全秆麻类纸浆黑液的特性

对红麻、白麻、胡麻和大麻等四种全秆麻原料的化学组成和硫酸盐法蒸煮纸浆黑液的物化性能进行了分析。总结了全秆麻类纸浆黑液的特性。全秆麻类纸浆黑液含硅量和粘度很低,这类纸浆黑液的性质能满足碱回收的要求。     

草浆黑液除硅新技术

稻麦草浆黑液碱回收最困难的问题是黑液含硅量高而导致黑液粘度较高,本文介绍了印度研制的黑液用二氧化碳饱和除硅方法。     

全秆红麻制漂白浆及其污染负荷

全秆红麻采用20％ NaOH,15～25％硫化度,165℃保温1小时,能制成卡伯值22～25的可漂纸浆。用CEH最好用CE_pH三段漂白工艺,总用氯量8％左右,可使纸浆漂至白度82～84％,回色(返黄)后白度75～79％。纸浆打浆性能及机械强度良好。漂白浆的物理特性基本达到1号漂白硫酸盐木浆部颁标准技术要求的质量标准。全秆红麻漂白浆可以部分代替漂白木浆。测定了蒸煮污染负荷、漂白污染负荷和黑液物化性能。全秆红麻浆黑液有机物与无机物之比在2以上,粘度较低,发热量3200kcal/kg固形物,二氧化硅含量极低,残碱和pH值较高,这种全秆红麻可漂浆黑液预计比较容易进行碱回收。     

麦草除硅方法的探讨

针对草浆黑液含硅量高，对碱回收系统硅干扰严重，而采用直接对草浆黑液除硅技术难度大，系统复杂的问题进行了探讨。提出在备料和制浆过程中除硅，降低黑液含硅量，从根本上改善草浆黑液质量，从而使黑液碱回收运行状况得到改善     

工业大麻全秆制浆中试生产

在前期工业大麻秆芯制浆以及大麻全秆小试制浆的基础上,对大麻全秆制浆进行了中试生产实践。结果表明:大麻全秆易蒸煮,纸浆得率较高、易漂白,聚戊糖含量适中、灰分低,易润胀打浆。蒸煮黑液含硅量比草类原料(如麦草)黑液低得多,且漂白时污染轻。     

草浆黑液降低粘度措施

分析了草浆黑液各组分对粘度的影响，草浆黑液含有较多聚糖和硅是导致粘度大的主要原因。蒸煮同步除硅过程能使黑液硅含量降低８０％，聚糖含量降低３２％，因此能有效降低黑液粘度。     

大麻全秆制浆初探

大麻生长周期短,产量高,亩产全秆700～1100kg。还可收获大麻种子30～70kg/亩。适宜在我国广大地区栽种。一、大麻纤维形态和化学成分大麻皮纤维长度平均为16mm,大麻芯秆为0５４mm,适于造纸。见表1。大麻全秆化学成分见表2,纤维素含量51３２%,木素含量为14９７%,易蒸煮,纸浆得率高,漂白时由木素和氯反应产生的二恶英低,污染轻。聚戊糖含量适中,易润胀打浆。灰分低,其黑液含硅量比草类原料如麦草、荻纸浆黑液低得多,见表３,适宜碱回收。二、大麻用于造纸的初步试验１纸浆、纸强度全秆大麻未漂KP浆强度以及抄造涂料原纸、书写纸…     

SLJ型双螺旋挤浆机的设计及其解决运行中出现的问题

造纸企业化学制浆产生的废弃物,是污染环境的最大症结。其主要源头,来自造纸原料蒸煮所产生的蒸煮黑液。处理黑液较为成熟的方法是配建碱回收车间。凡利用木材原料及含硅量较少的非木材原料进行生产的企业,碱回收都能正常运行,并能取得较好的治污效果。水污染的治理,特别是对于含硅量多、浆液粘度大、分离困难的稻、麦草原料,从源头上抓好黑液提取工段的效果,相当重要。     

对草浆黑液碱回收的改进意见

我国是世界最早、产量最大的草浆生产国,草浆黑液回收也积累了不少经验。但是,由于草浆(尤其是稻草浆)黑液浓度低,粘度大,含硅量高,发热量低,给碱回收工艺带来许多困难。目前草浆黑液碱回收还只限于年产万吨以上的部分浆厂,多数厂是把制浆废液排入江河,造成污染。为了提高碱法草浆黑液的回收率,减少环境污染,下面谈谈个人的看法。     

泰国红麻制浆经验

世界上第一家年产七万吨红麻浆厂正投入生产。红麻从少量土地占有者手中收购并堆存4—5月。贮存具有防雨防虫害措施。红麻经削片和圆筛处理后进气—液相卡米尔蒸煮器进行蒸煮。根据红麻削片和纤维特性,制浆系统要求一定的调整设计。由于黑液含硅量低,因此可以使用常规矸回收装置。漂白程序为C/D—E—H—D,用Mathieson系统,化学药品就地生产。因为桨的水化性好,能在较低打浆能耗下迅速提高浆张强度。浆板市场为国内和海外。废水用活性污泥法处理。     

龙须草预处理及其对烧碱-蒽醌蒸煮的影响

分别采用冷热水、冷热碱及其组合8种方式对龙须草进行预处理,处理后的龙须草进行原料化学成分分析,并进行烧碱-蒽醌蒸煮。结果表明:预处理后原料的灰分含量、1%NaOH抽出物、酸溶木素含量降低,酸不溶木素、聚戊糖含量增加。制浆结果表明,预处理可使浆料卡伯值降低。显著提高了未漂浆的白度,降低了黑液中的SiO2含量。8种预处理方式中,热碱预处理效果最好,热碱预处理工艺为:5%用碱量,煮沸10min。     

红麻全秆烧碱法制浆

本文初步探讨了红麻全秆烧碱法制浆的蒸煮条件，并与烧碱法麦草浆进行了比较，最后对制浆黑液进行了分析。     

Diversity and Characteristics of Kenaf Bast Degumming Microbial Resources

Kenaf is one of the most important natural fiber crops. Traditional degumming with water retting causes serious environmental pollution and reduces the quality of fiber products. The development of kenaf industry is hindered by high production cost. Microbial degumming is suitable for kenaf bast degumming because of its high efficiency, energy conservation, low pollution, and high quality, among others. Through enrichment and screening from water sample, soil sample, and humus sample, we concentrated and identified 92 bacterial strains that could degrade kenaf bast colloid. The strains belonged to 11 genera and 16 species. Five of these strains did not produce cellulase and the weight loss rate of the kenaf bast fiber raw material was more than 20%. These strains belonged to Bacillus subtilis, Paenibacillus polymyxa, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Bacillus alcalophilus, and Erwinia chrysanthemi and were assigned with serial numbers from K1–K5, respectively. This study is the first to report the function of Bacillus pumilus, B. alcalophilus, Clostridium tertium, Brevibacillus brevis, Pectobacterium carotovora, E. chrysanthemi, and Tyromyces subcaesius in kenaf bast degumming. Pectinase and mannanase were the key enzymes in the degumming of kenaf bast.     

草浆黑液的燃烧性能

燃烧是碱回收的关键工序, 而草浆黑液比木浆黑液难燃烧。事先测定一些与草浆黑液燃烧有关的参数, 可以准确地预测碱回收车间建成后黑液的燃烧性能, 以保证碱回收锅炉的正常运行。     

龙须草制浆造纸性能及其配抄文化用纸

分析龙须草的纤维形态及化学成分,研究龙须草的制浆性能及龙须草浆在配抄文化用纸中的情况。结果表明:龙须草是一种优质的长纤维草类制浆造纸原料,掺配15%龙须草的混合浆配抄文化用纸,可减少针叶木长纤维浆用量,降低生产成本,并能取得改善纸机抄造和成纸质量的效果。     

RDH法和常规KP法蒸煮过程中蒸煮液组成的变化及对比

对RDH(快速置换加热)硫酸盐法和常规KP法蒸煮过程中蒸煮液组成的变化规律进行了研究和对比。结果表明，在RDH硫酸盐法和常规KP法蒸煮过程中，蒸煮液中NaOH和Na2S含量均下降，但蒸煮液硫化度升高。与常规KP法相比，在整个脱木素反应过程中，RDH蒸煮液的有效碱浓度分布较均匀，蒸煮液中Na2S浓度较高，尤其在大量脱木紊的开始阶段(此时蒸煮液中Na2S浓度是常规KP法蒸煮时的2．88倍)，因而RDH法蒸煮能够深度脱除木素。与常规KP法蒸煮废液相比，在废液粘度相近的条件下，RDH法蒸煮废液有较高的固含量，有利于黑液的碱回收。在RDH硫酸盐法蒸煮经过一次完整的循环置换蒸煮周期后，温黑液槽和热黑液槽内的黑液组成基本保持稳定，可为后续进行的连续置换加热蒸煮提供良好的前提条件。     

龙须草制浆造纸性能研究及其在配抄文化用纸中的应用

分析了龙须草的纤维形态及化学成分,研究了龙须草的制浆性能及龙须草浆在配抄文化用纸中的应用.结果表明:龙须草是一种优质的长纤维草类制浆造纸原料,用掺配 15%龙须草的混合浆配抄文化用纸,可减少针叶木长纤维浆用量,降低生产成本,并能取得改善纸机抄造和成纸质量的效果.     

Study on the Application of Kenaf Core as a Composite Reinforcement: Injection Molding of Kenaf Core/Poly(l-lactide) Compounds

Injection molding was performed using poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) as a matrix and by varying the reinforcements, i.e., dry-distilled kenaf core (D-core) or untreated kenaf bast fibers, and the physical properties for these composites were subsequently compared. The dry-distillation was able to reduce the moisture content of D-core by a maximum of 4.2% as compared with untreated control core. As a result, the hydrophobicity was increased, which contributed to favorable Charpy impact strength and tensile properties of the D-core/PLLA composite relative to the kenaf bast fiber/PLLA composite. Moreover, the puffing phenomenon, which arises when heating with a microwave oven due to the vaporization of water dispersed within the interfacial regions and associated softening of the PLLA matrix by the heated vapor, was completely suppressed for the D-core/PLLA composite, whereas a large puffing ratio was observed for the kenaf bast fiber/PLLA composite. Reducing the moisture content also effectively suppressed the occurrence of transesterification reactions, leading to a decrease in the molecular weight of PLLA. However, the apparent nucleation effect of the D-core remains slightly inferior to that for the hydrophilic bast fibers due to its stronger affinity for PLLA molecules.     

黑液提取与黑液热处理

麦草浆黑液的高粘度低提取率给黑液碱回收各工序造成很大的障碍 ,搞好碱回收的关键就是搞好黑液提取。主要介绍了麦草浆黑液提取及黑液热处理的一些主要影响因素     

Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Lignocellulosic Fibers

Abstract

Spruce, coconut coir, sugarcane bagasse, kenaf bast, kenaf core, and cotton were tested for their ability to remove copper, nickel and zinc ions from aqueous solutions as a function of their lignin content. The fibers were analyzed for sugar and lignin content and extracted with di-ethyl ether, ethyl alcohol, hot water, or 1% sodium hydroxide.

The order of lignin content in un-extracted fibers is coconut coir > spruce > kenaf core > bagasse > kenaf bast > cotton. The fiber with the highest level of heavy metal removal was kenaf bast that had a very low level of lignin, showing that removal of heavy metals does not correlate with lignin content. Cotton, with about 1% lignin, was very low in metal ion sorption while all of the fibers containing lignin did remove heavy metal ions showing that lignin does play a role in metal ion sorption. Extraction with the various solvents removed different cell wall components and did change heavy metal sorption that indicates that cell wall chemistry and architecture may also be important factors in the sorption of heavy metals from aqueous solutions using lignocellulosic fibers.