不同过程参数对搅拌摩擦焊接中材料流动以及残余应力分布的影响

通过有限元法建立了搅拌摩擦焊接的二维模型,并研究了不同工艺参数下搅拌摩擦焊接过程中材料的流动以及残余应力的分布。在搅拌摩擦焊接过程中,切向流动构成了材料流动的主要形式,并且材料流动最为剧烈的区域发生在后退侧。在材料的切向流动中,材料的流动方向不是单一的,可能会形成漩涡。搅拌头平移速度和转速的增加,都能使材料在后退侧的流动变得更为剧烈,但是在材料流动速度较小的区域,参数的改变对材料流动的影响很小。纵向残余应力的最大值始终发生在热影响区的边界,并且纵向残余应力在靠近焊缝中心线的附近一般为正值,而在靠近焊接构件边界的地方,残余应力则表现为负值。纵向残余应力的最大值随着搅拌头平移速度的增加而有所增加,但是搅拌头转速的变化对纵向残余应力的分布影响不大。     

焊缝金属的屈服强度和材料的加工硬化对Q345钢焊接残余应力与变形计算精度的影响

建立合适的材料模型是有限元法准确预测焊接残余应力与变形的关键.基于有限元软件ABAQUS,采用热-弹-塑性有限元方法模拟Q345低合金高强钢平板对接接头的焊接残余应力与变形,探讨焊缝金属的屈服强度和材料的加工硬化对焊接残余应力和变形的影响.数值模拟结果表明,与理想弹塑性模型预测的结果相比,材料模型区分考虑母材和焊缝金属的屈服强度会明显增加焊缝及其附近区域的纵向残余应力,材料模型考虑材料的加工硬化及退火软化效应会显著增加焊接接头下表面的纵向和横向残余应力,材料模型考虑焊缝金属的屈服强度和材料的加工硬化及退火软化效应对平板对接接头角变形的影响较小.比较计算结果与试验结果可知,为准确地预测Q345钢接头焊接残余应力与变形,材料模型要区分考虑母材与焊缝金属的屈服强度、材料的加工硬化及退火软化效应.提出的材料模型为采用数值模拟方法高精度地获得Q345低合金高强钢接头或结构的残余应力与变形奠定了理论基础.     

垫板导热能力对钛合金薄板焊接残余应力的影响

针对钛合金TC4薄板钨极氩弧焊(GTAW)分别在试件背面衬以铜垫板与覆盖石棉的垫板两种情况下所焊的对接试件,采用切条应力释放法测量了其中纵向残余应力和纵向残余塑性应变的分布,比较研究了不同导热能力的垫板对钛合金薄板焊接残余应力及纵向残余塑性应变的影响。测量结果表明:钛合金GTAW焊接过程中垫板不仅提供了对焊缝背面的保护,也影响了焊接纵向残余应力与纵向残余塑性应变的分布与大小。不同导热能力的垫板控制应力与变形的效果不同。铜垫板控制应力与变形的效果好于覆盖石棉的垫板。     

超超临界HR6W钢TIG焊接残余应力和变形有限元预测

采用钨极氩弧焊接(TIG)方法对超超临界HR6W钢厚板进行对接焊接,采用数值模拟方法分析焊接过程温度场,预测焊缝残余应力和焊接变形分布.结果表明,随着焊接道次增多,焊接变形逐渐增大,焊接变形为典型的角变形,以焊接线为中心线,呈对称分布,最大变形不超过1mm;随着焊接道次的增加,焊缝平均拉应力和压应力均先增大,后减小;焊缝中部区域存在残余压应力,焊缝首端和末端区域存在残余拉应力.     

6061铝合金薄板焊接应力与焊接变形

研究了6061铝合金薄板TIG焊焊接应力、焊接变形与焊接电流、焊接电压和板材尺寸的关系.随着焊接线能量的增加,铝合金的纵向和横向收缩变形增加;随着板的长度的增加,由于约束增加,板的纵向残余变形减少,厚度方向的抗弯增大,横向变形增大.板焊后,焊缝处受拉应力,而紧靠焊缝的母材处却受压应力,其余部分受拉应力且焊接线能量越大,残余应力越大.     

