热沉位置对钛合金薄板焊接残余应力的影响

采用切条应力释放法测量钛合金TC4薄板对接试件选用不同的热沉位置分别进行动态控制低应力无变形(DC-LSND，dynamically controlled low stress no-distortion)钨极氩弧焊(TIG)时试件中的纵向残余应力和纵向残余塑性应变的分布。测量结果表明，热源与热沉之间的距离是重要的工艺参数之一，该参数对焊接应力和变形的控制效果有很大影响，适当的热沉位置是动态控制低应力无变形钨极氩弧焊实现低应力无变形焊接效果的一个必要条件。热源与热沉之间的高温金属处于力学熔化状态、无力学抗力时，热源与热沉之间距离的增加有助于降低焊接残余应力，减小纵向塑性变形。在所选用的焊接条件下，动态控制低应力无变形钨极氩弧焊焊接时热源与热沉相距30mm，近缝区的不协调应变较小，控制焊接应力与变形的效果较好。     

搅拌摩擦焊和钨极氩弧焊焊接接头的残余应力

利用X射线衍射法测量了铝合金搅拌摩擦焊和钨极氩弧焊(TIG)焊接接头表面的残余应力分布.结果表明:两种接头在焊缝区及其周围的残余应力存在着明显的变化,在平行于焊缝方向,应力呈"W"型的分布,焊缝外残余应力值迅速下降;钨极氩弧焊焊接接头残余应力的最大值位于热影响区;在热影响区,搅拌摩擦焊接接头残余应力平均值比TIG焊接接头的约低15%～25%.     

随焊冲击旋转挤压控制LD10薄板件焊接变形和热裂纹的研究

LD10铝合金薄板在焊接过程中易产生焊接热裂纹,焊后薄板件易产生较大的焊接变形。采用冲击旋转挤压头对焊缝及相邻区域施加一定频率的冲击旋转挤压作用,使焊缝及近缝区产生塑性延展;对LD10常规焊接件和随焊冲击旋转挤压件的焊接残余变形与焊接残余应力进行测量,对比分析了常规焊接件和随焊冲击旋转挤压件的拉伸试验、维氏硬度、断口分析和金相组织,明确了随焊冲击旋转挤压工艺对焊接件组织及性能的影响。试验结果表明,随焊冲击旋转挤压处理后,工件的残余应力被降低到较低水平,随焊冲击旋转挤压工艺起到控制焊接残余应力和变形的作用,并且抑制了焊接热裂纹的产生。     

双湿式搅拌机底部框架焊缝结构微区残余应力数值模拟

运用有限元软件ANSYS对双湿式搅拌机底部框架焊接过程进行了数值分析.采用高斯热源模型模拟手工钨极氩弧焊源,利用APDL编写循环程序实现热源的移动,得到双湿式搅拌机底部框架焊后的变形和残余应力场.从焊缝结构微区的Von Mises等效应力分布云图和节点的残余应力分布曲线可见:整个结构的焊后残余应力均为压应力,其值远小于材料的屈服强度,最大残余应力发生在沿焊缝方向上,从垂直焊缝方向的残余应力分布曲线可见,在焊缝处横向残余应力发生跳跃变化.     

基于强化散热的薄板焊接温度场数值模拟

运用大型通用有限元计算软件ABAQUS对Q235薄板焊接温度场进行数值模拟,研究比较了常规CO2保护焊及带强化散热装置的CO2保护焊焊接过程中温度场的分布及发展过程。研究表明,强化散热条件下冷却气体对焊缝的强冷作用改变了温度场的分布,在熔池后方形成低温区。强化散热装置作用区域金属快速冷却,对焊缝区域内高温金属产生较强的拉伸作用,使近焊缝区域的塑性变形减小,焊缝不协调应变减小,对降低焊件残余应力、减小焊接变形有积极作用。对强化散热条件下温度场的研究是以此方法控制焊接变形的前提。     

