方式对葡萄酒发酵和其基础理化指标、感官质量的影响。结果表明,采用压帽法、浸入法的组别发酵速率存在差异,发酵终产物总酚含量分别为641.17～836.17 g/L、722.00～883.67 g/L,总花色苷含量分别为130.98～210.70 g/L、172.72～259.45 g/L,b*值（黄化程度）分别为27.52～35.78、35.23～36.77。对于梅洛葡萄酒,浸入法在发酵中后期对提升酒中总酚、总花色苷含量方面发挥重要作用,但这一优势在赤霞珠葡萄浸渍过程中并不明显。感官评价结果表明,浸入法可显著提升赤霞珠葡萄酒口感复杂度和梅洛葡萄酒余味持久度。     

Chemometric and phenolic attributes of blended wines assessed by multivariate techniques

The aim of the study was to investigate the quality of blended wines produced from Vitis vinifera L. Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Sauvignon blanc grapes. Wines were processed according to accepted conventional methods for white and red wines. Blended wines were produced with different ranges (25, 50, 75 and 100%) of Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Sauvignon blanc wines. Produced wines were evaluated for total phenols (mg/L), total tartaric esters (mg/L caffeic acid), total flavonols (mg/L quercetin), chemometric parameters such as D280%, D420%, D520%, D620%, dA%, CD%, T, CI%, R%, Y% and B%, CIELAB parameters, protein, total and volatile acidity. Analyses on an n‐dimensional scale demonstrated the relationships among the wines of different grape origins and different blending ratios. On the basis of these differences, two main groups were plotted using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results demonstrate the possibilities of optimizing wines on the basis of defined parameters. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

闪蒸工艺对干红葡萄酒中多酚含量和感官特性的影响

利用HPLC法和Folin酚比色法分别对经闪蒸工艺和传统工艺进行酒精发酵和苹果酸-乳酸发酵酿造的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒中进行了研究。结果表明,通过闪蒸工艺酿造的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒多数单体酚类物质和总酚要高于传统工艺。与传统工艺酿造的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒相比,其中闪蒸工艺酿造的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒咖啡酸、丁香酸、阿魏酸大幅度提高,没食子酸含量基本未发生变化。感官品评结果也显示,闪蒸处理的葡萄酒的综合感官质量显著高于传统方法处理的葡萄酒。与传统工艺相比,闪蒸工艺酿造的葡萄酒更适合多酚物质的转化,进一步改善酒的风味,实现口感的平衡。     

外源脱落酸处理对葡萄果实及葡萄酒中抗氧化成分的影响

以天津蓟州区栽培的"美乐"和"赤霞珠"葡萄为试验品种,分别在其始熟期的初、中和末期3个阶段利用外源脱落酸(200 mg/L)处理果实,采用分光光度法测定葡萄和葡萄酒中酚类总含量和抗氧化活性,利用液质联用技术分析花色苷的含量和组成.研究结果表明:始熟期的外源脱落酸处理对成熟果实的质量、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和pH值,以及葡萄籽的酚类含量和抗氧化活性没有显著影响,但对葡萄皮和葡萄酒的酚类物质含量和活性具有显著影响.在始熟期中期(30％ ～50％果实转色)以前,对果实喷施外源脱落酸可以显著提高葡萄皮和葡萄酒的酚类总含量、花色苷总含量和抗氧化活性.始熟期外源脱落酸处理使"美乐"和"赤霞珠"果实的酚类总含量分别提高了14％ ～39％和73％ ～172％,花色苷总含量和抗氧化活性分别提高了18％ ～143％和88％ ～178％;外源脱落酸处理使葡萄酒的3个指标(酚类总含量、花色苷总含量和抗氧化活性)分别提高了17％ ～69％、18％ ～36％和21％ ～46％,而这些影响可以有效改善葡萄酒的感官品质和营养价值.外源脱落酸处理时期的精准控制可以提高酿酒葡萄及葡萄酒中酚类物质含量及抗氧化作用,进而提高葡萄酒品质和营养价值.     

网购赤霞珠干红葡萄酒品质特征与价格的关联分析

选用某网站3个价格区段的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒为材料,采用搅拌棒吸附萃取-气相色谱质谱联用法（SBSE-GC-MS）和超高效 液相色谱法（UPLC）分别对葡萄酒中的香气成分和单体酚进行检测分析。 结果表明,3个价格区段的葡萄酒共检出45种香气成分,其 中酯类24种、高级醇6种、脂肪酸8种、醛酮类3种及其他香气物质4种。 价格较高的葡萄酒中17种香气成分的含量相对较高,价格与检测 到的单体酚物质中香豆素、山奈酚、没食子酸、咖啡酸、丁香酸、水杨酸以及白藜芦醇含量呈正相关（P＜0.05）,相关系数R2均＞0.85。 总酚和总花色苷含量在不同价格区段酒样中差异显著（P＜0.05）,其含量最高分别为1 680.74 mg/L、606.78 mg/L;单宁含量差异不 显著（P＞0.05）。     

