Tribological behavior of pongamia oil-based biodiesel blended lubricant at different loads

Around the globe there is a demand for the development of bio-based lubricants that are biodegradable, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly. This paper outlines the friction and wear characteristics of pongamia biodiesel contaminated bio-lubricant using a pin-on-disc tribometer. To formulate the bio-lubricants, pongamia oil-based biodiesel was blended in ratios of 5, 10, and 20% by volume with the base lubricant SAE 20W40. The tribological characteristics of these blends were carried out at 2.5 m/s sliding velocity and the loads applied were 50, 100, and 150 N. Experimental results showed that the lubrication regime present during the test was boundary lubrication, while the main wear mechanism was adhesive wear. During testing, the least wear was found with the addition of 5 and 10% pongamia oil-based biodiesel, and above this level of contamination the wear rate increased considerably. The addition of 5 and 10% pongamia oil-based biodiesel with the base lubricant represents a very good lubricant additive which reduced the friction and wear rate during the test. It has been concluded that both PBO 5 and PBO 10 can act as an alternative lubricant to increase mechanical efficiency at 2.5 m/s sliding velocity and contribute to the reduction of dependence on petroleum-based products.     

Friction and wear characteristics of jatropha oil-based biodiesel blended lubricant at different loads

Around the globe there is demand for the development of bio-based lubricants, which will be biodegradable, nontoxic, and environmental friendly. This paper outlines the friction and wear characteristics of jatropha biodiesel-contaminated bio-lubricant using a pin-on-disc tribometer. To formulate the bio-lubricants, jatropha oil-based biodiesels were blended at the ratios 4, 12, and 20% by volume with the base lubricant SAE 20 W 40. Tribological characteristics of these blends were carried out at 3.8 m/s sliding velocity and loads applied were 50, 100, and 160 N. Experimental results showed that the lubrication regime that occurred during the test was boundary lubrication while the main wear mechanism was adhesive wear. During testing, the lowest wear was found with the addition of 4 and 12% jatropha oil-based biodiesel, and above this contamination, the wear rate was increased considerably. The addition of 4 and 12% jatropha oil-based biodiesel with the base lubricant acted as a very good lubricant additive, which reduced the friction and wear rate diameter during the test. It has been concluded that JBO 4 and JBO 12 can act as an alternative lubricant to increase the mechanical efficiency at 3.8 m/s sliding velocity and contribute to reducing the dependence on petroleum-based products.     

Effect of sliding speed and temperature on the tribological behavior of pongamia oil-based blended lubricant

The increase in industrialization has created the demand for petroleum-based lubricants throughout the world. The decrease in availability of mineral oils and their hazards related to the environment created the need to search for the alternate bio-based oils. In this work, the pongamia seed oil is blended with mineral oil (SAE20W40) at 5%, 10%, and 15% ratio for its tribological investigation at different speed and temperature. In terms of coefficient of friction and wear rate, 5% and 10% pongamia oil blends show better results at all sliding speed and temperatures. Fifteen percent of pongamia blend shows the maximum friction and wear among all the blends. Maximum friction coefficient and wear occur at 300 rpm and minimum at 1,500 rpm sliding speed. Minimum drop in the total acid number was also found in the 5% and 10% blends in comparison to 15% blend and conventional mineral. Overall, PB5 and PB10 are suitable lubricants for tribological applications.     

Comparative tribological investigation on EN31 with pongamia and jatropha as lubricant additives

The friction and wear experiments on EN31 are carried out with blends of pongamia (Pongamia pinnata) and jatropha (Jatropha curcas) with mineral oil and also conventional petroleum oil using a pin-on-disc tribometer at various loads and sliding distances. A significant drop is observed with 15% addition of pongamia and jatropha in comparison to mineral oil, for the complete tested sliding distances and loads, leading to the potential use of vegetable oil in tribological applications. To understand the lubrication regimes, a Stribeck curve is also drawn. Both pongamia and jatropha having 15% addition showed a reduction in the boundary lubrication regimes, contributing to a former start of full film lubrication.     

