Area-Wide System Protection Scheme Against Extreme Contingencies

The deregulation of the electricity supply industry with its associated competitive electricity market has created additional difficulties for power system security. It has accentuated the ever-present danger posed by extreme contingencies that continue to disrupt entire interconnected power systems, such as the 30 billion dollar, 14 August 2003 northeast American blackout. A proposal has been made to use operational constraints as market indicators, an attitude that does nothing to alleviate the multimillion dollar cost of each power system collapse. By contrast, successfully sustaining power system integrity by dealing with extreme contingencies would remove many of the prevailing (and unsuccessful) operational constraints. A completely different avenue has been devised for circumventing the uncertainties associated with unforeseeable extreme contingencies. This new approach would automatically activate timely responses specifically in the region initially impacted by the extreme contingency. A future path is proposed that can use existing technology with energy storage devices to further enhance security and diminish the uncertainties bedeviling the electricity supply industry.     

Unlocking the grid [electricity industry restructuring]

If the ideas of electricity as a product and its transport as a service are separated, consumers can be given a choice among competing generators. So how can consumers choose suppliers? The authors answer this question by considering the four main points of electricity industry restructuring. The first is the question of who can sell what to whom, or, how much competition is necessary to ensure that the competitive market benefits the electric power sector as a whole. Second, what rules should govern the wholesale power market and bilateral trades (how the transmission system should be controlled and priced). Third is the issue of ownership. Decisions need to be made as to which functions must be operated separately because of market power concerns or conflicts of interest. Fourth is managing the transition     

Repowering — The option to improve the economy of aging steam power plants

The electrical power producing market has changed dramatically in the last few years. In order to meet the new requirements of the electricity producing market, ABB is proud to be able to present a repowering concept as a cost effective solution for the market which allows the power plant owners to extend the lifetime of their existing steam power plants by using the installed assets. The ABB repowering conceept takes advantage of ABB’s heavy duty gas turbines, and in particular of the sequential combustion gas turbines GT 24/GT 26. The repowering solutions, with their unique design, operation and dispatching flexibility, provide the owner with the benefits of competitive power generation: the owner can optimize the plant fuel and O & M costs, increase the availability, extend economic life and lower the environmental impact of the power plant. This paper describes the feasibility of combining conventional steam power plants with gas turbine technology and recommends the ABB repowering concept as one of the competitive alternatives for power generation, especially for the re-evaluation of existing assets and positioning in the competitive environment.     

Opening up energy trading

In October 2001, Enron Corporation was doing well in the stock market. The future looked bright for Enron and its rivals in the intensely competitive business of selling electricity, natural gas, and financial products based on energy prices. A year later Enron had become a dirty word, embodying the corporate malfeasance that allowed executives to walk off with millions, while investors and employees saw their life savings go down the tubes. What happened? And what needs to be done to make electricity trading the transparent and honest business it must be if energy is to be produced and distributed to best economic effect? This paper outlines the fall of Enron, the complex California connection, credit risk and price transparency, and standardising power market structures. The paper also discusses whether energy trading has a future.     

The energy payback time of advanced crystalline silicon PV modules in 2020: a prospective study

The photovoltaic (PV) market is experiencing vigorous growth, whereas prices are dropping rapidly. This growth has in large part been possible through public support, deserved for its promise to produce electricity at a low cost to the environment. It is therefore important to monitor and minimize environmental impacts associated with PV technologies. In this work, we forecast the environmental performance of crystalline silicon technologies in 2020, the year in which electricity from PV is anticipated to be competitive with wholesale electricity costs all across Europe. Our forecasts are based on technological scenario development and a prospective life cycle assessment with a thorough uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. We estimate that the energy payback time at an in‐plane irradiation of 1700 kWh/(m² year) of crystalline silicon modules can be reduced to below 0.5 years by 2020, which is less than half of the current energy payback time. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于纳什均衡的需求响应多用户策略研究

随着能源互联网的出现和智能电网的发展,使得电能供给与电能需求能够更紧密的联系,也促进了电力交易市场条件下需求响应的信息化和智能化,用户根据自身情况在需求响应市场上进行出价与竞争,也更好的反映了电能的市场价值。本文结合智能电网下的需求响应市场,描述了多用户对电能竞争的一般场景与模型,从理论和算法上分析用户出价与市场调节的最优化问题,在给定的一般情况下,证明了存在一个纳什均衡,使得市场竞价能得到一个最终解的集合,实现用户竞争后的稳定解,同时给出了优化问题解的一个高效算法。     