单萜烯物质检测方法建立及自选酵母KDLYS9-16对单萜烯产生的影响

采用液液萃取法结合气相色谱氢火焰离子检测器建立一种可同时检测葡萄酒中13种游离态单萜烯类物质的方法,并采用所建方法检测了商品菌SC和自选菌KDLYS9-16两种酿酒酵母发酵的河北省沙城和昌黎2个产区的赤霞珠和美乐葡萄酒中的单萜烯类物质。结果显示,方法的R2为0.996 7~0.999 3,检出限为0.580~1.073 mg/L,相对标准偏差为0.58%~3.18%,回收率为89.98%~107.34%。4种葡萄酒中的单萜烯类物质质量浓度都比发酵前的葡萄汁中高,尤以采用自选高产β-D-葡萄糖苷酶酿酒酵母KDLYS9-16发酵的昌黎产区赤霞珠干红葡萄酒中最高,达到2.855 mg/L,比葡萄汁中增加约3.1倍。赤霞珠葡萄及葡萄酒中单萜烯物质质量浓度比美乐葡萄高,沙城产区的2种葡萄汁中单萜烯类物质质量浓度比昌黎的高,选用不同菌种发酵的葡萄酒中单萜烯物质质量浓度和种类不同。综上,本研究建立方法简单、灵敏性高、重复性好,可用于葡萄及葡萄酒中单萜烯类物质的检测。     

Antioxidant capacity and stilbene contents of wines produced in the Snake River Valley of Idaho

Forty-two wines produced from grapes grown in Idaho were examined in this study. The samples examined were from four monovarietal wines (12 Cabernet Sauvignon, 9 Merlot, 7 Riesling, 14 Chardonnay). Wine samples represented twelve wineries that obtain their fruit from vineyards located within Idaho’s Snake River Valley. Titratable acidity, pH, specific gravity, colour measurements (lightness, chroma, and hue), % haze, total anthocyanins, total phenolics, total tannins, antioxidant capacity, and individual stilbene measurements were performed. The antioxidant capacities (ORAC values) of Idaho wines ranged from 3.1 (Merlot wine) to 87.0 (Cabernet Sauvignon wine) μmol of Trolox/ml (mean = 38.5 μmol of Trolox/ml). Mean ORAC values of Merlot wines (mean = 27.6 μmol of Trolox/ml) were lower than the other three styles (mean for Cabernet Sauvignon wines = 41.0 μmol of Trolox/ml, mean for Chardonnay wines = 42.8 μmol of Trolox/ml, and mean for Riesling wines = 39.4 μmol of Trolox/ml). Free stilbene levels (four different stilbenes) were examined by direct-HPLC/DAD/ESI-MS/MS method. Piceid and resveratrol (both trans- and cis-) were found in the samples. Stilbene levels ranged from 0.97 (Riesling wine) to 12.88 (Cabernet Sauvignon wine) mg (expressed as trans-resveratrol)/l. This is the first paper to report the current chemical composition of Idaho wines.     

Varietal and geographic classification of French red wines in terms of pigments and flavonoid compounds

Thirty-four French red wines originating from six different grape varieties and three different production areas were analysed in duplicate for 15 anthocyanins, ten flavonoids and three colour parameters, F-statistics, principal component analysis and stepwise discriminant analysis were used to identify and to explain differences among samples. Clear difference between wines made from different varieties were mainly related to anthocyanin 3-acylglucosides. Malvidin and peonidin 3-acetylglucosides were found in increasing concentrations in wines made respectively from Grenache, Carignan, Cinsault, Merlot, Carbernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc grapes; the concentrations of peonidin and malvidin 3-p-coumarylglucosides were higher in the Cinsault wines studied. Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot wines made near Bordeaux had a less intense colour and a higher malvidin 3-glucoside content than wines from the same varieties produced near Narbonne. Wines made from Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc grapes contained more catechin, epicatechin and myricetin when produced in the south than in the north (Narbonne, Bordeaux, Angers). Of the samples analysed, 96%, and all of the nine extra wines, were correctly classified according to the variety of the grapes using four anthocyanins and catechin selected by step wise discriminant analyses.     

