甜蛋白monellin基因在酿酒酵母中的分泌表达

人工合成的单链甜蛋白monellin基因与经改造后的基因分别克隆到带有酵母半乳糖可诱导启动子GAL1的穿梭表达质粒pYES2.0中,得到表达载体pYESM及pYESMT。在表达载体pYESMT中,monellin基因的上游连接酿酒酵母的α-信号肽序列,得到分泌表达载体pYESMTA。分别将3个重组质粒转化酿酒酵母菌株INVsc1中进行表达。具有突变monellin基因的菌株INVMT/pYESMT的monellin蛋白表达量明显高于含monellin基因的菌株。而含有pYESMTA的菌株可将monellin基因分泌到胞外,表明α-信号肽序列能很好地将酿酒酵母中的重组monellin蛋白引导到胞外,完成分泌表达,且表达产物具有生物活性。     

Monellin-EGFP 融合蛋白在毕赤酵母中的表达

根据已报道的Monellin甜蛋白氨基酸序列,结合毕赤酵母与桑树密码子的偏好性,人工设计合成单链monellin基因,并与增强型绿色荧光蛋白EGFP基因连接,构建融合表达载体。采用电击转化法成功将表达载体导入毕赤酵母GS115中,并获得高效表达的重组子pPIC9K-M-E。经PCR检测,SDS-PAGE和Western Blot杂交证实已表达出融合蛋白,该蛋白经纯化与盲测实验,结果显示其甜度约为标准蔗糖的500倍。     

人α-防御素5前体蛋白在毕赤酵母中分泌表达的研究

为了探索人α-防御素5(HD5)前体蛋白基因在酵母中高效分泌表达的可行性,将其对应基因克隆到载体pPIC9K,得到重组载体pPIC9K-preproHD5,经SacI线性化后,转入Pichiapastoris GS115,得到重组毕赤酵母菌GS115/pPIC9K-preproHD5。应用PCR技术筛选高拷贝转化株,用BMGY培养GS115/pPIC9K-HD5至OD600为2～6时,用BMMY诱导培养120h,离心取上清液,用Tricien-SDS-PAGE和蛋白定量试剂盒分析人α-防御素5前体蛋白的表达量。琼脂扩散法检测人α-防御素5前体蛋白的抑菌活性,发现其对金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC6538)和大肠杆菌(ATCC10231)2种标准菌株具明显的抑菌活性。人α-防御素5前体基因可在毕赤酵母实现分泌型表达,该策略可能成为防御素工业化开发的有效途径。     

甜蛋白Monellin在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

本研究采用毕赤酵母偏爱密码子,人工合成了高甜度Monellin基因,并构建了重组分泌型酵母表达载体pPIC9M,通过电击转化获得了可高效分泌表达有甜味活性高甜度Monellin的重组毕赤酵母GS115/pPIC9M.通过PCR检测证实Monellin基因已经整合进酵母基因组,SDS-PAGE和Western blot免疫杂交知所表达的蛋白是目的蛋白,最后通过双盲测定证实表达的蛋白存在正常活性.     

菊糖果糖转移酶基因在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

将PCR获得的不包含信号肽序列的菊糖果糖转移酶基因(ift)与毕赤酵母分泌表达载体pPIC9K进行连接,构建重组载体pPIC9 K-IFTase.重组载体经线性化后电转入毕赤酵母GS115感受态细胞,利用G418抗性梯度筛选及PCR鉴定,获得一株高拷贝菊糖果糖转移酶重组毕赤酵母菌株.该重组菌株经甲醇诱导,能够分泌具有活性的菊糖果糖转移酶,且60h时酶活为10.3U/mL.结果表明,菊糖果糖转移酶可以实现在毕赤酵母的分泌表达.     

表达豌豆防御素基因的重组酵母对采后柑橘酸腐病的生物防治

抗菌肤(Antimicrobial peptides,APMs)是一类对细菌、真菌等微生物及某些昆虫和动植物细胞具有抑制作用的小分子多肽.将碗豆防御素基因Psd1插入甲醇酵母Pichia pastoris的分泌表达质粒pPIC9K中,并将含有目的基因的重组质粒电转化P.pastoris GS115 (his4),得到重组酵母GS 115/PSD菌株.试验结果表明,重组酵母菌株经扩大培养,诱导表达的菌体被破碎后,酵母悬浮液含量达到5×108细胞/mL时,可以很好地抑制采后柑橘的酸腐病.     

