基于Tri-Training半监督分类算法的研究

在实际应用中,容易获取大量的未标记样本数据,而样本数据是有限的,因此,半监督分类算法成为研究者关注的热点。文中在协同训练Tri-Training算法的基础上,提出了采用两个不同的训练分类器的Simple-Tri-Training方法和对标记数据进行编辑的Edit-Tri-Training方法,给出了这三种分类方法与监督分类SVM的分类实验结果的比较和分析。实验表明,无标记数据的引入,在一定程度上提高了分类的性能;初始训练集和分类器的选取以及标记过程中数据编辑技术,都是影响半监督分类稳定性和性能的关键点。     

基于Tri—Training算法的数据编辑技术

Tri-Training是一种半监督学习算法,在少量标记数据下,通过三个不同的分类器,从未标记样本中采样并标记新的训练数据,作为各分类器训练数据的有效补充。但由于错误标记样本的存在,引入了噪音数据,降低了分类的性能。论文在Tri—Training算法中分别采用DE-KNN,DE-BKNN和DE-NED三种数据编辑技术,识别移除误标记的数据。通过对六组UCI数据集的实验,分析结果表明,编辑技术的引入是有效的,三种方法的使用在一定程度上提升了Tri-Training算法的分类性能,尤其是DE-NED方法更为显著。     

基于RSC模型和噪声去除的半监督训练方法

“半监督学习”是利用已经标记好的训练样本和未标记的训练样本一起训练分类器.传统的半监督训练过程对噪声不作辨别,这种做法会因噪声的存在破坏分类器的训练过程,进而影响分类器的分类效果.针对该问题,提出了基于RSC模型和噪声去除的半监督训练方法,在样本训练过程中,使用RSC标签扩展的方法,并添加噪声去除环节.实验表明,该算法能有效降低半监督学习中噪声对分类器的影响,得到更加精确的分类边界,最终提高算法的性能和稳定性.     

基于图的半监督协同训练算法

在分类器训练过程中,无标记数据的引入容易产生噪音,从而降低分类精度。为此,提出一种基于图的置信度估计半监督协同训练算法。利用样本数据自身的结构信息,计算无标记样本所属类别概率。采用多分类器对无标记数据进行置信度估计,以提高无标记数据挑选标准,减少噪音数据的引入。在UCI数据集上的对比实验验证了该算法的有效性。     

基于梯形网络和改进三训练法的半监督分类

为了提高半监督深层生成模型的分类性能, 提出一种基于梯形网络和改进三训练法的半监督分类模型. 该模型在梯形网络框架有噪编码器的最高层添加3个分类器, 结合改进的三训练法提高图像分类性能. 首先, 用基于类别抽样的方法将有标记数据分为3份, 模型以有标记数据的标签误差和未标记数据的重构误差相结合的方式调整参数, 训练得到3个Large-margin Softmax分类器; 接着, 用改进的三训练法对未标记数据添加伪标签, 并对新的标记数据分配不同权重, 扩充训练集; 最后, 利用扩充的训练集更新模型. 训练完成后, 对分类器进行加权投票, 得到分类结果. 模型得到的梯形网络的特征有更好的低维流形表示, 可以有效地避免因为样本数据分布不均而导致的分类误差, 增强泛化能力. 模型分别在MNIST数据库, SVHN数据库和CIFAR10数据库上进行实验, 并且与其他半监督深层生成模型进行了比较, 结果表明本文所提出的模型得到了更高的分类精度.     

基于数据密度的半监督自训练分类算法

在实际的分类任务中,无标记样本数量充足而有标记样本数量稀少的情况经常出现,目前处理这种情况的常用方法是半监督自训练分类算法。提出了一种基于数据密度的半监督自训练分类算法,该算法首先依据数据的密度对数据集进行划分,从而确定数据的空间结构;然后再按照数据的空间结构对分类器进行自训练的迭代,最终得到一个新的分类器。在UCI中6个数据集上的实验结果表明,与三种监督学习算法以及其分别对应的自训练版本相比,提出的算法分类效果更好。     

结合Tri-training半监督学习和凸壳向量的SVM主动学习算法*

为解决监督学习过程中难以获得大量带有类标记样本且样本数据标记代价较高的问题,结合主动学习和半监督学习方法,提出基于Tri-training半监督学习和凸壳向量的SVM主动学习算法.通过计算样本集的壳向量,选择最有可能成为支持向量的壳向量进行标记.为解决以往主动学习算法在选择最富有信息量的样本标记后,不再进一步利用未标记样本的问题,将Tri-training半监督学习方法引入SVM主动学习过程,选择类标记置信度高的未标记样本加入训练样本集,利用未标记样本集中有利于学习器的信息.在UCI数据集上的实验表明,文中算法在标记样本较少时获得分类准确率较高和泛化性能较好的SVM分类器,降低SVM训练学习的样本标记代价.     

