生物柴油新反应器及其应用

生物柴油是石化柴油的重要补充.用传统的搅拌釜和管式反应器制备生物柴油,存在反应速率慢、转化率低的问题.从提高反应速率和转化率两方面综述了生物柴油新反应器的研究进展.提高反应速率的反应器包括:微波反应器、空化反应器、旋转床反应器、振荡流反应器、高剪切反应器、静态反应器、微反应器和液液膜反应器.提高转化率的反应器包括:反应/分离器、反应蒸馏反应器和膜反应器.比较了它们的优势和缺陷.提出联合使用几种技术,将强化传质与分离技术进行有效整合,使反应器小型化并缩短工艺流程,以建立适应未来的生产效率高的便携式生物柴油厂.     

利用过程强化技术及其装置生产生物柴油

介绍一种生产生物柴油的强化技术与装置,该技术与装置主要用于提高生物柴油的生产效率。技术方案是:在反应器上设置与之相配合的振荡装置,通过振荡装置使反应器内的流体产生扰动,充分混合,以强化反应过程。强化装置调节弹性大,适应范围宽,调节活塞驱动机构的运动速度、几何形状与尺寸、空间位置或更换挡板形式,就能满足各种反应过程条件。可将间歇过程转化为连续过程。     

生物柴油制备过程中反应器的研究进展

叙述了管式和滴流床等传统反应器和膜反应器、微通道反应器、反应蒸馏反应器等新型反应器在生物柴油制备的应用和发展,并对反应器的应用前景做了评述和展望。认为改进的传统反应器和新型反应器在生物柴油生产中都有一定的发展前景。新型反应器仍需要解决一些基本的过程问题,如微通道反应器的平行放大控制、腐蚀,膜反应器的选择性．反应蒸馏反应器的模型放大优化问题。     

HPLC-ELSD方法研究不同反应器和不同催化剂制备生物柴油

针对碱催化剂催化合成生物柴油反应,考察高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测器（HPLC-ELSD）方法作为该反应检测手段的可行性,在此基础上研究了不同反应器和不同催化剂对制备生物柴油效果的影响。结果表明,采用HPLC-ELSD方法可对生物柴油反应进行有效和简捷的定性及定量分析,为生物柴油生产过程的检测起到积极作用。     

棉籽油制备生物柴油的研究进展

生物柴油属可再生能源,是一种清洁环保的新型燃料,降低传质阻力、提高生物柴油产率及质量是现今的研究热点。介绍了生物柴油制备用原料油、常用制备方法、强化技术及制备工艺条件。回顾了制备生物柴油常用的原料油,突出了在我国棉籽油制备生物柴油的可行性。综述了现有棉籽油生物柴油的制备方法及强化技术,化学酯交换法是常用的工业棉籽油生物柴油的制备方法,微波及超声强化技术得到应用,并分析提出后续研究方向,水力空化技术及新型反应器的开发为可持续进行生物柴油工业化发展开辟了新的道路。分析了生物柴油制备工艺条件对制备过程的影响,催化剂是有效提高生物柴油产率及质量的重要工艺参数,开发新型负载型固体催化剂及功能化离子液体可为棉籽油生物柴油的发展提供新的思路。     

非均相法催化制备生物柴油的最新研究进展

非均相连续化工艺是生物柴油规模化工业生产的发展方向。多相催化剂的研制和新型工艺过程的开发一直是生物柴油领域的研究热点,也是实现生物柴油绿色、经济、高效生产的关键。分析了酯交换反应可能的反应机理,综述了国内外生物柴油非均相酸碱催化剂的最新研究进展,评述了多种固体酸碱催化剂在生物柴油的制备中优异的催化性能和存在的问题,介绍了多种新型多相生物柴油反应器及反应分离耦合工艺在生物柴油连续化制备中的应用,最后展望了生物柴油未来的发展前景,指出新型固体酸碱双功能催化剂与先进多相连续反应分离耦合工艺的开发将推动生物柴油领域不断发展。     

振荡流反应器的研究进展

振荡流反应器(OFR)是一种新型的过程强化设备,由于其具有周期性的振荡条件和紧缩的几何结构,在反应器内部会产生周期性的运动漩涡,这些漩涡有利于增强轴向和径向混合、增强流体间传热和传质等。本文介绍了振荡流反应器结构的优化及放大规律方面的研究进展,综述了振荡流反应器在强化传质和传热、功率耗散及化工应用方面的研究,并对该反应器的应用研究进行了展望。     