cp4-epsps基因在毕赤酵母中的表达及鉴定

为建立一种新的外源蛋白安全评估方法,构建转外源基因酵母是关键步骤。本研究以来源于转基因作物的抗除草剂合成酶蛋白CP4-EPSPS为研究模板,首先通过基因优化和化学合成获得cp4-epsps基因,优化后基因密码子适用性指数(CAI)为0.85,GC含量为52%。目的基因克隆至毕赤酵母表达载体p PICZb,经鉴定筛选正确的重组载体p PICZb-EPSPS电击转化至毕赤酵母GS115,cp4-epsps基因通过同源重组方式整合至酵母基因组,PCR扩增酵母基因组筛选得到在正确位点发生同源重组的4株阳性菌株。随后,各阳性菌株分别于28℃、250~300 r/min培养,0.5%甲醇诱导4 d后,提取各组菌株总蛋白,采用SDS-PAGE和western blotting鉴定CP4-EPSPS表达的正确性。CP4-EPSPS单克隆抗体及载体标签C-MYC单克隆抗体的western blotting结果一致显示cp4-epsps基因在毕赤酵母GS115中成功获得表达,大小约50 ku。本实验成功构建了转cp4-epsps基因的毕赤酵母基因工程菌,为下一步开展转基因作物CP4-EPSPS成份的安全评价奠定基础。     

朱黄青霉α-1,6-葡聚糖酶在毕赤酵母GS115中的异源表达

目的构建毕赤酵母基因工程菌,以实现朱黄青霉α-1,6-葡聚糖酶的异源高效表达。方法人工合成朱黄青霉HI-4的α-1,6-葡聚糖酶基因ZHdex,克隆到毕赤酵母分泌型表达载体pPIC9K,电转入毕赤酵母GS115。甲醇诱导目的蛋白表达。结果成功在毕赤酵母GS115中对ZHdex基因进行表达,SDS-PAGE表明重组毕赤酵母在66×103附近有目的蛋白表达,与理论值一致。在摇瓶水平,甲醇诱导培养120 h后,α-1,6-葡聚糖酶的最高酶活达28.79 U/mL,蛋白质浓度为0.56 mg/mL。结论获得一株重组毕赤酵母GS115-ZHdex,其产物具备α-1,6-葡聚糖酶活性,成功地实现朱黄青霉α-1,6-葡聚糖酶的异源高效表达。     

烟草蚀纹病毒外壳蛋白基因的克隆及在毕赤酵母中的表达

摘 要:利用RT-PCR方法获得烟草蚀纹病毒（TEV）外壳蛋白（CP）基因,大小为789 bp。经过EcoRI和NotI双酶切、定向克隆到pPIC9K,构建了真核表达载体pPIC9K-TEVCP。将重组质粒用Sal I线性化后电转化导入毕赤酵母GS115中, 经PCR鉴定为阳性的菌落,利用甲醇进行诱导表达,筛选出了高效表达菌株GS115-11和GS115-14,表达的蛋白大小约为37 kD。表达产物经SDS-PAGE割胶纯化后,免疫家兔,制备了特异性抗血清,ELISA法检测效价为1:1500。Western blot结果显示,制备的抗血清可以用来检测田间的发病植株。      

植物甜蛋白monellin基因工程菌表达条件的研究

将带有monellin基因的重组分泌型表达载体pETMO转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),得到重组工程菌株BMC33。经IPTG诱导,其所含有的甜蛋白基因可高效表达。研究不同的表达条件对甜蛋白表达水平的影响,得到优化发酵条件:装液量为50 mL/250 mL三角瓶,当培养液OD值达0.8时,添加诱导剂IPTG至终浓为0.9mmol/L,32℃诱导5 h。此时,甜蛋白monellin表达量可高达细菌可溶性蛋白的44.8%。     

Recovery of gene function by gene duplication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A prototroph revertant (Rev9) selected from an ATCase^? mutant of the URA2 gene containing three nonsense mutations was shown to contain two ATCase coding sequences. We cloned both ATCase coding areas to show that the duplicated locus (dl9) was the only functional one. Its size corresponded roughly to the second half of the URA2 wild-type gene. Sequence analysis of the 5′ end of dl9 indicated that this duplicated sequence was inserted within the intergenic region close to the MRS3 gene and was transcribed from an unknown promoter divergently from the MRS3 gene. The event leading to the revertant strain Rev9 included a rearrangement that increased the size of chromosome X by about 60 kb. In agreement with such a rearrangement, recombination was undetectable in the vicinity of the locus dl9. Genetic mapping confirms that the MRS3 gene is 2 cM distal to the URA2 gene on the right arm of chromosome X.     

The gene guessing game

A recent flurry of publications and media attention has revived interest in the question of how many genes exist in the human genome. Here, I review the estimates and use genomic sequence data from human chromosomes 21 and 22 to establish my own prediction.     

