高温金属熔液在旋转多孔介质内的渗流传热过程

针对转动坐标系中铝熔液在SiC多孔介质内的流动传热现象 ,考虑离心力对渗流传热过程的影响 ,采用局部非热平衡假设建立多孔介质渗流传热数理模型 ,研究不同工况下流体的流速、压力损失及铝熔液和多孔介质的温度变化 .计算结果表明 :在渗透区域 ,液固两相存在温差 ,且液固温差随渗透界面的移动而减小 ;在非渗透区域 ,固体的温度曲线基本不变 .离心转速或孔隙率的增加都使渗透前沿区域液固两相温差增大 .孔隙率对流场和压力损失有较大影响.     

水平导管内颗粒料层中的热渗透现象研究

本文针对水平导管内填充颗粒料层中的高温气体渗流现象,采用局部非平衡假设建立了多孔介质渗流传热物理数学模型并进行了数值计算。研究了不同情况下导管内填充多孔介质中的流速、气固温度和压力分布。计算结果表明,高温气体对导管内颗粒料层的热渗透作用主要是在渗流入口端区域,增大入口渗流速度以及减少给料量,导致气固温度沿轴向下降速度减慢,热渗透深度扩大,热渗透作用区域内的物料温度水平提高。在热渗透作用区域,孔隙率对流场和压力损失有很大的影响。研究结果对于移动颗粒反应器和输送机的设计与运行具有一定的参考作用。     

移动颗粒床中高温气体渗流传热数值计算

针对移动颗粒床中物料层内的高温气体渗流传热现象 ,考虑渗流与传热的相互作用 ,采用局部非热平衡假设建立了多孔介质渗流传热物理数学模型并进行了数值计算 .研究了不同情况下床内填充多孔介质中的流速、气固温度和床层压力损失 .计算结果表明 ,高温热气对移动床颗粒料层的热渗透主要发生在渗流入口端区域 ,增大入口渗流速度以及减小床层物料下移速度将导致物料温度沿床高慢速下降 ,热渗透深度扩大 ,热渗透作用区域内的物料温度水平提高 .在热渗透作用区域 ,孔隙率对流场和压力损失有很大的影响 .研究结果对于移动颗粒床反应器的设计与运行具有一定的参考作用     

多孔介质内颗粒流动特性的格子Boltzmann模拟

地下岩石孔隙中小颗粒的运移和沉积会使得储层渗透性能降低,影响石油开发。为了探究悬浮颗粒在多孔介质中的流动过程,采用格子Boltzmann方法对三维多孔介质内流体和颗粒的运动过程进行了数值模拟,采用有限体积颗粒法构建多孔介质中骨架颗粒和悬浮颗粒。通过Half-Way反弹格式实现流体与颗粒间的相互作用,考虑孔隙结构、入口流速、孔隙率和颗粒直径对颗粒流动特性的影响,探究颗粒的运移和沉积规律。结果表明,入口速度对不同孔隙结构下颗粒的运动作用显著。随着入口速度增大,颗粒与颗粒、孔隙壁面以及流体之间的动量和能量交换作用增强,缩短了颗粒的运移路径,颗粒沉积率逐渐变小,颗粒拟温度增大。孔隙率的下降强化了颗粒间的碰撞,孔隙率由0.581降低至0.400,使得颗粒拟温度提升至9倍。颗粒拟温度随颗粒直径的增加而增加。但随着孔隙率增加,颗粒轴向速度增加,颗粒最高轴向速度可达入口流速的11倍,而颗粒接触力降低。     

