喷射成形过程中圆锭坯外形生长的数值模拟

通过多次试验后得出雾化喷嘴的雾化特性公式,在此基础上建立了一种模拟喷射成形过程中圆锭坯外形生长的数学模型.该数学模型考虑了喷射成形过程中各种工艺参数,如喷嘴的雾化参数、偏心距离、沉积盘的旋转速度和下拉速度等参数的影响.经过模拟计算,得到了锭坯生长的三维外形尺寸,与实际喷射成形制备的锭坯外形对比,二者吻合很好;采用该模型分析了不同时间下锭坯的轮廓形状、偏心距离以及下拉速度变化后的锭坯轮廓形状.综合分析得出,此数学模型可以预测在不同工艺参数下喷射成形锭坯的外形生长过程.     

喷射成形工艺的理论研究进展

喷射成形是人为地控制凝固条件,经过金属熔体的分散、飞行快速冷却、半固态凝固及锭坯进一步冷却等阶段,得到特殊的锭坯组织的成形过程。沉积锭坯组织是上述四个阶段金属熔体凝固的综合结果。近终形成形是喷射成形技术的另一特点,喷嘴形式、喷嘴数量、沉积器的形状与运动方式影响和决定沉积锭坯的外形。材料的凝固与成形受众多因素影响,很多工艺参数的作用规律尚不明确,因此喷射成形过程的模拟研究十分必要。笔者介绍了目前喷射成形工艺中所涉及的理论问题与相关模型。     

非规则管坯喷射沉积成形工艺优化及试验验证

提出了基于往复式喷射成形工艺制备大璧厚非规则管坯的近终形成形工艺及其工艺参数优化方法,以实现坯件从CAD设计到喷射成形的快速制备过程。该工艺方法包括三个阶段:非规则管坯的三维CAD设计、分层处理和单层沉积厚度计算;基于沉积厚度与往复速度和质量流率的对应关系,计算满足各层沉积厚度所对应的控制参数;利用控制系统和执行机构对控制参数进行实时控制和调节,采用往复式多层喷射成形工艺制备满足设计轮廓的管坯。通过试验进行了验证,喷射成形制备的管坯形状和轮廓与CAD设计模型较好地一致,表明了该工艺方法的可行和正确性。     

雾化器往复扫描喷射共沉积过程的数值模拟

喷射沉积过程是一个多参数共同影响的复杂过程。通过对雾化器往复扫描规律以及其它工艺参数的研究，可以对喷射沉积过程进行工艺优化。基于对沉积过程的分析，建立了雾化器往复扫描喷射沉积的数值模型。采用计算机数值模拟技术与实验结合的方法，着重研究了喷射成型过程中雾化器的扫描运动对成型的影响；实验证明，根据分析所得到的雾化器扫描曲线，可以准确预测这类成型产品的形状和尺寸。     

喷射成形棒坯中沉积距离和回缩速度的选择

利用计算机数值模拟技术采用平均质量流率法建立了喷射成形空间质量流率分布和棒坯生长模型，通过讨论喷射成形空间质量流率分布得出沉积器的最佳位置hm和最佳回缩速度vo并计算了不同喷射参数对沉积坯端面形貌的影响。     

基于凸轮驱动喷嘴分阶段变速扫描的锭坯喷射均匀沉积研究

喷射成形技术可以制备出高性能、高质量的工业锭坯,对工业的发展具有重要影响。雾化喷嘴系统是喷射成形装置的核心,喷嘴扫描运动方式对锭坯的均匀沉积有着重要的作用。本文以锭坯均匀沉积为目标,提出了基于凸轮驱动的参数可调的喷嘴扫描方式,建立了喷嘴分阶段变速扫描过程,确定了凸轮形状,对锭坯沉积轨迹进行了仿真并做了分析。最后用喷射成形实验对喷嘴分阶段变速扫描进行了验证,表明了其正确性。     