坡口形式对Q345/SUS304异种钢对接接头残余应力和变形的影响

近年来,异种钢焊接接头在工业应用上越来越广泛。在焊接中、厚板的异种钢接头时,为了获得全焊透接头通常需要在工件上准备坡口。由于坡口处需要填充焊缝金属,因此不同的坡口要采用不同的热输入和焊道布置。理论上而言,不同热输入和焊道布置对焊接残余应力与变形会有影响。采用数值模拟与试验手段相结合的方法研究坡口形式对Q345与SUS304异材对接接头的残余应力与变形的影响。以有限元软件ABAQUS为平台,开发热-弹-塑性有限元数值计算方法来模拟板厚为10 mm的V形和X形坡口Q345/SUS304异种钢平板多道焊对接接头的温度场、应力场和焊接变形。采用盲孔法测量V形坡口接头表面的焊接残余应力;分别采用游标卡尺和三坐标仪测量V形和X形坡口接头的横向收缩和角变形。通过比较可知,不论是焊接残余应力还是焊接变形,计算结果与试验结果都吻合较好,验证了计算方法的有效性。研究结果表明,在Q345母材与焊缝交界处的应力分布均出现不连续的现象,而且接头中SUS304侧的高拉伸残余应力区域明显宽于Q345侧。数值结果表明,坡口形式对纵向残余应力的峰值影响较小,而对横向残余应力的峰值有一定影响。试验和数值模拟结果显示V形坡口接头的横向收缩和角变形明显大于X形坡口接头的值。     

随焊冲击旋转挤压控制LD10薄板件焊接变形和热裂纹的研究

LD10铝合金薄板在焊接过程中易产生焊接热裂纹,焊后薄板件易产生较大的焊接变形。采用冲击旋转挤压头对焊缝及相邻区域施加一定频率的冲击旋转挤压作用,使焊缝及近缝区产生塑性延展;对LD10常规焊接件和随焊冲击旋转挤压件的焊接残余变形与焊接残余应力进行测量,对比分析了常规焊接件和随焊冲击旋转挤压件的拉伸试验、维氏硬度、断口分析和金相组织,明确了随焊冲击旋转挤压工艺对焊接件组织及性能的影响。试验结果表明,随焊冲击旋转挤压处理后,工件的残余应力被降低到较低水平,随焊冲击旋转挤压工艺起到控制焊接残余应力和变形的作用,并且抑制了焊接热裂纹的产生。     

低碳钢焊缝金属强度组配对焊接残余应力分布的影响规律

采用热弹塑性有限元方法,对平板对接接头中焊缝金属强度组配对焊接残余应力分布的影响进行了研究。结果表明,对于高组配接头,纵向残余应力的峰值接近焊缝金属的屈服极限,出现在焊缝中心。对于低组配接头,纵向残余应力的峰值接近母材的屈服极限,并发生在焊缝附近。随着对含有残余应力的接头施加外载,焊缝金属强度组配对纵向应力分布的影响依然存在,但残余应力的影响在减小。对承受外载的焊接接头,逐步卸除外载后,焊缝横截面     

盾构机刀盘牛腿焊接过程的三维仿真

盾构机刀盘上牛腿部位在掘进过程中的焊缝及其周围部位的开裂及断裂直接影响施工效率和成本。在ANSYS有限元软件二次开发环境下建立了盾构机刀盘牛腿焊接三维模型,并采用双椭球热源模型建立了多层多道焊模型。采用"单元生死"技术数值模拟了牛腿焊接过程中的温度场和应力场分布及其变化规律,结果表明焊缝以及焊缝附近区域的应力水平较高,焊缝处的残余应力为较大的拉应力,其中纵向残余应力要远大于横向残余应力,远离焊缝的区域的应力主要由残余压应力组成,该结果为研究盾构机刀盘牛腿部位的焊接工艺提供了理论依据。     

随焊旋转挤压控制薄板焊件应力变形新方法

提出随焊旋转挤压(Welding with trailing rotating extrusion,WTRE)控制薄板焊件残余应力和变形新方法,其工作原理为:通过一工作端为圆柱状的挤压头跟随电弧对焊缝区金属进行旋转挤压,延展焊后变短的焊缝及近缝区金属,降低该部位的纵向残余拉应力水平从而达到减小焊接变形的目的。该方法设备简单,容易实现自动化,工作时噪声小。试验结果表明:WTRE法可以显著降低薄板焊件的残余应力和变形,在合适的工艺参数下,能够将2mm厚2A12T4铝合金焊件的残余变形降低到常规焊件变形量的4%以下。     