顶置凸轮-圆弧底摇臂混合润滑特性与磨损分析

通过对一种常用顶置凸轮摇臂机构运动学和动力学的分析,运用弹性流体动力润滑理论计算出该机构凸轮表面最小油膜厚度的分布状况,分析了凸轮－摇臂摩擦副的润滑特性。结合摩擦学理论给出了该机构凸轮表面磨损速率公式,计算结果与磨损试验数据进行比较,取得了较好的一致性。分析表明：处于混合润滑状态的顶置凸轮磨损速率主要与发动机缸头热负荷、凸轮表面工作应力、摩擦表面滑移量有关。工程设计中,提高摩擦表面粗糙度是改善磨损状况最简便的途径之一。     

气缸套—活塞环摩擦副材料匹配的研究

作者对国产中小型柴油机缸套一活塞环摩擦副常用的典型材料,进行交替配对组成九种摩擦副,在一定的速度及滴油润滑条件下,以法向载荷及摩擦时间为参变量,考察它们的摩擦磨损性能。试验结果表明,合适的材料组配可以大大提高摩擦副的耐磨性能;摩擦系数随载荷而变化;在一定的载荷作用下,由于材料的塑性变形及石墨的润滑作用可使摩擦系数降低;摩擦系数与磨损量之间不能建立对应的函数关系;在合适的金相组织范围内较硬材质有较高耐磨性;活塞环材质硬度比缸套材质硬度较高时(本试验为40HB)摩擦副的磨损量最小;摩损系数也随载荷而变化。     

Development of engine oil using palm oil as a base stock for four-stroke engines

The use of palm oil as a base stock for an environmentally friendly lubricant for small four-stroke motorcycle engines is investigated. Palm oil was blended with mineral oil at different compositions to the viscosity requirement of commercial lubricant. A liquid additive package was added to improve the viscosity of the lubricant. A blend that meets the viscosity requirement was then chosen for physical and chemical property characterization and subjected to an engine test. The blend consists of 50.6% (wt.) palm oil, 41.6% mineral oil, and 7.8% additive package. The properties evaluated include viscosity, viscosity index, flash point, foaming characteristics, and wear scar. The engine performance and emission tests were carried out with a 125-cc motorcycle on a chassis dynamometer using a Bangkok Driving Cycle. Compared to a mineral-based commercial oil, the palm oil-based lubricant exhibits superior tribological properties, but offers no clear advantage on engine and emission performance.     

内燃机状态监测油料分析技术及其应用

机械设备状态监测的主要对象是机器中的主要摩擦副及其磨损过程。实践表明，油料分析技术是准科学的经济效益特别显著的磨损监测技术。建立油品理化分析、油料充谱分析、油料所含磨粒的铁谱分析以及润滑系统污染度检测的综合系统分析方法是最可取的方法。     

基于嵌入式实时操作系统的发动机电控润滑油系统

减少非正常润滑油消耗对于节能和降低发动机排放具有重要的意义,改进润滑系统是降低润滑油消耗量的关键环节。本文基于可控润滑油系统的设计概念,利用网络分析法得到的润滑系统特性,构建了电控润滑油系统的硬件电路,设计了基于嵌入式实时操作系统的软件。利用单片机实现对测量数据的处理、工作状态的自动识别、温度偏差的动态补偿和人工修正,使润滑油流量可以根据不同的要求灵活地控制。     

Physicochemical and tribological properties of microalgae oil as biolubricant for hydrogen-powered engine

Hydrogen fuel offers a cleaner fuel alternative to fossil fuel due to more efficient burning as well as reduces the environmental and health issues brought by fossil fuel usage. In engine application, regardless of either pure hydrogen or in combination with air or/and other biofuel, all the moving parts are exposed to friction and wear, and lubricant is used to minimize friction and wear for optimum operation. Thus, in this study, the use of microalgae oil as an alternative biolubricant is evaluated from the physicochemical and tribological aspects. It is found that modified microalgae oil (MMO) has demonstrated great anti-friction and anti-wear potential, particularly the 10% modified microalgae oil blend (MMO-10). The coefficient of friction is reduced (up to 10.1%) and significant reductions of wear loss and surface roughness are obtained in comparison to pure poly-alpha-olefin. Lubricant's heat dissipation is also enhanced with MMO addition, demonstrating great prospect for MMO for hydrogen-powered engine utilization.     