随焊旋转挤压控制薄板焊件应力变形新方法

提出随焊旋转挤压(Welding with trailing rotating extrusion,WTRE)控制薄板焊件残余应力和变形新方法,其工作原理为:通过一工作端为圆柱状的挤压头跟随电弧对焊缝区金属进行旋转挤压,延展焊后变短的焊缝及近缝区金属,降低该部位的纵向残余拉应力水平从而达到减小焊接变形的目的。该方法设备简单,容易实现自动化,工作时噪声小。试验结果表明:WTRE法可以显著降低薄板焊件的残余应力和变形,在合适的工艺参数下,能够将2mm厚2A12T4铝合金焊件的残余变形降低到常规焊件变形量的4%以下。     

超超临界HR6W钢TIG焊接残余应力和变形有限元预测

采用钨极氩弧焊接(TIG)方法对超超临界HR6W钢厚板进行对接焊接,采用数值模拟方法分析焊接过程温度场,预测焊缝残余应力和焊接变形分布.结果表明,随着焊接道次增多,焊接变形逐渐增大,焊接变形为典型的角变形,以焊接线为中心线,呈对称分布,最大变形不超过1mm;随着焊接道次的增加,焊缝平均拉应力和压应力均先增大,后减小;焊缝中部区域存在残余压应力,焊缝首端和末端区域存在残余拉应力.     

不同焊接热输入下AZ31镁合金TIG焊接接头的显微组织与力学性能

采用交流钨极氩弧焊在不同焊接热输入下对2mm厚的热轧态AZ31镁合金薄板进行对接焊试验,采用显微镜、硬度仪及拉伸试验机等对焊接接头的显微组织与力学性能进行了研究。结果表明:焊接接头母材区的组织为单相α-Mg固溶体,热影响区和焊缝区的组织为α-Mg单相固溶体和弥散分布的β-Mg_(17)Al_(12)相;随着焊接热输入增大,焊缝区的晶粒变大,β-Mg_(17)Al_(12)相增多;焊缝区的显微硬度最高,母材区的次之,热影响区的最低;随着焊接热输入增大,焊接接头的抗拉强度先增大后减小,并在90A时达到最大,为223 MPa,可达到母材的89.2%,此时的伸长率为10.0%;拉伸断裂位置主要出现在热影响区,断裂方式为准解理断裂。     

蒸汽发生器管子管板内角环焊残余应力数值模拟研究

应用ANSYS有限元软件,对核电蒸汽发生器管子管板内角环焊残余应力进行数值模拟研究。在研究中,建立三维有限元模型,基于ANSYS参数化设计语言实现带状温度热源的逐步加载和计算,得到焊接接头处残余应力分布规律,分析相邻管子先后焊接对焊接区残余应力的影响,并模拟出不同热处理温度下的残余应力。研究结果表明,管子管板焊接最大径向和环向残余应力出现在焊缝熔合区,最大轴向残余应力出现在管子内表面热影响区。相邻管子先后进行焊接时,后焊管子温度场的作用会使先焊管子焊接区域的残余应力减小。当热处理温度为600℃时,可以有效减小焊接区的残余应力。     

多层多道TIG焊对高强钢焊缝组织和韧性的影响

对890 MPa级以上的高强焊接接头采用钨极氩弧焊(Tungsten inert gas,TIG)多层多道焊接工艺。应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜等手段对高强焊接接头焊缝的末道组织、焊缝的再热组织以及不同焊道下的冲击断口的形貌进行观察,分析钨极氩弧焊工艺下不同的焊道组织对焊缝韧性的影响。结果表明,焊缝末道组织由板条马氏体和联合贝氏体组成。联合贝氏体对冲击韧性是不利的。多层多道焊的再热作用有利于改善和细化组织,使柱状晶消失,同时使原来方向一致的板条马氏体组织变为回火马氏体组织,粗大的联合贝氏体组织消失,这也是焊缝韧性提高的主要原因。此外,多层多道焊接工艺还会使焊缝中残余奥氏体形态发生改变,由薄膜态转变为块状残余奥氏体,但由于块状残余奥氏体尺寸较小且含量较少,所以其对韧性影响较小。     