]PLC—ELSD方法研究不同反应器和不同催化剂制备生物柴油

针对碱催化剂催化合成生物柴油反应,考察高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测器（HPLC—ELSD）方法作为该反应检测手段的可行性,在此基础上研究了不同反应器和不同催化剂对制备生物柴油效果的影响。结果表明,采用HPLC—ELSD方法可对生物柴油反应进行有效和简捷的定性及定量分析,为生物柴油生产过程的检测起到积极作用。     

连续化生产生物柴油的反应器与工艺的研究进展

生物柴油因其具有优良的环境友好性和可再生性日益受到关注。传统的间歇反应器制备生物柴油存在生产效率低、产品质量不稳定等弊端,连续化生产节能减耗、降低成本、产生规模效益成为生物柴油工业化生产的趋势。本文简介了国内外生物柴油的发展,综述了连续搅拌釜式反应器、活塞流反应器、固定床反应器等主要连续化生产生物柴油反应器与工艺,并进行了对比。     

振荡流发生装置应用研究进展

振荡流反应器是一种新型的化工设备。由于其独特的流动特点,能够强化许多化工过程,在化工生产中具有广泛的应用前景。文章介绍了振荡流反应器在设备结构、流场特点及停留时间特性等方面的基础研究以及它在发酵、生物反应器、絮凝、颗粒悬浮领域的应用状况。     

Continuous screening of base-catalysed biodiesel production using New designs of mesoscale oscillatory baffled reactors

Base-catalysed biodiesel production was continuously screened using new designs of mesoscale oscillatory baffled reactors. Experiments were carried out at very low flow rates, less than 2 ml/min, which would be in the laminar flow regime in non oscillatory, steady state. Initially central disc baffles and helically wound wires were used, but provided insufficient mixing at this scale as demonstrated by glycerol settling. A new design of sharp-edged, helically baffled reactor was developed specifically for this application, which exhibited homogeneous mixing in the two-phase liquid reaction even at these low flow rates and low oscillatory Reynolds numbers. Methyl ester (biodiesel) was produced at a consistent quality and there were clear responses to variations in input conditions. A clear step-change between various steady state molar ratios of methanol to oil and dynamic screening was observed in these mesoscale oscillatory baffled reactors. Rapid screening technique such as this has the potential to significantly reduce process development, operating costs and environmental impact.     

气升式反应器二步法生产生物柴油实验研究

以酸化油为原料,利用气升式反应器二步法生产生物柴油.通过实验优化出预酯化反应和酯交换反应的最佳工艺条件和气升式反应装置的最佳工艺参数.气升式反应器的最佳工艺操作参数为:预酯化反应,反应温度115℃,反应时间2 h,催化剂质量分数1%,甲醇通入速度6.5 L/h;酯交换反应,反应温度70℃,反应时间1 h,催化剂质量分数...     

Versuchsplanerische Untersuchung der Umesterung von Sojaöl mit Ethanol im Mikroreaktor

Base‐catalyzed transesterification of fats and oils with primary alcohols in discontinuous operation is an established batch process for the biodiesel production. However, the application of microreaction technology and continuous flow process lead to an increase of process intensification. The ethanol/soy bean oil ratio at low flow rates as well as the reactor geometry have the most evident effects on the fatty acid ethyl ester yield of KOH‐catalyzed ethanolysis of soy bean oil in microreactors. The influence of the catalyst concentration is of a lower importance.     

Development and validation of a two phase CFD model for tubular biodiesel reactors

The use of biodiesel as an alternative to diesel has gained increasing momentum over the past 15 years. To meet this growing demand there is a need to optimise the transesterification reactor at the heart of the biodiesel production system. Assessing the performance of innovative reactors is difficult due to the liquid–liquid reaction mixture that is affected by mass transfer, reaction kinetics and component solubility. This paper presents a Computational Fluid Dynamic model of a tubular reactor developed in ANSYS CFX that can be used to predict the onset of mixing via turbulent flow. In developing the model an analysis of the reaction mixture is provided before the presentation of experimental data, which includes flow visualisation results and temperature dependant viscosity and density data for each phase. The detailed data and model development procedure represents an advancement in the modelling of the two phase transesterification reaction used in biodiesel production.     