Antioxidant phenolic compounds of pomegranate wines produced by different maceration methods

Various methods were evaluated in the production of ‘Hicaz’ pomegranate wine by microvinification. The chemical, phenolic and antioxidant characteristics of the wines were assessed by measurement of water‐soluble dry matter, acidity, density, alcohol content, volatile acidity, total monomeric anthocyanins, polarized colour intensity and individual phenolic compounds. Three different methods – classical maceration (N), seed‐supplemented maceration (S) and seed + enzyme supplemented maceration (E) – were applied. Total phenolic compounds of pomegranate must and wines (after 18 months of storage) were 1897 mg/L (must), 1663 mg/L (N), 1339 mg/L (E) and 1414 mg/L (S). Phenolic compounds in pomegranate must and wines included gallic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, p‐coumaric acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, epicatechin and catechin. Total antioxidant capacities (Trolox equivalents) of pomegranate must and wines (N, E and S) were 9.9 mm /L (must), 9.8 mm /L (N), 9.7 mm /L (E) and 9.5 mm /L (S). Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Wine composition plays an important role in the control of carcinogenic precursor formation by Lactobacillus hilgardii X1B

BACKGROUND: Lactobacillus hilgardii, a wine lactic acid bacterium, is able to use arginine, through the arginine deiminase pathway with the formation of citrulline, a precursor of the carcinogen ethyl carbamate. The influence of different Argentine wine varieties (Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon and Malbec), on bacterial growth and arginine metabolism was examined. Furthermore, the effect of different components normally present in wines on the enzyme activities of the arginine deiminase system was determined. RESULTS: Malbec wine under all conditions assayed (33, 50 and 100% supplemented wine:basal media) showed higher arginine consumption and citrulline production than the other wines, as well as the highest bacterial growth and survival of Lactobacillus hilgardii X₁B. Glucose and L ‐malic inhibited both arginine deiminase enzymes while fructose and citric acid only inhibited arginine deiminase. The red wines assayed in this study had different composition, and this is an explanation for the different behavior of the bacterium. CONCLUSION: The highest citrulline production in Malbec wine could be correlated with its lower concentrations of glucose, fructose, citric and phenolic acid than the other wines. Therefore, a wine with lower concentration of these sugars and acids could be dangerous due to the formation of ethyl carbamate precursors. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

葡萄酒优良红葡萄酒品种简介

介绍了赤霞珠、品丽珠、蛇龙珠、梅尔诺、黑比诺、色拉、佳美、增芳德、晚红蜜、宝石、法国蓝、桑娇维赛、歌海娜等二十二个红色酿酒品种的特性。     

Evolution of polyphenols in red wines from Vitis vinifera L. during aging in the bottle

The evolution of non-anthocyanin phenolic compounds (as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography) in young red wines from Vitis vinifera L. cv Tempranillo, Graciano and Cabernet Sauvignon (vintage 2000) from Navarra (Spain) was studied during 26 months of aging in the bottle. Hydroxybenzoic acids and derivatives (gallic, protocatechuic, vanillic and syringic acids, and methyl and ethyl gallates), hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives (trans-caftaric, cutaric, caffeic and p-coumaric acids, and hexose esters of trans-p-coumaric acid), stilbenes (trans- and cis-resveratrol-3-O-glucosides, and trans- and cis-resveratrol), phenolic alcohols and other related compounds (tyrosol and tryptophol), flavanols [procyanidins B1 and B2, (+)-catechin and (–)-epicatechin] and flavonols (myricetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside and quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, kaempherol-3-O-glucoside, myricetin and quercetin) presented different evolution patterns during aging, in some cases also being different depending on the grape variety studied. The changes that occurred during aging in the bottle were the decrease of the concentration of trans-caftaric and cutaric acids accompanied by an increase of trans-caffeic acid and, especially of trans-p-coumaric acid. The greater increase of trans-p-coumaric acid was also associated with the disappearance of p-coumaroyl-acylated anthocyanins that occurs during aging in the bottle. Flavanols registered a major decrease, with the disappearance rate being greater for the dimeric procyanidins than for the monomeric flavanols, and the order of the disappearance rate by variety was as follows: Tempranillo相似文献   

Antioxidant activities of organic grape, pomace, juice, must, wine and their correlation with phenolic content

The highest values of antioxidant activity (AOA), inhibition of low‐density lipoproteins (LDL‐diene, LDL‐MDA) and total phenols were determined in pomace (82.30 and 82.60%), grapes (68.91%) and must [2750 mg L^?1 gallic acid equivalents (GAE)], respectively. For all parameters (AOA, iLDL‐diene, iLDL‐MDA, total phenols) the highest values were obtained in Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot grape varieties. Positive correlations were determined between AOA and iLDL‐diene (r = 0.809); AOA and total phenols (r = 0.528); total phenols and iLDL‐diene (r = 0.451) with significance of P < 0.005. The results of principal component analysis demonstrated that the location of iLDL‐diene and AOA is the same for pomace, must and red wines. The total phenols are found in the same place in red wines, red grapes, pomace and must. The results emphasize the importance of must, pomace and red wine for inhibiting LDL‐oxidation.     