Analysis of transient temperature and residual thermal stresses in friction stir welding of aluminum alloy 6061-T6 via numerical simulation

Residual stress is lower in friction stir welding (FSW) compared with other melting weldment processes. This is due to being solid-state process in its nature. There are several advantages in utilizing stir welding process. Lower fluctuation and shrinkage in weldment metal-enhanced mechanical characteristics, less defects, and ability to weld certain metals otherwise impractical by other welding processes are to name just a few of these advantages. These have caused an ever increasing attention by the concerned to the process of FSW. In this investigation, three-dimensional numerical simulation of friction stir welding was concerned to study the impact of tool moving speed in relation with heat distribution as well as residual stress. Simulation was composed of two stages. Firstly, thermal behavior of the piece while undergoing the welding process was studied. Heat is generated due to the friction between tool and the piece being welded. In the second stage, attained thermal behavior of the piece from previous stage is considered as inlet heat of an elasto-plastic, thermo-mechanical model for the prediction of residual stress. Also, in the second stage, tool is eliminated and residual stress distribution is found after complete cooling of the piece and disassembly of the clamp. Material characteristic are introduced into the proposed model as temperature-dependent parameters. Obtained residual indicate that heat distribution along thickness varies and is asymmetrical enormously. Moreover, longitudinal residual stress in the weld which increases as speed of process and tool movement ascends. In the prediction of results of residual stress, only heat impact was studied. This was recognized as the main element causing minor difference in results obtained for simulation in comparison with that of actual experiment.     

Modeling of multiple characteristics of an arc weld joint

Process parameters modeling have always been one of the key aspects in development of an adaptive control of arc welding process. The welding process parameters are inherently nonlinear, time-delayed, and interdependent, and their on-time adjustment highly influences a sound weld bead formation and process monitoring. During the welding process, parameters control is the primary goal to leads a quality welding. Moreover, the final weld joint behavior, i.e., residual stress, welding strength, and micro-crack formation are generally observed after cooling of the weld product. Thus, it has always been a difficult task to control mechanical properties of a final weld joint. To obtain the best mechanical properties, the final weld joint characteristics needed to be controlled and predicted during the process itself by precise adjustment of the process parameters. The paper presents a neuro-fuzzy modeling approach to provide adaptive control for the automatic process parameter adjustment. Three input parameters wire feed speed, welding gap, and torch speed are modeled with welding current output, providing control over weld bead formation during the welding. The same input process parameters are also modeled to predict final weld joint characteristics, i.e., dilution ratio, hardness of weld bead, hardness of fused zone, and bead width. In order to ascertain the effectiveness of the neuro-fuzzy modeling approach, multiple regression models were also developed to compare the performances.     

Design of a laser welded thin metal tube structure incorporating welding distortion and residual stress

The welding process, incorporating rapid heating and cooling, generates distortion and residual stress in the welded structures. In the design of a high quality welded structures, the weld distortion and residual stress have to be considered in advance. Especially, for the thin metal welded structures, the thermal distortion and residual stress have a severe effect on the structure’s precision, fatigue strength, buckling strength and so on. This study aims to analyze the design candidates of a laser welded thin metal tube structure in the view point of welding distortion and residual stress. Three design candidates were fabricated, and then the distortion was measured. And the residual stress distributions were calculated by using a commercial FEM package. The analysis results show that the distortion and residual stress were affected according to the position of weld line and the design of structure. By using the analyses the best one among the three design candidates was selected finally.     

钛合金薄板带热沉GTAW焊的应力场

采用数值模拟和试验相结合的方法，比较钛合金常规钨极氩弧焊(CTAW)及带热沉的钨极氩弧焊，即动态控制低应力无变形(DC-LSND，dynamically controlled low stress no-distortion)GTAW焊接过程中应力场的形态与发展历史。DC-LSND焊接过程中，热沉的急冷收缩对热沉作用部位与熔池之间已凝固但仍处于高温状态的金属产生很强的拉伸作用，使焊缝中拉伸塑性变形增大，近缝区压缩塑性变形相应减小，从而导致焊缝与近缝区不协调应变减小，残余应力降低。与常规焊最大残余拉应力位于焊缝中心不同，在所选用的焊接条件下，DC-LSND焊最大残余拉应力位于近缝区，残余应力分布形态发生改变。     