锭坯双喷嘴扫描喷射成形雾化锥沉积轨迹及其耦合研究

双喷嘴扫描喷射成形是提高生产效率和制备大直径锭坯的主要工艺方式.研究了双喷嘴扫描喷射成形工艺雾化锥扫描沉积轨迹及其耦合产生条件.建立了雾化锥沉积轨迹坐标及扫描沉积区域数学模型,分析了工艺参数对沉积轨迹的影响规律,从理论上推导了沉积轨迹耦合条件.对沉积轨迹模型和耦合特性进行了图形仿真.研究表明:沉积轨迹呈"花瓣"形状,由喷嘴偏心距、初始倾斜角、扫描范围角、喷射高度、扫描频率、沉积盘旋转速度确定.通过喷射成形试验对建立的理论模型和研究结论进行了验证,表明了其正确性.     

喷射成形过共晶AlSi合金锭坯的渐变组织研究

喷射成形是通过控制凝固条件,使金属熔体经过雾化分散、飞行快速冷却、半固态凝固及形成锭坯后进一步冷却等阶段,得到特殊的喷射成形锭坯组织的成形过程.沉积锭坯组织是上述四个阶段金属熔体凝固的综合结果.由于散热条件的不同,沉积锭坯组织形态随沉积位置而变化.本文分析了喷射成形锭坯组织的变化情况和形成原因.     

Al10Zn2.9Mg1.7Cu超高强铝合金的喷射成形制备研究

采用喷射成形技术制备了Al10Zn2.9Mg1.7Cu高强高韧铝合金沉积坯件，研究了喷射成形制备过程中各工艺参数对沉积坯件的成形性、显微组织、致密度的影响，确定了适当的工艺参数，研究了沉积坯件的热挤压及热处理工艺，对材料的组织进行了分析并对不同状态的材料性能进行了比较。研究结果表明：当喷射成形工艺参数合理时，沉积坯件具有良好的成形性与致密度，在随后的热挤压过程中，通过较低的挤压比即可使材料达到全致密；通过对合金进行适当的热处理，材料的极限抗拉强度达到810MPa，同时延伸率保持在8％-11％，该材料是一种理想的轻质高强结构材料。     

热挤压对喷射沉积7055铝合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

采用全自动控制往复喷射成形工艺制备工业规格7055铝合金锭坯,研究热挤压工艺对喷射成形7055铝合金的显微组织和力学性能的影响。采用电子背散射衍射技术对经不同热挤压后7055铝合金的织构进行研究。结果表明,喷射沉积锭坯组织为等轴状晶粒,均匀细小(30~50μm),基体中不存在枝晶型偏析。由于喷射沉积工艺本身的特点,在合金中存在大量的显微疏松缺陷。沉积锭坯经过热挤压致密化后,合金力学性能显著提高,抗拉强度σb为390 MPa,伸长率δ为13.3%,表明热挤压工艺可有效消除疏松缺陷,从而充分发挥出喷射沉积工艺的优越性。EBSD分析表明,挤压后沿着挤压轴方向形成丝织构,主要为?001?与?111?两种织构。     

喷射成型沉积坯组织及机械性能分析

喷射成型是近年来发展极其迅速的一种崭新的金属和合金成型技术，它不仅具有快速凝固的优点，可以生产低偏析、细晶粒、高致密度和近终形尺寸的坯料，而且简化了生产工序，从而比一般粉末冶金生产工艺降低了成本。用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察喷射成型制造的GCr15沉积坯，分析其组织结构和晶粒度的分布状况。同时，对沉积坯的密度、硬度进行测定分析。结果表明，沉积坯具有细小的等轴晶粒，化学成分比较均匀。在此基础上提出了一些改进微观组织和性能的措施。     