垫板导热能力对钛合金薄板焊接残余应力的影响

针对钛合金TC4薄板钨极氩弧焊(GTAW)分别在试件背面衬以铜垫板与覆盖石棉的垫板两种情况下所焊的对接试件,采用切条应力释放法测量了其中纵向残余应力和纵向残余塑性应变的分布,比较研究了不同导热能力的垫板对钛合金薄板焊接残余应力及纵向残余塑性应变的影响。测量结果表明:钛合金GTAW焊接过程中垫板不仅提供了对焊缝背面的保护,也影响了焊接纵向残余应力与纵向残余塑性应变的分布与大小。不同导热能力的垫板控制应力与变形的效果不同。铜垫板控制应力与变形的效果好于覆盖石棉的垫板。     

球罐环焊缝接头残余应力的三维非线性有限元分析

建立了球罐环焊缝焊接温度场和焊接应力应变场三维移动热源有限元分析模型,考虑了材料的热物理性能和力学性能随温度而变化,应用单元生死技术模拟焊接填充过程,模拟计算出移动热源作用下的温度场,以及以温度场为基础的环焊缝接头焊接应力应变场的分布规律:温度场结果表明,由于焊接的热输入和速度不同,以及热源加载体积不相等,每道焊接的最高温度均不相等。应力场的分析结果表明,在球罐内表面的焊缝及近缝区,呈现双向残余拉应力(经向和周向),而在外表面的对应区域,经向残余应力是压应力,周向残余应力为拉应力。     

The effect of arc behavior on weld geometry by high-frequency pulse GTAW process with 0Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel

Based on 0Cr18Ni9Ti austenitic stainless steel plate (h?=?6 mm), a study on arc behavior by ultrasonic frequency pulse gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process has been carried out. The results show that with the increasing pulse frequency, an obvious pinch effect of arc plasma has been detected and also the increment of arc voltage, stiffness, and force. Then, the method, combining weld appearance and numerical simulation, has been adapted for weld behavior on the basis of arc behavior by ultrasonic frequency pulse GTAW process. As a result of arc shrinkage, the root radius of arc decreased, which caused narrower weld bead. The larger arc force led to more depression of pool surface that made the downward heat source and external force point, which had been important to increasing weld penetration. Meanwhile, the mobility of molten pool was enhanced by weld behavior compared with conventional GTAW process.     

Effect of welding processes on tensile properties of AA6061 aluminium alloy joints

The present investigation is aimed at to study the effect of welding processes such as GTAW, GMAW and FSW on mechanical properties of AA6061 aluminium alloy. The preferred welding processes of these alloys are frequently gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW) due to their comparatively easier applicability and better economy. In this alloy, the weld fusion zones typically exhibit coarse columnar grains because of the prevailing thermal conditions during weld metal solidification. This often causes inferior weld mechanical properties and poor resistance to hot cracking. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid phase welding technique developed primarily for welding metals and alloys that heretofore had been difficult to weld using more traditional fusion techniques. Rolled plates of 6 mm thickness have been used as the base material for preparing single pass butt welded joints. The filler metal used for joining the plates is AA4043 (Al-5Si (wt%)) grade aluminium alloy. In the present work, tensile properties, micro hardness, microstructure and fracture surface morphology of the GMAW, GTAW and FSW joints have been evaluated, and the results are compared. From this investigation, it is found that FSW joints of AA6061 aluminium alloy showed superior mechanical properties compared with GTAW and GMAW joints, and this is mainly due to the formation of very fine, equiaxed microstructure in the weld zone.     

Effect of pulsed current welding on mechanical properties of high strength aluminum alloy