集油轨道对偏心凸轮限量供油润滑性能的影响

针对偏心凸轮蓝宝石盘弹流接触,对盘面进行表面能梯度修饰,形成增强的集油轨道。利用光干涉润滑油膜测量系统,获得限量供油条件下偏心凸轮盘接触区润滑油膜厚度和油池分布,分析了集油轨道对接触区润滑性能的影响。结果表明:盘面表面能梯度诱发的张力驱动增强了润滑油的回填,提高了接触区中心膜厚;在低转速和低负荷时,集油轨道的调控效果使入口区润滑油池扩张1.6～4.7倍;高黏度润滑油会降低集油轨道润滑油回填效果;集油轨道对不同油品的润滑状态皆有改善效果;供油量不同,可形成集油轨道效果的差异。     

柴油机配气滚轮浮环轴承润滑特性优化研究

为研究配气机构滚轮浮环衬套动态载荷、运动与润滑特性的内在联系,以某高指标船用柴油机配气机构排气滚轮浮环轴承为对象,考虑动态载荷、弹性变形,建立了润滑仿真模型。研究了浮环衬套供油、间隙匹配、浮环衬套厚度等关键结构参数对滚轮浮环轴承动态润滑特性的影响规律。结果表明：浮环衬套周向油槽能增加供油流量,但对内圈油膜厚度、油膜压力不利;浮环衬套间隙匹配对内外圈油膜影响规律不同,但优化匹配方案能有效改善油膜厚度、油膜压力、平均热载等润滑特性;适当减薄浮环衬套厚度,也对润滑特性有益。     

Tribological properties of onion like fullerenes and NiFe2O4 nanocomposites in reciprocating motion

A novel way for a compressor to improve its coefficient of performance and enhance its reliability by employing nano-refrigeration lubricant oil was proposed. Onion like fullerenes (OLFs) and NiFe₂O₄ nano-composites, modified by Span 80, were dispersed in refrigeration oil KFR22 by solid grinding (SG). Morphologies of NiFe₂O₄ nano-composites were characterized by using transmission electron microscope (TEM). The tribological properties as a refrigeration lubricants additive were investigated using SRV (II), a multi-functional reciprocating friction and wear tester. The results showed that the friction coefficient was decreased from 0.15 to 0.04.     

内燃机活塞环组的混合润滑模型及其应用

本文给出了描述内燃机活塞环组混合润滑状态及摩擦特性的通用数学模型,并将其计算结果和其它三种润滑模型的结果进行了比较。在混合润滑模型中,由于同时考虑了油膜和表面粗糙凸峰相接触所承担的外载及其与摩擦功的关系,因此可以方便地用于讨论燃烧室采用隔热技术后油膜温度升高对环组摩擦功的影响。此外,文中还对表面粗糙度等的影响作了概要的讨论。     

连杆小头衬套材料工艺及试验评价的研究进展

针对连杆小头摆动摩擦副载荷过大、润滑不良、温升过高而导致的衬套早期失效问题,归纳了近年来衬套常用衬层金属材料铅青铜、锡青铜、铝青铜和共晶硅铝合金的性能特点,分析了电镀涂层、热喷涂和气相沉积镀膜等常用的衬套表面处理技术的原理及其应用前景,介绍了磨损试验、疲劳试验和抗咬合试验等衬套失效试验评价方法的研究进展。从材料、工艺及试验评价的角度为连杆小头摆动摩擦副失效问题的改善提供参考。     