对基因粮食的浅见

基因粮食已研制成功，并进入了世界粮食市场。基因粮食对农业生产、粮食贸易和 粮食安全将产生一定影响，值得深入探讨和研究。     

Single gene and gene interaction effects on fertilization and embryonic survival rates in cattle

Decrease in fertility and conception rates is a major cause of economic loss and cow culling in dairy herds. Conception rate is the product of fertilization rate and embryonic survival rate. Identification of genetic factors that cause the death of embryos is the first step in eliminating this problem from the population and thereby increasing reproductive efficiency. A candidate pathway approach was used to identify candidate genes affecting fertilization and embryo survival rates using an in vitro fertilization experimental system. A total of 7,413 in vitro fertilizations were performed using oocytes from 504 ovaries and semen samples from 10 different bulls. Fertilization rate was calculated as the number of cleaved embryos 48 h postfertilization out of the total number of oocytes exposed to sperm. Survival rate of embryos was calculated as the number of blastocysts on d 7 of development out of the number of total embryos cultured. All ovaries were genotyped for 8 genes in the POU1F1 signaling pathway. Single-gene analysis revealed significant associations of GHR, PRLR, STAT5A, and UTMP with survival rate and of POU1F1, GHR, STAT5A, and OPN with fertilization rate. To further characterize the contribution of the entire integrated POU1F1 pathway to fertilization and early embryonic survival, a model selection procedure was applied. Comparisons among the different models showed that interactions between adjacent genes in the pathway revealed a significant contribution to the variation in fertility traits compared with other models that analyzed only bull information or only genes without interactions. Moreover, some genes that were not significant in the single-gene analysis showed significant effects in the interaction analysis. Thus, we propose that single genes as well as an entire pathway can be used in selection programs to improve reproduction performance in dairy cattle.     

Clustering gene expression pattern and extracting relationship in gene network based on artificial neural networks

Massive datasets such as gene expression profiles are accumulating along with the development of DNA microarray technologies. In this paper, we focus on mining biological relevant information such as typical expression patterns and the interconnections of gene networks from massive datasets. At first, the algorithm of a self-organizing map (SOM) was used to cluster gene expression data. Then, for the typical patterns extracted by the SOM, a three-layer artificial neural network (ANN) model was used to extract the relationships between the expression patterns. In order to evaluate the clustering analysis based on the SOM, biological and statistical indices were introduced. To validate the efficiency of the scheme proposed for extracting the relationships between the expression patterns with the ANN, a test dataset was created and used for the test. Finally, the interconnections of a typical pattern of early G1, late G1, S, G2, and M phases in a yeast cell cycle were extracted and visualized.     

Over-expression of GSH1 gene and disruption of PEP4 gene in self-cloning industrial brewer's yeast

Foam stability is often influenced by proteinase A, and flavor stability is often affected by oxidation during beer storage. In this study, PEP4, the gene coding for proteinase A, was disrupted in industrial brewing yeast. In the meantime, one copy of GSH1 gene increased in the same strain. GSH1 is responsible for gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, a rate-limiting enzyme for synthesis of glutathione which is one kind of important antioxidant and beneficial to beer flavor stability. In order to improve the brewer's yeast, plasmid pYPEP, pPC and pPCG1 were firstly constructed, which were recombined plasmids with PEP4 gene, PEP4's disruption and PEP4's disruption+GSH1 gene respectively. These plasmids were verified to be correct by restriction enzymes' assay. By digesting pPCG1 with AatII and PstI, the DNA fragment for homologous recombination was obtained carrying PEP4 sequence in the flank and GSH1 gene internal to the fragment. Since self-cloning technique was applied in the study and the modified genes were from industrial brewing yeast itself, the improved strains, self-cloning strains, were safe to public. The genetic stability of the improved strains was 100%. The results of PCR analysis of genome DNA showed that coding sequence of PEP4 gene had been deleted and GSH1 gene had been inserted into the locus of PEP4 gene in self-cloning strains. The fermentation ability of self-cloning strain, SZ-1, was similar to that of the host. Proteinase A could not be detected in beer brewed with SZ-1, and GSH content in the beer increased 35% compared to that of the host, Z-1.     

基于16S rRNA基因与相关基因序列分析格氏乳球菌亲缘关系

通过PCR扩增7株分离自传统发酵乳制品中的格氏乳球菌的dnaA、rpoB、recA基因,将扩增产物测序,测得的序列构建系统发育树,进行分类鉴定.同时,比较了这三个基因位点与16S rRNA基因揭示的格氏乳球菌种内菌株间以及其与乳酸乳球菌种间的亲缘关系的远近.结果表明,dnaA、rpoB、recA基因能够有效的鉴定出格氏乳球菌,且比16S rRNA基因更清晰地揭示了格氏乳球菌菌株间以及其与乳酸乳球菌种间的亲缘关系,特别是将3个管家基因联合起来,亲缘关系更明确,验证了多个管家基因是研究细菌亲缘关系的有力工具.     

Proposal of new gene filtering method, BagPART, for gene expression analysis with small sample

A significant problem in gene expression analysis is that the sample size is substantially lower than the number of genes. Bagging is an effective method of solving this problem in the case of small sample datasets. We have devised a combination method, called the BagPART filtering method, that uses the projective adaptive resonance theory (PART) to select important genes and achieve a binary classification more accurately (p<10(-10)) than conventional methods, particularly when the sample size is small.