Comments on experience curves for PV modules

Learning through market experience reduces prices for various energy technologies. This phenomenon can be captured by experience curves. In this short communication we update and analyze the experience curve trend for one of these technologies: photovoltaic modules for electricity generation. The results reinforce the importance of energy technology policy on contributing towards making new technologies commercially competitive. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Competition and system stability-the reward and the penalty

The business protocols and rules of the competitive electricity market are resulting in fragmentation of the historical vertically integrated structures. Electric services are offered at either cost or market-based prices depending on their type and the level of competition in a particular product. System stabilizing measures are essential for maintaining system security, yet their value is either underestimated or not understood. This paper describes practical methods to quantify the value of some of the stabilizing measures and ways to ensure maintaining the dynamic security of the power systems through business procedures and monetary sanctions     

A Business Model Guideline of Electricity Utility Systems Based on Blockchain Technology in Thailand: A Case Study of Consumers,Prosumers and SMEs

This paper presents a business model guideline of electricity utility systems based on blockchain technology in Thailand: a case study of consumers, prosumers and SMEs. Because the resource management of electricity utility systems in Thailand presently are based on enhanced single buyer or a centralized system. However, a free-trade energy market is likely to open or occur in the near future. Thus, a preparation of changing or adapting such a free-trade energy market using disruptive technology is an important point to study the aforementioned disruptive technology (i.e. blockchain technology). The future business of the free-trade energy market is related to the policy of the government (Thailand 4.0). It will support technology development and innovation to encourage the potential and readiness and to compete for foreign countries. In this scoping study, the business model guideline of electricity trading with peer to peer (P2P) is proposed to utilize the case study of consumers and prosumers/SMEs in Thailand based on a decentralized system. The P2P trading is directly the buying and selling of electricity between both consumers and prosumers. It is not a passed intermediary; otherwise, an intermediate process can be cut by this trading in order to save and reduce electricity costs. Preliminary expected impacts of cost structure analysis are summarized in terms of comparisons between the existing electricity trading and the blockchain technology. The results of such preliminary expected impacts show that costs to consumers, prosumers and SMEs obtained from the use of blockchain technology are possibly lower than those of EGAT, PEA, and MEA in the future. In addition, the business model guideline is completely discussed by theory in disruptive innovation.

     

Power System Planning and Operation in International Markets-Perspectives From the Nordic Region and Europe

This paper describes development and experiences from the Nordic region and the current status and trend toward an integrated and open electricity market comprising most of Europe. The paper describes practical experiences as well as theoretical investigations and modeling studies. We focus on the following subjects: Congestion management: There are a variety of arrangements for transfer across national borders and for congestion management in Europe. A common future system based on an improved version of the Nordic market splitting system can be a good alternative. Management of ancillary services: We see certain trends concerning ancillary services in the Nordic market: 1) more focus on cost effectiveness and a move toward market arrangements including cross border trade in ancillary services; 2) increased use of the demand side in the provision of ancillary services; and 3) increased flexibility in defining the demand for ancillary services. Investment incentives: Experience as well theoretical investigations indicate that investment in generating capacity is a problem in an open electricity market, where investors are exposed to high risk and uncertainty. One important conclusion from our studies is that end user response (elasticity) to electricity prices is important in an open market. We also discuss how additional incentive mechanisms can be used as a measure to achieve capacity adequacy, when the market fails to provide sufficient signals for new investments.     

电力金融市场综述

电力在社会生产生活中发挥着重要的作用,对居民的日常生活产生着巨大的影响.随着用电需求的不断提高,在很大程度上推动了电力金融市场的发展.在电力金融市场当中,通过电力现货贸易,可有效实现电力市场的公平竞争,用以稳定市场,就降低交易风险,促进电力期货的套期保值,合理进行电力期权的定价.本研究围绕当前的电力金融市场建设进行综述.     

Deregulated electricity market data representation by fuzzyregression models

In this paper, the authors present a fuzzy set-based model that represents the relation of electricity demand and price in a recently deregulated electricity market. A simple regression analysis shows the price data's nonlinear trend as the demand volume increases. We have divided the data cluster into two overlapping regions: low demand and high demand. Regression curves, obtained for the two clusters, are smoothly connected by a Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK)-fuzzy model. The fuzzy model is further expanded to encompass the volatile data region by introducing fuzzy numbers in regression parameters. The developed model can indicate the possibility distribution of electricity prices for a given demand value. The model also has the flexibility of narrowing its focus by modifying the fuzzy numbers. California Power Exchange market data are analyzed as a numerical example     

电力市场交易机制的实验研究

近些年来我国进行了电力市场的改革,但是在改革的实际操作中仍然存在着许多的问题.本文主要就电力市场改革的概况和电力市场的实验研究两个方面展开论述.     