LTNE条件下界面对流传热系数对部分填充多孔介质通道传热特性的影响

在多孔介质区考虑局部非热平衡,采用Brinkman-extended Darcy模型结合应力跳跃条件对部分填充多孔介质通道内流体传热特性进行分析。获得了各区域温度分布及Nusselt数解析解,并分析了各参数对温度及Nusselt数的影响。结果表明：界面对流传热系数H_s较小时,界面应力跳跃系数β和Darcy数Da的增加会减小流固两相间温差。而在高H_s下,Da减小也会减小两相温差。在Da、H_s和固流两相热导率之比K较大且空心率S（自由流体区高度与通道高度之比）和Biot数Bi较小时,流固两相间会在接近多孔介质区中部出现最大温差,而该最大温差会随着S增加和Da及H_s的减小向界面区移动。对于不同K与Bi,Nusselt数Nu与S的关系曲线存在不同的类型,与模型A（界面处多孔介质固相和流相根据各自温度梯度和热导率划分总热流）不同的是,采用模型C（界面处固相热流分配与自由流体区流相的热交换相关）所获得的Nu曲线类型与H_s有关。在K较小时,β对Nu的影响大于H_s对Nu的影响;而在K较大时,H_s对Nu的影响要远大于β对Nu的影响,且H_s增加会明显提高通道内的Nu。     

致密破碎多孔介质渗透率测量方法

基于均匀各向同性多孔介质、达西渗流和理想气体假设,考虑Klinkenberg效应建立了针对具有纳米尺度孔径的低渗透率多孔介质中的渗流模型。针对致密球形破碎样品的压力脉冲实验,建立了相应的边界条件,同时利用有限差分方法获得其实验腔的压力变化曲线的数值解。通过对渗流方程进行量纲1化,引入了与孔隙率、渗透率和滑移参数有关的量纲1参数Z、Z^*和b_K。通过改变参数Z、Z^*和b_K研究了样品边界处压力的变化规律,给出了一种数据处理方法,对于致密球形破碎多孔介质的压力脉冲实验,通过对实验测量的样品边界处压力曲线的分析,结合偏微分方程正问题的数值解,可以确定样品的孔隙率、渗透率和滑移参数,从而更为简便地分析压力脉冲衰减曲线实验数据,得到致密多孔介质样品渗透率。     

改性SiO2纳米颗粒沸腾沉积层的形成原理及其沸腾换热

实验研究了改性SiO₂纳米流体液滴蒸发后的沉积图案,以及改性SiO₂纳米颗粒沸腾沉积层对沸腾换热的影响。液滴蒸发实验研究表明：改性官能团会影响改性SiO₂纳米颗粒是否吸附在液-气界面,从而推断出在沸腾过程中改性官能团对纳米颗粒沉积方式的影响。沸腾实验研究结果表明：用聚乙二醇基团改性的SiO₂纳米颗粒沸腾沉积层使加热面的平均粗糙度从160 nm大幅增长到977 nm,且能增强纯水的沸腾传热系数;而用磺酸基团改性的SiO₂纳米颗粒沸腾沉积层对加热面的平均粗糙度的改变不明显,只使其增大了60 nm,且恶化了纯水的沸腾传热系数。通过沸腾换热实验结果较好地验证了通过液滴蒸发实验推断出的沸腾过程中改性官能团对纳米颗粒沉积方式的影响。     

烟气轮机动叶表面颗粒冷态沉积实验

烟气轮机作为催化裂化装置能量回收系统的核心设备,为保证其长周期安全运行,需解决动叶上催化剂颗粒沉积结垢问题。本文设计加工了模型烟气轮机,研究了入口风量、入口加料浓度以及入口颗粒粒度等因素对动叶表面上颗粒沉积的影响规律。结果表明,沉积质量随着风量的增加而不断减小,颗粒粒径越小,沉积质量减小的速度越快;沉积质量随加料浓度的变化曲线呈“厂”字形分布,浓度较低时,沉积质量随浓度的增加逐渐增大,当浓度增加到一定程度（实验条件下为10g/m³）时,沉积质量随浓度的变化不大。在浓度、风量等工况相同时,入口颗粒粒度越小,沉积质量越大;小于40μm的颗粒较容易发生沉积,大于40μm的颗粒很难在模型烟气轮机动叶的表面发生沉积。实验结果为控制颗粒沉积结垢提供了可靠依据。     