基于声发射和小波分析的活塞环-缸套系统的摩擦润滑状态研究

利用声发射(AE)技术对摩擦润滑状态进行在线监测。采用小波多分辨率分析技术抑制由阀门开关和燃烧震荡引起的大幅值声发射AE信号,并采用阈值降噪的方法提取出由粘滞摩擦力引起的声发射信号。然后运用小波包络分析计算冲程中部的声发射信号幅值的平均值作为评价活塞环-缸套系统润滑状态的指标。试验结果显示:冲程中部的声发射信号能够有效地表征活塞环-缸套的摩擦润滑状态,并能够通过声发射指示标准区分不同类型的油品对系统润滑状态的影响。其中,声发射信号的幅值随着载荷的增大而小幅增大,且随着转速的增大而明显增大。研究结果充分证明了声发射监测技术在活塞环-缸套摩擦润滑状态在线监测的有效性。     

Production of waste tyre oil and experimental investigation on combustion,engine performance and exhaust emissions

In this study, waste tyre was pyrolyzed at different conditions such as temperature, heating rate and inert purging gas (N₂) flow rate. Pyrolysis parameters were optimized. Optimum parameters were determined. The main objective of this study was to investigate combustion, performance and emissions of diesel and waste tyre oil fuel blend. Experimental investigation was performed in a single cylinder, direct injection, air cooled diesel engine at maximum engine torque speed of 2200 rpm and four different engine load including 3.75, 7.5, 11.25 and 15 Nm. The effects of waste tyre oil on combustion characteristics such as cylinder pressure, heat release rate, ignition delay (ID), combustion duration, engine performance were investigated. In-cylinder pressure and heat release rate increased with waste tyre oil fuel blend (W10) with the increase of engine load. In addition, ID was shortened with the increase of engine load for test fuels but it increased with the addition of waste tyre oil. Lower imep values were obtained because of the lower calorific value of waste tyre oil fuels. Maximum thermal efficiencies were determined as 28.27% and %25.12 with diesel and W10 respectively at 11.25 Nm engine load. When test results were examined, it was seen that waste tyre oil highly affected combustion characteristics, performance and emissions.     

机油品质异常监测

对某重型柴油机机油在使用过程中异常进入柴油、冷却液、被氧化和被污染的情况进行模拟实验。分别取不同体积百分比的柴油、冷却液、乙酸均匀混入纯净的机油中,使用油品传感器对混合后的机油测量其粘度、密度、介电常数和温度。测试结果表明：柴油稀释机油使得机油的粘度、闪电降低;冷却液稀释机油使得机油的介电常数、粘度增大,密度基本不变;机油被氧化使得机油的粘度增大,介电常数减小,密度基本不变。通过机油品质可监测柴油机润滑系统的技术状况,为实车机油的在线监测提供参考和按质换油提供手段。     

激光微珩磨缸套润滑耐磨性能理论分析

基于摩擦学理论和缸套／活塞环的润滑磨损特征，采用激光微造型技术，在缸套内表面进行规则微观几何形貌的造型。通过分析缸套／活塞环摩擦副的物理模型，建立了具有规则微观几何形貌特征的缸套内表面润滑理论模型，用变异的多重网格法进行了数值求解，并对微观几何形貌参数进行了初步的优化设计。研究结果表明，即使在两个平面摩擦副上进行简单的激光微凹腔造型，也能维持良好的动压润滑效果。同时得出，微凹腔的面积占有率为15％、深径比为0．5时，润滑油膜厚度增加了10％-15％，平均摩擦力减小了20％，润滑减磨效果较好。     

计入齿面摩擦的封闭行星轮系均载特性研究

封闭行星轮系结构复杂,载荷的均匀分配对于提高系统的传动质量及使用寿命具有重要意义,齿面摩擦对封闭行星轮系均载特性有重要的影响。以人字齿封闭行星轮系为研究对象,以基于弹流润滑理论的摩擦系数模型为基础,考虑人字齿轮两端斜齿轮扭转振动的相互影响,建立了考虑齿面摩擦的人字齿纯扭转动力学模型。分析考虑齿面摩擦(EHL)和不考虑齿面摩擦情况下封闭行星轮系振动位移响应及输入转速、输入功率和摩擦系数变化对均载特性的影响。结果表明:系统均载系数随着输入转速的增加而增加,随着输入功率的增加而减小,随着摩擦系数的增加有微幅的增加。