正交实验优化紫色姜中总姜黄素的提取工艺

通过单因素实验和正交实验考察了超声波辅助提取紫色姜中总姜黄素的主要影响因素。确定总姜黄素的最佳提取工艺条件为：采用65％甲醇，以目液比1：13室温下浸泡13h后枣超声提取45min。此时提取碍到的总姜黄素含量为0．161％。用超声波辅助提取紫色姜中总姜黄素效果较好，工艺简单可行。     

超声辅助法提取金针菇多糖的工艺优化

通过单因素实验和正交实验优化了超声辅助法提取金针菇多糖的工艺条件。确定最佳提取工艺条件为：料液比1：40（g：mL）、超声功率70w、超声时间10min、浸提温度50℃、浸提时间2h,此时,金针菇多糖提取率达到（3．14±0．14）％。     

微波辐射下NaHSO_4·H_2O催化合成烷基糖苷

采用直接苷化法,以葡糖糖和十二醇为原料,NaHSO4.H2O为催化剂,辅助微波/超声波辐射催化合成烷基糖苷。探讨了工艺条件对葡萄糖转化率和产品外观的影响,得到最佳合成工艺条件为：微波输出功率300 W,辐射时间30 min,超声波功率600 W,n（十二醇）∶n（葡糖糖）=5∶1,催化剂用量w（催化剂）∶w（葡糖糖）=1∶100,在该条件下,葡萄糖转化率达98.9%,催化剂可回收重复使用,并对合成的样品进行红外光谱分析。     

正交优化水飞蓟素固体分散体制备工艺研究

探究了制备水飞蓟素固体分散体的最佳工艺,通过溶剂法制备其固体分散体,用正交设计实验对水飞蓟素-SD制备工艺进行优化。以水飞蓟宾20 min内的累积溶出率为评价标准,确定最佳制备工艺。通过正交实验和方差分析得出,溶剂法制备水飞蓟素固体分散体最佳工艺条件是:以甘露醇为载体、载体用量为主药的6倍、乙醇浓度为80%、制备温度为30℃时,制备得到的固体分散体溶出速率和累积溶出率较好。     

对乙酰氨基苯磺酰胺合成工艺的改进

以苯胺为母体合成对乙酰氨基苯磺酰胺，在氯磺化反应中引入四氯化碳作溶剂，在反应后期加入氯化钠．用正交实验确定了最佳原料配比：n（乙酰苯胺）：n（氯磺酸）：n（氯化钠）=1．0：4．3：0．4．工艺改进后．氯磺化反应的收率由80．00％提高到了86．73％．物料稀释温度和氨解打浆温度由5℃提高到了13℃，节省了能源，方便了生产．     

白肾豆中α-淀粉酶抑制剂的超声波辅助提取工艺研究

目的：研究白肾豆中α-淀粉酶抑制剂提取的最优工艺。方法：采用超声波辅助提取白肾豆中α-淀粉酶抑制剂,研究了白肾豆粉细度、提取时间、提取温度、超声功率和料液比对白肾豆中α-淀粉酶抑制剂得率的影响。结果：通过单因素和正交实验,确定了最佳工艺条件为料液比1∶10(g∶mL)、提取温度60℃、提取时间100 min、超声功率200 W。依照优化条件进行重复试验,此时白肾豆中α-淀粉酶抑制剂的得率为4.51%。     

正交优选超声波辅助提取三明药用植物金线莲中总氨基酸的工艺研究

研究了三明药用植物金线莲中总氨基酸的超声波辅助提取工艺。在单因素实验的基础上．通过L9（3^4）正交实验确定最佳提取条件为：乙醇体积分数60％、料液比1：40（g：mL）、超声波功率60w、提取温度60℃、提取2次、每次提取时间40min。在此条件下。总氨基酸的提取率达9．86％。该法具有简单、快速、高效、无需加热、提取率高等优点。     

高纯度药用级蔗糖八硫酸酯钠的制备工艺研究

采用无水吡啶为催化剂可以有效地提高蔗糖八硫酸酯钠的产率及成品的纯度，探讨反应条件对结果的影响，得出最佳反应条件为：n（蔗糖）：n(三氧化硫-吡啶复化物)：n(催化剂)=1:6:11，保温时间为4 h，反应温度为80℃～90℃。采用醇-水重结晶的方法对粗产物进行提纯，重结晶两次后蔗糖八硫酸酯钠纯度可达99.8%，继续重结晶对纯度提高影响不大。同时开发了蔗糖八硫酸酯钠含量的检测方法。高纯度蔗糖八硫酸酯钠作为药用辅料满足高端药物制剂的需求。     

超声串联固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定加热米制品中丙烯酰胺

采用了超声串联固相萃取-液相色谱法测定加热米制品中丙烯酰胺。通过实验确定了最佳前处理条件：乙酸乙酯和甲醇（6:4）的混合溶剂超声萃取串联C₁₈小柱净化为最佳前处理方法，优化了HPLC的运行条件，流动相为70%甲醇+30%水（v/v）,流速0.7 mL/min,检测波长210 nm。该方法操作相对简便，加标回收率在95%～100%之间，变异系数约7%,满足对加热米制品中丙烯酰胺的检测要求。     

响应面法优化超声辅助提取金线莲多糖工艺研究

采用单因素试验结合响应面法优化金线莲多糖超声波辅助提取工艺。考察超声温度、超声时间、料液比和超声功率等因素,以金线莲中多糖提取量作为评价指标,采用响应面设计优化超声波辅助多糖提取工艺。经优化最佳超声波辅助金线莲多糖提取工艺:超声温度70℃,超声时间60 min,料液比为1∶49,超声功率为270 W。在此条件下,验证实验得到结果为377.4 mg/g与响应面法预测结果无显著差异,证明可行。实验优化并验证了金线莲多糖超声波辅助最佳提取工艺条件,优化后的金线莲多糖提取工艺稳定、可行。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.