水基SiO2纳米流体沸腾换热特性

纳米流体作为新型换热介质可广泛应用于多个领域。现有研究结果表明导致纳米流体沸腾换热性能变化的因素主要在于纳米颗粒在换热表面的沉积、加热表面粗糙度、表面张力、内部能量传递、气泡形成条件等。对水基SiO₂纳米流体进行池沸腾实验研究,得到SiO₂/水纳米流体与纯基液-去离子水核态沸腾换热特性的区别,比较不同颗粒粒径对纳米流体换热特性影响。结果表明：对于低浓度纳米流体,添加纳米颗粒后流体的换热特性与纯基液在相同条件下进行核态沸腾时的换热特性有较大差异,不同粒径之间换热特性变化明显,随着粒径的增加呈非线性增长趋势,随着热通量增大纳米颗粒粒径对换热特性的影响趋势增大。     

二元颗粒在气固流化床中的轴向分布特性

通过大型冷模实验测量了二元混合颗粒在流化床内沿轴向的压力分布，考察了混合颗粒截面平均浓度沿轴向的变化特点。通过分析床层压差分布的转折点，确定了密相区与稀相区的相交界面高度，根据实验结果给出了经验关联式。通过压力信号标准差分析了流化床内混合颗粒流化性能与表观气速和颗粒混合比例的关系。实验结果表明，平均颗粒浓度沿流化床轴向呈下降趋势，且在密相区中随表观气速增加而减小，在稀相区中随表观气速增大而增大。二元颗粒中大颗粒比例x_l为0.685时，密相区总平均颗粒浓度存在最大值。密相区与稀相区相交界面高度随表观气速增大而提高。当0.225≤x_l≤0.479和0.561≤u_g≤1.122 m/s时，流化床内二元颗粒的流化性能和混合程度达到最佳。     

石蜡在管外凝固过程的理论和实验分析

对使用水作为传热流体的蛇形管式换热器中，进口水温对石蜡在管外凝固过程的影响进行了研究。建立了水温沿流向变化，石蜡温度沿径向变化的传热模型。使用控制容积法及焓法建立了求解水和石蜡耦合温度场的数值方程，这两个温度场的计算结果与实验结果能很好吻合。冷却水进口温度不同，靠近铜管已凝固石蜡中的温度场存在显著差别，离铜管较远石蜡中的温度几乎不受进口水温影响，石蜡的无量纲温度场在离相界面较远处具有相似分布的特点。相界面移动具有先快后慢，然后再变快的特征。研究可为保证蛇形管外石蜡凝固速率选择恰当的进口水温提供计算方法。     

Preparation of thin palladium composite membrane tube by a CVD technique and its hydrogen permselectivity

A thin and firmly deposited palladium membrane applicable to surface catalysis is attempted to be prepared. The technique and equipment developed in this study is based on chemical vapor deposition (CVD) under a forced flow, where due to a pressure difference applied between the outside and the inside of the support tube the chemical vapors enter into the porous layer of the support where they decompose. Palladium diacetate, (CH₃COO)₂Pd, was used as a palladium source. The tubular support made from -alumina powder is porous and has an average pore diameter of 0.15 μm. The forced-flow CVD was carried out by heating according to a temperature program under regulated vacuum pressure. The palladium membrane thus obtained was as thin as 2–4 μm and had a good H₂/N₂ selectivity exceeding 5000.     