Effect of phenolic acids on glucose and organic acid metabolism by lactic acid bacteria from wine

The influence of phenolic (p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, gallic and protocatechuic) acids on glucose and organic acid metabolism by two strains of wine lactic acid bacteria (Oenococcus oeni VF and Lactobacillus hilgardii 5) was investigated. Cultures were grown in modified MRS medium supplemented with different phenolic acids. Cellular growth was monitored and metabolite concentrations were determined by HPLC-RI. Despite the strong inhibitory effect of most tested phenolic acids on the growth of O. oeni VF, the malolactic activity of this strain was not considerably affected by these compounds. While less affected in its growth, the capacity of L. hilgardii 5 to degrade malic acid was clearly diminished. Except for gallic acid, the addition of phenolic acids delayed the metabolism of glucose and citric acid in both strains tested. It was also found that the presence of hydroxycinnamic acids (p-coumaric, caffeic and ferulic) increased the yield of lactic and acetic acid production from glucose by O. oeni VF and not by L. hilgardii 5. The results show that important oenological characteristics of wine lactic acid bacteria, such as the malolactic activity and the production of volatile organic acids, may be differently affected by the presence of phenolic acids, depending on the bacterial species or strain.     

Antioxidant activity of South African red and white cultivar wines and selected phenolic compounds: In vitro inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation

In vitro inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation (MLP) by the major South African red (Cabernet Sauvignon, Ruby Cabernet, Pinotage, Shiraz, Merlot) and white (Sauvignon blanc, Chenin blanc, Chardonnay, Colombard) commercial cultivar wines is presented for the first time. Of the red wines, Merlot was the most effective MLP inhibitor, with Ruby Cabernet and Pinotage being the least effective. Of the white wines, Chenin blanc and Chardonnay were the least and most effective MLP inhibitor, respectively. The mean antioxidant potencies (AP) of the red and white wine total phenols were 14.25 and 4.19, respectively. Ascorbic acid, present in some white wines, counteracted their ability to inhibit MLP. Inhibition of MLP significantly (P<0.001) correlated with the total phenol content of red (r=0.90) and white (r=0.73) wines, as well as the flavanol content (r=0.88) of red wines and the flavanol (r=0.79) and tartaric acid ester (r=0.73) contents of white wines. The MLP inhibitory activities of selected flavonoids were in the order: Quercetin > procyanidin B3 > malvidin > cyanidin ≈ (−)-epicatechin > (+)-catechin ≈ delphinidin.     

An Alternative Method for the Determination of Some of the Antioxidant Phenolics in Varietal Turkish Red Wines

The concentration of eight biologically important phenolic compounds (β‐coumaric acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, trans‐resveratrol, quercetin, (+)‐ catechin and (?)‐ epicatechin) of red wines produced on a pilot plant scale were determined using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection in the selective ion monitoring mode (GC/MS‐SIM). The procedure involved an easy fractionation and liquid‐liquid extraction method. For derivatization, BSA [N,O‐bis‐trimethylsilyl aceta‐mide] / TMCS was used. The results showed that the p‐coumaric acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, trans‐resveratrol, quercetin, (+)‐ catechin and (?)‐epicatechin levels in the wine samples ranged between 2.05 and 4.21 mg/L; 21.78 and 60.83 mg/L; 0.33 and 0.82 mg/L; 1.50 and 4.06 mg/L; 0.96 and 3.93 mg/L; 2.66 and 3.14 mg/L; 8.72 and 11.30 mg/L; 5.50 and 9.58 mg/L, respectively. Although the quercetin and trans‐resveratrol levels of Turkish red wines were similar to previously reported values, (+)‐ catechin and (?)‐ epicatechin levels were lower than the values of red wines originating from other countries.     

Evaluation of methods for DNA extraction from must and wine

The quality of wine depends on many factors. One of the most important is the selection of appropriate and defined grape varieties. The analysis of phenolic compounds, amino acids, trace elements and isotopes of wines, used for the identification of grapes varieties, is not sufficient and requires a lengthy analysis period. The development of molecular techniques such as restriction fragment length polymorphism, random amplified polymorphic DNA and microsatellites provides opportunities for the differentiation of grape varieties. In this regard, the use of DNA extracted from must and wine appears to be a good marker for the identification of grape varieties used in wine production. In this study, DNA was extracted from grape, leaf, must and wine samples of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Sauvignon Blanc origin and examined using different extraction methods. Of the DNA extraction methods tested, the method using absorption at 260/280 nm (with values of 0.19 and 1.92) was considered the method of choice. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling