钢铁常温耐蚀磷化液的研究

研究了复合助剂HN对A3钢磷化膜耐蚀性的影响,确定了磷化温度、溶液pH值和磷化时间等工艺参数,并对磷化液中有无HN助剂时生成的磷化膜的腐蚀电位进行了监测。结果表明:在适当的工艺参数下,在含有助剂HN的磷化液中生成的磷化膜具有更正的腐蚀电位,耐蚀性明显提高,磷化膜耐CuSO4点滴时间超过160s。     

一种不含镍的高耐蚀性环保黑色磷化液

以主成膜剂、成膜助剂、促进剂、晶粒细化剂、稳定剂、发黑剂、发黑助剂制备了一种环保黑色磷化液。分别研究了温度、时间和酸比对磷化膜性能的影响。结果表明,该磷化液的工作温度在60～70℃,磷化时间控制在8～15 min,酸比在10～15范围内,成膜的外观和耐蚀性效果最佳。     

硅酸盐封闭对45钢锌锰系磷化膜耐蚀性的影响

为提高45钢表面锌锰系磷化膜的耐蚀性,采用硅酸盐溶液浸渍的方式进行封闭.选取溶液温度、封闭时间和硅酸钠质量浓度作为因素,以磷化膜的耐硫酸铜点滴腐蚀时间作为指标,采用正交试验方法确定了各工艺参数对磷化膜耐蚀性的影响,通过直观分析法和方差分析法得到最佳封闭工艺参数,并进行了验证,同时比较了封闭前后磷化膜的微观形貌、元素成分和耐蚀性.结果表明:在75°C的10.5 g/L硅酸钠溶液中浸渍10 min所得到的最佳封闭磷化膜由Zn、Mn、P、O、Na和Si元素组成,其表面比封闭前平整、致密,具有更好的耐蚀性.     

建筑结构用16Mn钢锌钙系磷化处理研究

以建筑结构用16Mn钢作为基体,在稀土、超声波单独及复合作用下进行锌钙系磷化处理,旨在改善磷化工艺条件从而进一步提高锌钙系磷化膜的耐蚀性.研究了稀土、超声波单独及复合作用下获得的磷化膜的形貌、成分、厚度和耐蚀性,结果表明:稀土、超声波单独及复合作用不会对磷化膜成分产生影响,但会影响磷化膜的形貌、厚度和耐蚀性.超声波单独作用对改善磷化膜的致密度效果不明显,获得的磷化膜厚度与无超声波时相差不大,磷化膜的耐蚀性也未表现出明显的提高.稀土单独作用能有效促进磷化成膜,获得了晶粒细小、比较致密的磷化膜,虽然磷化膜的厚度下降,但耐蚀性明显提高.稀土和超声波复合作用获得的磷化膜表面也比较平整致密,其耐蚀性与无超声波和超声波单独作用获得的磷化膜相比要好,但与稀土单独作用获得的磷化膜相比稍差.     

建筑结构用Q235钢超声波辅助锌-锰系磷化处理及耐蚀性研究

为有效提高建筑结构常用Q235钢的耐蚀性,采用锌-锰系磷化工艺对Q235钢进行表面处理,并在磷化过程中引入超声波。测试并分析了不加超声波以及施加超声波获得的锌-锰系磷化膜的物相、厚度、腐蚀前后的形貌特征及耐蚀性,同时探讨了施加超声波对锌-锰系磷化膜的影响机理。结果表明：在一定范围内超声波功率提高有利于提高形核密度并缩短成膜诱导期,在相同时间内获得缺陷少、较厚且表面致密性较好的锌-锰系磷化膜,表现出良好的耐蚀性。但超声波功率过高的情况下成膜速度变慢,锌-锰系磷化膜中缺陷增多,导致耐蚀性变差。超声波功率为120 W获得的锌-锰系磷化膜表面致密性最好,厚度达到11.8μm,其耐蚀性明显优于不加超声波获得的锌-锰系磷化膜,腐蚀电流密度相比于Q235钢降低了超过一个数量级,能对Q235钢起到理想的防护作用。     

镁合金磷酸盐-高锰酸盐磷化最佳工艺的研究

磷化温度、磷化时间、磷化液的pH值是影响镁合金表面磷化膜耐蚀性的重要因素。通过正交试验和动电位极化方法考察了这三个因素对磷化膜耐蚀性的影响。以自腐蚀电流密度为磷化膜耐蚀性的评价指标,通过极差法确定了最佳的磷化工艺。并通过扫描电镜测试了最佳磷化工艺条件下所得磷化膜的表面形貌和元素组成,通过交流阻抗曲线考察了磷化膜的耐蚀性。结果表明:当磷化液由磷酸二氢铵(80g/L)和高锰酸钾(20g/L)组成时,镁合金表面最佳的磷化工艺为温度25℃,时间20min,磷化液的pH值4.5。此时的磷化膜平整均匀,主要由Mg,O和P等元素组成。尽管磷化膜表面存在微裂纹,但其仍表现出良好的耐蚀性。     

磷化温度对汽车用冷轧钢板锌-锰磷化膜性能的影响

研究了磷化温度对汽车用冷轧钢板表面锌-锰磷化膜的外观及耐蚀性的影响。结果表明:锌-锰磷化膜主要由Zn、Zn_3(PO_4)_2和MnHPO_4组成。当磷化温度低于50℃或超过65℃时,磷化膜的外观和耐蚀性都不太理想;随着磷化温度的升高,磷化膜的色泽趋于均匀,耐蚀性逐渐改善。当磷化温度为60℃时,磷化膜呈深灰黑色且色泽比较均匀,耐硫酸铜点滴时间达到75 s,在盐水中浸泡24 h后磷化膜表面的腐蚀坑数量较少,其耐蚀性明显比未磷化的冷轧钢板的耐蚀性好。     

成膜处理剂(I)

1磷酸二氢锌的作用(1)成膜速率较快磷化膜的耐蚀性随磷酸二氢锌的质量浓度的增加而提高。磷酸二氢锌的质量浓度过高时,虽然成膜速率加快,膜变厚,但沉渣增多,溶液的稳定性变差,膜层的耐蚀性下降;过低时,成膜速率降低,膜层薄且疏松,耐蚀性差。(2)允许溶液的酸度较高在酸度较高的条件下,磷酸锌仍较容易从液相中析出。(3)锌离子的利用率较高在氧化剂的作用下,锌成磷酸盐沉渣的损失比锰盐的小得多。     

促进剂对电气柜用冷轧板常温锌-锰系磷化膜耐蚀性的影响

通过添加亚硝酸钠或硝酸镥作为单一促进剂或两者复配制备复合促进剂对常温锌-锰系磷化液加以改进,并使用改进的磷化液在不同温度下进行实验.比较了使用单一或复合促进剂获得的磷化膜的形貌质量和耐蚀性,同时研究了温度对使用复合促进剂获得的磷化膜的形貌质量和耐蚀性的影响.结果表明:使用复合促进剂(亚硝酸钠1.5 g/L+硝酸镥0.04 g/L)获得的磷化膜耐蚀性明显好于使用亚硝酸钠(1.5 g/L)或硝酸镥(0.04 g/L)作为促进剂获得的磷化膜,其主要原因是复合促进剂能更好地促进磷化成膜,获得了比较致密、平整度较好的磷化膜.温度对使用复合促进剂获得的磷化膜的形貌质量和耐蚀性有较大影响,随着温度从15℃升高到30℃,磷化膜的致密度明显改善,表面粗糙度从0.36μm下降到0.28μm,其耐蚀性逐步提高.采用改进的常温锌-锰系磷化液在合适温度下可以获得耐蚀性较好的常温磷化膜,该磷化膜可以作为电气柜用冷轧板的涂装底层.     

低温高效钢铁磷化及其成膜机理的研究

由于常温磷化存在沉渣多 ,耐磨、耐蚀性差等缺点 ,低温磷化的研究正日益受到人们的重视。本文研制了一种低温、高效锌系钢铁磷化液。探讨了磷化膜的成膜机理 ,沉渣的形成条件及抑制沉渣生成的方法。该磷化液具有处理温度低、成膜快、沉渣少、耐磨、耐蚀性好等特点。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.