Influence of Deposition Temperature of GDC Interlayer Deposited by RF Magnetron Sputtering on Anode‐Supported SOFC

Gadolinia‐doped ceria (GDC) film, as a barrier layer to prevent chemical reaction between yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte and Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.8Fe_0.2O_3–δ (BSCF)–GDC cathode, is deposited by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering on YSZ electrolyte, and the influence of deposition temperature on Ni–YSZ/YSZ/GDC/BSCF–GDC single cell performance is investigated. The SEM results show that the GDC film deposited at 30 °C exhibits a porous structure, whereas the GDC film deposited at 400 °C has a dense structure. The single cells show excellent performance when the deposition temperature is above 250 °C, whereas the single cells show poor performance when the deposition temperature is below 200 °C. The large difference in cell performance occurs from their large difference in polarization resistance. The porous structure of GDC interlayer, which cannot well prevent the reaction between BSCF and YSZ, is responsible for the poor performance of the cells with GDC interlayer deposited at a temperature below 200 °C.     

Particle-vapor interaction in deposition systems: influence on deposit morphology

We have here presented methods to study interactions of vapors and particles in systems involving simultaneous deposition of vapors and particles. Besides estimating vapor and particle concentration profiles in the boundary layer adjacent to the deposition surface, their deposition rates are also calculated. In particular, we consider formation of porous preforms by deposition of silica particles and germania particles/vapors during the manufacturing of optical fibers. The process conditions not only dictate the relative rates of germania particle and vapor deposition on the deposition surface, but also controls the fraction of germania crystallinity in the resulting deposit. Moreover, the loss and migration behavior of the deposited germania during the sintering of the porous preform is extremely sensitive to the germania crystalline fraction. Our methods predict the germania weight percent deposited during the deposition process as a function of the deposition conditions, along with the fraction of germania that is crystalline/amorphous. The germania loss and migration behavior during the sintering step is also estimated. In predicting the germania loss and migration behavior, we have developed methods to systematically take into account the simultaneous heating of the preform, sintering of the porous preform, diffusion of gas species through the pores and the gas-solid reaction. Based on the methods developed here for deposition and sintering, processes have been developed which have resulted in sintered glasses with very high germania content (50 weight percent), and, without any glass quality issues of glass seeds, blank splitting or glass crizzling (devitrification).     

Coke formation during naphtha pyrolysis in a tubular reactor

The effect of run time, temperature, conversion and inlet steam-to-naphtha ratio on the rate of coke deposition during naphtha pyrolysis in an annular tubular reactor has been investigated. Rates of coke deposition increased with increasing temperature, conversion and inlet naphtha partial pressure. Pyrolysis and coking models available for naphtha cracking were used to calculate the total coke deposited by treating the temperature difference between the reacting fluid and the outer reactor wall as a parameter. For all the runs, the experimental and calculated coking rates were in close agreement for an assumed temperature difference of 35-45°C.     

Interplay between adhesion and interfacial properties of diamond films deposited on WC-10%Co substrates using a CrN interlayer

In this study, the effect of deposition temperature on the adhesion of diamond films deposited on WC-10%Co substrates with a Cr-N interlayer is investigated. Diamond films were deposited at different temperatures (550, 650 and 750 °C), using a hot filament chemical vapor deposition reactor. It was found that the optimal adhesion is obtained for the film deposited at 650 °C. The interplay between carbon interfacial diffusion and the adhesion of diamond films deposited at different deposition temperatures were investigated. The combined use of different characterization techniques (Indentation tests, SIMS, XPS, XRD and SEM) shows that the adhesion strength depends on the thickness of Cr-C layer formed at the interface during diamond deposition, which is strongly influenced by the deposition temperature. It is suggested that at the optimum deposition temperature, thickness of the Cr-C layer is too low to introduce a large thermal stress at the interface and sufficiently thick enough to withstand the propagation of indentation induced cracks.     