基于Tri-training的半监督SVM

当前机器学习面临的主要问题之一是如何有效地处理海量数据,而标记训练数据是十分有限且不易获得的。提出了一种新的半监督SVM算法,该算法在对SVM训练中,只要求少量的标记数据,并能利用大量的未标记数据对分类器反复的修正。在实验中发现,Tri-training的应用确实能够提高SVM算法的分类精度,并且通过增大分类器间的差异性能够获得更好的分类效果,所以Tri-training对分类器的要求十分宽松,通过SVM的不同核函数来体现分类器之间的差异性,进一步改善了协同训练的性能。理论分析与实验表明,该算法具有较好的学习效果。     

主动协同半监督粗糙集分类模型

粗糙集理论是一种有监督学习模型,一般需要适量有标记的数据来训练分类器。但现实一些问题往往存在大量无标记的数据,而有标记数据由于标记代价过大较为稀少。文中结合主动学习和协同训练理论,提出一种可有效利用无标记数据提升分类性能的半监督粗糙集模型。该模型利用半监督属性约简算法提取两个差异性较大的约简构造基分类器,然后基于主动学习思想在无标记数据中选择两分类器分歧较大的样本进行人工标注,并将更新后的分类器交互协同学习。UCI数据集实验对比分析表明,该模型能明显提高分类学习性能,甚至能达到数据集的最优值。     

一种协同半监督分类算法Co-S3OM

为了提高半监督分类的有效性, 提出了一种基于SOM神经网络和协同训练的半监督分类算法Co-S3OM (coordination semi-supervised SOM)。将有限的有标记样本分为无重复的三个均等的训练集, 分别使用改进的监督SSOM算法(supervised SOM)训练三个单分类器, 通过三个单分类器共同投票的方法挖掘未标记样本中的隐含信息, 扩大有标记样本的数量, 依次扩充单分类器训练集, 生成最终的分类器。最后选取UCI数据集进行实验, 结果表明Co-S3OM具有较高的标记率和分类率。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.     

A pragmatic multi-method investigation of discrepant technological events: Coping,attributions, and ‘accidental’ learning

Discrepant technological events or situations that entail a problem, a misunderstanding or a difficulty with the Information Technology (IT) being employed, are common in the workplace, and can lead to frustration and avoidance behaviors. Little is known, however, about how individuals cope with these events. This paper examines these events by using a multi-method pragmatic approach informed by coping theory. The results of two studies – a critical incident study and an experiment – serve to build and test, respectively, a theoretical model that posits that individuals use a variety of strategies when dealing with these events: they experience negative emotions, make external attributions, and adopt engagement coping strategies directed at solving the event, eventually switching to a disengagement coping strategy when they feel they have no control over the situation. Furthermore, users’ efforts may result in ‘accidental’ learning as they try to overcome the discrepant IT events through engagement coping. The paper ends with a discussion of the results in light of existing literature, future opportunities for research, and implications for practice.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

The Distributed Time-Triggered Simulation Scheme: Core Principles and Supporting Execution Engine

Distributed real-time simulation is a young technology field but its practice is under increasing demands. In recent years the author and his collaborators have been establishing a new approach called the distributed time-triggered simulation (DTS) scheme which is conceptually simple and easy to use but widely applicable. The concept was initiated in the course of developing a new-generation object-oriented real-time programming scheme called the time-triggered message-triggered object (TMO) programming scheme. Some fundamental issues inherent in distributed real-time simulation that were learned during recent experimental studies are discussed along with some approaches for resolving the issues. An execution engine developed to support both the TMOs engaged in control computation and the TMOs engaged in DTS is also discussed along with its possible extensions that will enable significantly larger-scale DTSs.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

Software-Konfigurationsmanagement in großen Softwareprojekten

Zusammenfassung Mit zunehmender Größe der Softwaresysteme verschärfen sich die für die Software-Herstellung typischen Probleme: Beherrschen großer Objektmengen, Erhalten der Systemkonsistenz, Kontrolle der ständigen Änderungseinflüsse und Gewährleisten einer langen Lebensdauer. Die Disziplin Konfigurationsmanagement bildet den methodischen Ansatz, diese Probleme besser zu beherrschen. Software-Konfigurationsmanagement faßt die Herstellung von Softwaresystemen als eine Abfolge von kontrollierten Änderungen an gesicherten Zwischen- und Endergebnissen auf. Dargestellt werden die Objekte und Funktionen des Software-Konfigurationsmanagements sowie die hierfür in großen Software-Projekten benötigten Methoden, Instanzen und Hilfsmittel.