液固循环流化床的开发与应用——过程集成与强化

液固循环流化床（LSCFB）是近三十年来发展起来的一种新型流化床反应器,具有传质传热效率高、操作强度大、占地面积小、可同时进行两种反应等优点,在传统化工过程集成和强化中具有广阔的应用前景。本文主要结合液固循环流化床的特点,介绍了液固循环流化床的发展历程、装置结构及基本特性,并结合几个应用实例重点阐述液固循环流化床如何在蛋白质的提取、乳酸发酵与分离、含酚废水中去除苯酚、污水生物处理等方面实现过程集成与强化。最后对液固循环流化床未来的发展进行了展望,提出了在未来的工业生产过程中,可根据工艺的需要并结合反应器的特点,将反应器进行有效地组合改进,从而实现多个反应过程的集成与强化,为今后生产模式的改变提供了新的思路。     

生物柴油连续化生产设备及工艺进展

“碳中和”目标提出后，各行各业都在寻求减少碳排放的方法，生物质能源的使用是实现碳中和目标的重要手段之一。生物柴油以其优良的燃烧性能及环保性能成为一种较为理想的生物质燃料，其生产工艺是近年研究热点。连续化生产工艺对生物柴油的规模化制备与推广有着重要意义。目前连续化制备生物柴油的反应装置主要有微反应器、固定床反应器、管式反应器、膜反应器。本文综述了近年来国内外采用连续化工艺制备生物柴油的研究进展。这些研究表明，通过优化反应器结构、使用助溶剂、提高催化剂活性等均可提高生物柴油的收率。最后本文还分析了各反应器存在的不足，并提出了相应的建议，对生物柴油连续化生产进行了展望，以期为低成本、低能耗的生物柴油生产提供参考。     

用于分布式制氢的甲烷蒸汽重整膜反应器的数值模拟

采用反应-分离集成的膜反应器进行分布式制氢,对简化工艺、降低能耗、提升技术经济性至关重要。本文采用数学模型对甲烷蒸汽重整制氢过程膜反应器进行模拟,系统分析了渗透侧操作策略、反应压力、反应温度、钯基膜性能、催化剂性能对反应器行为的影响;并以1m³/h甲烷最大程度转化为目标进行分布式制氢案例分析,详细比较膜反应器技术与“常规反应器+膜分离”工艺技术。结果表明,膜反应器在反应压力30atm（1atm=101325Pa）、反应温度500℃下操作可实现紧凑设计,比“常规反应器+膜分离”工艺技术具有明显优势,但是亟需研发更佳活性（10倍）的钯基膜和催化剂以实现显著的过程强化。模拟结果可为不同规模分布式制氢膜反应器的操作与设计及进一步的性能强化提供指导。     

Continuous transesterification of biodiesel in a helicoidal reactor using recycled oil

The main problem with biodiesel is the high cost of oils made from oleaginous crops. For this reason, various raw materials have been analysed with a view to reducing production costs and obtaining a product that can compete with the price of petrodiesel. Recycled oil is one of the most promising alternatives in the production of biodiesel because not only is the cheapest raw material but it also avoids the expense of treating the oil as a residue.Another way to reduce costs is to make the process more economical. Conventional technology uses sodium hydroxide as the basic catalyst and large-scale batch reactors, whose mechanical agitation requires high energy consumption due to residence times of at least 60 min and temperatures of 60 °C.In this paper we use a recycled pretreated oil to compare conventional transesterification with continuous transesterification in a tubular reactor. In this reactor the reactants (oil, methanol and sodium hydroxide) flow through a helicoidal tube submerged in a heating bath at 60 °C. The reactor has five outlets distributed non-uniformly to enable samples to be taken at different reaction times. This is to reduce the reaction time and avoid the need for mechanical agitation. With the aim of improving the quality of the biodiesel obtained, we varied the helicoidal system by incorporating a static micromixer and supplying energy in the form of ultrasound from the heating bath. This reactor produced biodiesel and glycerine at compositions roughly equal to those obtained in the batch process (89% FAME content at 75 min) but did so continuously (2.5 mL/min) and just 13 min after the reactants were integrated in a single line using a T device. Both the oil and the biodiesel were characterized and analysed in accordance with European standard UNE EN14214 for biodiesel.     

Improvement of biodiesel production through microstructural engineering of a heterogeneous catalyst

Biodiesel can be produced from ecological friendly processes using edible or waste vegetable oil. Actual production processes can be improved by using heterogeneous catalysts for transesterification reaction activation at low temperature. Few structured or particulated solids with high catalytic activity for biodiesel production reaction have been studied in bibliography. In this work, a microstructured catalyst based on catalytically active pumice material has been developed. Catalytic particles have been made with the shape of an organic template used as former. A novel methodology was used to control the fabrication of pumice-based heterogeneous catalysts as an effective way to improve their efficiency in the production of biodiesel in a continuous packed-bed industrial reactor. The catalytic packed bed reactor configuration studied shows high yields in biodiesel production, obtaining advantages from the microstructural engineering of the catalytic material.