Identification of the mechanism of coal char particle combustion by porous structure characterization

Two limiting models—the shell progressive mechanism and the homogeneous mechanism—can describe combustion of a single coal particle. Some information about the real mechanism can be obtained from investigation of the porous structure development during combustion. Using the principles of gas adsorption and mercury penetration, the porous structure of a partially combusted particle was estimated. Experiments were carried out in an equipment by applying the thermogravimetric method and using a single devolatilized coal particle. The inlet concentration of oxygen was 5 and 15 mol%. The initial temperature of combustion was in a range from 450 to 800 °C. The mechanism of coal char particle combustion depends on the initial temperature and the inlet concentration of oxygen. At low temperature and low inlet concentration of oxygen, the rate of principal chemical reactions is comparable with the rate of diffusional transport of oxygen inside the particle. Combustion is governed by the diffusion mechanism. This is evident from the values of the specific surface area of pores and proportional representation of individual pore types. At higher temperatures and low inlet concentrations of oxygen, combustion proceeds by the shell progressive mechanism. The specific surface area is lower in comparison with the previous case. There is a sharp interface between the particle core and the ash shell. The core exhibits a higher value of specific surface area than in the case of a non-combusted coal char particle. This fact can be explained by the consecutive reaction of carbon dioxide with carbon in the core of the particle. The rate of this reaction is sufficiently high at temperatures above 800 °C.     

固体氧化物燃料电池Cu/Ni-LSCM阳极中n(Cu)/n(Ni)对碳沉积影响数值模拟研究

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)使用碳氢化合物为燃料时,多孔阳极易出现严重的积碳的现象,导致阳极催化活性降低,电池功率密度下降以及电池寿命急剧衰减。铬酸镧基钙钛矿材料在高温氧化和还原气氛下具有较好的稳定性、电催化活性和抗积碳性能。建立LSCM以及Cu/Ni-LSCM中CH₄与CO₂干重整动力学模型,模型耦合了动量传递、质量传递、化学反应动力学、域微分方程以及气体在多孔介质中的传质模型,并利用该模型研究了Cu/Ni-LSCM阳极材料的抗积碳性能、催化活性以及孔隙率随时间的变化情况。得出结论:Cu的引入可以明显降低碳沉积速率,在一定基础上增加燃料转化率。其中CH₄热分解是形成积碳的主要原因。与此同时,模拟结果显示阳极燃料入口处为碳沉积最为严重的区域。     

热源塔传质特性的分析和实验研究

通过分析供冷/热设备的特点,指出了热源塔热泵供冷/热的优异性。对热源塔中不同进口空气参数和不同进口溶液温度下传质的4种模式进行了理论分析,并对叉流热源塔在不同进口参数时潜热百分比、进出口空气含湿量差和换热量的变化规律进行了实验研究。实验结果表明：进口溶液温度从-2℃升高到4℃,潜热百分比从27%降低到无潜热交换;提高风量和进口空气温度能同时满足降低潜热百分比和增加总换热量的目的;溶液流量从2.9 L·min^-1上升到6.4 L·min^-1,潜热百分比从15%相似文献   

洗涤塔脱除燃烧源超细颗粒的实验研究

在填料洗涤塔中进行了利用蒸汽相变原理促进燃煤和燃油超细颗粒凝结长大并高效脱除的实验研究;采用电称低压冲击器(ELPI)、SEM及XPS对两种燃烧源细颗粒凝结洗涤前后的数浓度、粒径分布、形貌和元素组分进行了分析测试,考察了洗涤塔进口气液温差、进口烟气含湿量及液气比等对脱除效率的影响。结果表明,燃煤和燃油产生的超细颗粒形貌和组分具有较大的差别,燃煤超细颗粒主要为硅铝矿物质,而燃油超细颗粒主要为含炭物质;在相同条件下,燃煤超细颗粒相变脱除效果优于燃油超细颗粒;脱除效率随洗涤塔进口气液温差的增大而提高,在相同进口气液温差下,增大进口烟气含湿量可显著提高超细颗粒的脱除效率;液气比的影响与填料洗涤塔内是否存在蒸汽相变有关;通过合理调节进口烟气含湿量及进口烟气与洗涤液的温差在填料塔内建立微粒凝结长大所需的过饱和水汽环境可有效脱除燃烧源超细颗粒。