浅谈农村供电市场的开发

文章分析了影响电力市场开发的因素和解决的建议。特别是农村供电市场的开发,其存在几个主要影响因素：电价因素、电网架构不合理、服务理念不强、人才培养滞后。因此,需要从统一销售电价、加快电力网架建设、培养农村市场供电增长点、理顺服务理念等几方面着手。     

Sentiment Analysis as a Source of Gaining Competitive Advantage on the Electricity Markets

The electricity retail markets are evolving toward more competitive and customer-oriented. The deployment of smart meters and a wealth of new technologies create customers' eagerness for taking control of their electricity consumption. By being better-informed about the energy usage, people are encouraged to switch deals among existing suppliers or move to a new energy provider. Moreover, as customers are more socially interconnected, the Internet portals and social media become a place for discussion, comparison, and evaluation of the available offers. Unfortunately, in case of the energy sector there is a lack of understanding that such information, when taken into account and properly analyzed, can be a completely new and a powerful source of competitive advantage.In the paper, we introduce a solution that the use of quasi real-time automated sentiment analysis on the energy suppliers and the relevant aspects of their offers may enable energy companies to adapt quickly to changing circumstances, prevent potential customer churn, and harness new business opportunities.     

基于Android平台的智能用电管理系统的设计

随着电力体制改革的推进,电力市场逐步多元化的发展,互联网+智慧城市对社会生活的影响,客户对电力服务的需求不断的丰富,电力营销部门势必寻求一种可以让客户主动参与用电的新型营销模式。针对新型电力营销模式,本文设计了一款基于Android平台的智能用电管理系统。结合Android架构和用电服务内容,采用模块化设计思想对客户端和服务端模块进行设计;并从逻辑、物理结构等方面对数据库进行搭建;利用JDBC实现客户端与服务端的连接。最后通过系统功能测试,基本实现用电缴费,用电查询,用电管理等需求。     

Study of grid‐connect photovoltaic systems: benefits,opportunities and strategies

This paper presents an analysis of the potential impact of integrating photovoltaics (PV) into the Western Australian electricity networks. It uses real‐time load and Australian Bureau of Meteorology climate data to assess PV's ability to reduce peak generation requirements, defer network augmentation, reduce line losses and reduce the cost of conventional supply in the Western Australian electricity networks and regional grids. It then identifies existing market opportunities for PV in Western Australia (WA), examines whether these capture the identified benefits and discusses strategies for capturing the system benefits provided by PV. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

微电子专业的通才和专才培养模式

国内微电子产业迅猛发展,支持在低端产品的基础技术人员的储备已经达到相当规模,但自主研发高端产品的专业人才匮乏。目前高等学校微电子专业改革中,在通才和专才培养模式之间很难找到平衡点。本文通过对比中美的微电子人才培养模式,讨论微电子专业通才和专才的培养模式。     

Hybrid Solid Oxide Fuel Cell and Thermoelectric Generator for Maximum Power Output in Micro-CHP Systems

One of the most obvious early market applications for thermoelectric generators (TEG) is decentralized micro combined heat and power (CHP) installations of 0.5 kWe to 5 kWe based on fuel cell technology. Through the use of TEG technology for waste heat recovery it is possible to increase the electricity production in micro-CHP systems by more than 15%, corresponding to system electrical efficiency increases of some 4 to 5 percentage points. This will make fuel cell-based micro-CHP systems very competitive and profitable and will also open opportunities in a number of other potential business and market segments which are not yet quantified. This paper quantifies a micro-CHP system based on a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and a high-performance TE generator. Based on a 3 kW fuel input, the hybrid SOFC implementation boosts electrical output from 945 W to 1085 W, with 1794 W available for heating purposes.     

Electricity Market Design: An Integrated Approach to Reliability Assurance

System reliability is an integral part of a properly designed deregulated electricity market, even though wholesale energy prices are its most visible piece. This paper discusses the resources, collectively known as the ancillary services, in a power system for maintaining reliability. It then discusses an integrated approach in systematically determining and securing the needed ancillary services and system configuration across multiple time spans, culminating in the cooptimization of energy and ancillary services for security-constrained generator unit commitment in the day-ahead market and security-constrained economic dispatch of the generators in real-time operation. The paper also provides a summary of the ancillary services market in several U.S. power markets and proposes several technical issues for further discussion and research.