High strength aluminum alloys (Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys) have gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of lightweight structures requiring high strength-to-weight ratio, such as transportable bridge girders, military vehicles, road tankers and railway transport systems. The preferred welding processes of high strength aluminum alloy are frequently the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process and the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process due to their comparatively easy applicability and better economy. Weld fusion zones typically exhibit coarse columnar grains because of the prevailing thermal conditions during weld metal solidification. This often results in inferior weld mechanical properties and poor resistance to hot cracking. In this investigation, an attempt has been made to refine the fusion zone grains by applying a pulsed current welding technique. Rolled plates of 6 mm thickness were used as the base material for preparing single pass welded joints. A single ‘V’ butt joint configuration was prepared for joining the plates. The filler metal used for joining the plates was AA 5356 (Al-5Mg (wt%)) grade aluminum alloy. Four different welding techniques were used to fabricate the joints: (1) continuous current GTAW (CCGTAW), (2) pulsed current GTAW (PCGTAW), (3) continuous current GMAW (CCGMAW) and (4) pulsed current GMAW (PCGMAW). Argon (99.99% pure) was used as the shielding gas. Tensile properties of the welded joints were evaluated by conducting tensile tests using a 100 kN electro-mechanical controlled universal testing machine. Current pulsing leads to relatively finer and more equi-axed grain structure in GTA and GMA welds. In contrast, conventional continuous current welding resulted in predominantly columnar grain structures. Grain refinement is accompanied by an increase in tensile strength and tensile ductility.     

超高频脉冲GTAW工艺特性分析

基于5 mm厚的Ti-6Al-4V钛合金平板,分别采用常规钨极氩弧焊(Conventional gas tungsten arc welding,C-GTAW)和超高频脉冲钨极氩弧焊(Ultra high frequency pulsed GTAW,UHFP-GTAW)工艺,选用相同平均电流(60 A)进行焊接,同时利用FLUKE Ti400红外热像仪对熔池中心温度进行实时监测,分别对电弧定点燃烧时、以50 mm/min焊速移动时采集的熔池中心温度进行分析。由测量结果可知,与相同条件下C-GTAW相比,UHFP-GTAW作用下的熔池中心温度最大值增加了10~40 K,表明该工艺具有更高的能量密度。分析1.5 mm钛合金对接工艺试验的组织性能测试结果发现,焊缝区细小均匀的针状α'马氏体形成的网篮组织含量增加,热影响区组织α'相呈现短且小的针状且排列更为致密,可改善接头的拉伸力学性能、疲劳性能。UHFP-GTAW焊缝的伸长率最小增幅为30%,断面收缩率最小增幅为50%,疲劳寿命至少增加2倍。     

胀接工艺对镍基合金换热管残余应力的影响

胀接残余拉伸应力是造成核岛换热设备换热管应力腐蚀开裂的主要原因。选取SB -163 UNS N06690镍基合金换热管开展胀接试验,检测分析换热管胀接残余应力。研究结果表明：换热管胀接过渡区残余拉应力最大,胀接区域次之,未胀接区域最小;机械胀接工艺使管子变形量明显大于液压胀接,过渡区域残余拉应力相对较大,且随壁厚减薄率的增加而变大。     

Experimental study on variations in charpy impact energies of low carbon steel,depending on welding and specimen cutting method

This paper presents an experimental study that examines variations of Charpy impact energy of a welded steel plate, depending upon the welding method and the method for obtaining the Charpy specimens. Flux cored arc welding (FCAW) and Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) were employed to weld an SA516 Gr. 70 steel plate. The methods of wire cutting and water-jet cutting were adopted to take samples from the welded plate. The samples were machined according to the recommendations of ASTM SEC. II SA370, in order to fit the specimen dimension that the Charpy impact test requires. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) method was used to measure the as-weld residual stress and its redistribution after the samples were cut. The Charpy impact energy of specimens was considerably dependent on the cutting methods and locations in the welded plate where the specimens were taken. The specimens that were cut by water jet followed by FCAW have the greatest resistance-to-fracture (Charpy impact energy). Regardless of which welding method was used, redistributed transverse residual stress becomes compressive when the specimens are prepared using water-jet cutting. Meanwhile, redistributed transverse residual stress becomes tensile when the specimens are prepared using wire cutting.     

钨极氩弧连续和间断焊接的残余应力对比分析

结合工程实际,应用热弹塑性理论、耦合场（热、固耦合）和瞬态传热的基本模型,使用Ansys的APDL语言编写程序进行移动热源的有限元建模计算。数值计算表明,钨极氩弧间断焊接在构件叶片上产生的残余应力数值较大的区域比连续焊接更深。证明了回炉热处理能降低焊接的残余应力。