高压水射流喷丸降低焊接残余应力有限元分析

焊接不可避免产生残余应力,对结构完整性造成很大影响。提出利用高压水射流喷丸技术降低焊接残余应力,并利用有限元法进行计算模拟。分别开发了模拟焊接的移动双椭球热源子程序及模拟高压水射流喷丸的移动压力载荷子程序,得到了经高压水射流喷丸处理前后焊接残余应力分布的变化规律。计算结果表明,经高压水射流喷丸处理后,焊缝和热影响区存在的焊态残余应力得到降低,在焊缝区已经产生压缩应力。证明高压水射流喷丸具有降低焊接残余应力的效果。     

Residual stresses in friction stir welded parts of complex geometry

Residual stresses play a key role on the mechanics underlying the fatigue crack growth propagation of welded joints. Indeed, compressive residual stresses may induce a beneficial enhancement of the fatigue life under loading condition whereas tensile residual stresses may act to increase the stress distribution at crack tip, resulting in a life-threatening condition of the welded structure. In-process distortion and final geometry of welded joints are also affected by residual stresses. In this paper, the longitudinal residual stress distributions in friction stir welding (FSW) joints were investigated for butt and skin–stringer geometries, including lap and T configurations. To measure residual stresses, the cut-compliance and the inverse weight-function methodologies were adapted for skin–stringer FSW geometries via finite element analysis. AA2024-T4 and AA7075-T6 aluminum alloys were used to weld dissimilar skin–stringer joints whereas butt joints were made of AA2024. The effect of most relevant process parameters as well as the cooling during welding process was also investigated for a better understanding of welding residual stresses. Our findings suggest that FSW of complex skin–stringer geometries produces higher residual stresses than those of butt joints, and that the cooling water flux further reduces residual stresses. Changes of process parameters did not affect markedly residual stress distribution.     

还原炉挠性夹套的焊接残余应力有限元模拟

夹套是广泛运用在化工、医药等行业设备上的加热冷却装置,夹套焊缝是常常发生开裂泄漏的失效部位,焊接残余应力是导致开裂泄漏的重要因素之一。利用有限元技术对一种新型多晶硅还原炉挠性冷却夹套的焊接过程的温度场、残余应力和塑性应变场进行了数值模拟。借助ANSYS的APDL编程和单元生死技术,采用热-结构直接耦合法,传热分析采用含高斯热源的瞬态过程、应力分析为稳态,材料本构为随温度变化的双线性随动强化弹塑性模型。通过模拟获得焊缝区域残余应力和塑性应变的分布规律,为同类夹套的焊接强度评定提供了有效方法。     

焊接顺序对混流式水轮机转轮焊接应力的影响

在解决叶片与上冠或下环之间的热传导问题以及焊接热源沿任意空间路径移动的加载问题的基础上,对混流式水轮机转轮焊接过程的温度场与应力场进行了数值模拟。结果表明,叶片焊后残余拉应力场出现在焊缝及其附近区域,并且应力峰值出现在焊缝区域的叶片出水边处。同时,不同焊接顺序的转轮残余拉应力峰值的对比表明,焊缝两侧金属在焊接过程中填充的越均匀,残余拉应力的峰值越小。     

马氏体不锈钢大拘束度结构焊接裂纹及防止措施

马氏体不锈钢常温组织为硬脆的马氏体组织,它的导热性较碳钢差,焊接残余应力较大,使得在焊后冷却时容易产生裂纹。从力学、金属学两方面分析了产生裂纹的原因,并通过更改焊接材料、优化焊接参数等解决了约束型马氏体不锈钢产生焊接裂纹的问题。     

Finite element analysis of the residual stresses in T-joint fillet welds made of similar and dissimilar steels

In this paper, weld residual stress analyses are performed for T-joint fillet welds made of similar and dissimilar steels. Three-dimensional uncoupled thermo-mechanical finite element model which can accurately capture residual stresses in a weld piece is developed in order to predict the residual stress states in the fillet-welded T-joint. Results show that the maximum longitudinal residual stresses near the weld toes of the similar steel welds increase with increasing yield stress of the steel welded. For the dissimilar steel welds, the overall trend, shape and magnitude of the residual stress profiles in flange and web are similar to those of the corresponding similar steel welds despite the slight difference between the residual stresses in parts at which the flange and web come in contact with each other.