板坯二冷区喷嘴布置的数值模拟分析及优化

  在板坯连铸中,二冷区的喷嘴布置对铸坯的凝固冷却有重要影响。通过建立的三维稳态传热凝固模型对不同喷嘴布置下铸坯的冷却情况进行了模拟分析。通过优化喷嘴布置,消除了铸坯横断面“眼镜形”双热节现象,铸坯凝固情况得到改善。模拟结果与现场情况符合较好,证明了模型的可靠性及实用性。     

A transient simulation and dynamic spray cooling control model for continuous steel casting

A two-dimensional heat-transfer model for transient simulation and control of a continuous steel slab caster is presented. Slab temperature and solidification are computed by the model as a function of time-varying casting speed, secondary spray cooling water flow rates and temperature, slab thickness, steel chemistry, and pouring and ambient temperatures. Typically, the solidification path, temperature-solid fraction relationship, is prescribed. However, if these data are not available, a microsegregation solidification model that approximates the effects of steel chemistry and cooling rate is incorporated in the caster model. Measured slab surface temperatures recorded from an operating caster are compared with predictions from the transient model. These demonstrate that the model typically can predict the temperature response at the slab surface within 30 °C. Results of several simulations are given to demonstrate the effects of changing casting conditions on the slab thermal profile, end of liquid pool, and solidification end point. A control methodology and algorithm suitable for online control of a continuous casting machine is described, and the ability to control the surface temperature profile by dynamically adjusting secondary spray cooling flow rates is demonstrated by simulation. Results from a preliminary version of the model that is capable of running in real time are presented and are compared with the slower, but more realistic, version of the model.     

Formulation of rod-forming models and their application in spray forming

In rod spray forming, the preform changes its shape continually from that of a disc to a rod (transient-state rod growth) and then maintains its top surface profile once it has settled down (steady-state rod growth). The rod growth mechanism during spray forming was analyzed using rod-forming models. At a sufficiently high substrate rotation velocity, the calculated results based on the three-dimensional time-dependent model (3-D TDM) and the two-dimensional time-dependent model (2-D TDM) were observed to be identical. The calculated results of the rod’s top shape, obtained by the TDMs, were almost identical to those obtained by the two-dimensional time-independent model (2-D TIM), which means that there exists steady-state rod growth. The effects of spray-forming parameters, such as initial eccentric distance, substrate withdrawal velocity, and spray angle, on the shape-evolution behavior were analyzed in terms of the vertex growth velocity ( ). The optimum spray-forming condition to minimize transient-state rod growth was also presented. Experimental verification was made to confirm the proposed forming models.     

Compensation Control Model of Superheat and Cooling Water Temperature for Secondary Cooling of Continuous Casting

In this paper, a compensation control model of secondary cooling process of billet continuous casting for quality steel has been presented. The effects on the spray control of the various parameters such as steel superheat, casting speed, cooling water temperature and chemical component of steel were considered. The parameters of control model were determined to associate with the two‐dimensional heat transfer equation and solved by finite‐difference method. Effects of steel superheat and cooling water temperature on surface temperature, solidification structure and solidifying end point were discussed. Results indicate that steel superheat significantly affects solidification structure and solidifying end point but has a little effect on slab surface temperature. Moreover, secondary cooling water temperature affects surface temperature and solidifying end point but has a little effect on solidification structure. The surface temperature and solidifying end point can be maintain stabilized through applying the compensation control model when steel superheat and cooling water temperature vary. The models have been validated by industrial measurements. The results show that the simulations are in very good agreement with the real casting situation.     

中薄板坯连铸机二冷动态控制模型的研究与开发

开发一种以虚拟拉速为控制参数的新型控制模型，应用二冷动态跟踪程序对连铸变拉速过程进行仿真模拟，将新型控制法与以实际拉速为控制参数的传统比例控制法下运行的铸坯表面温度进行对比，得出了虚拟拉速控制模型优于传统比例控制模型的结论。     

Modeling and Simulation of Spray Forming of Clad Deposits with Graded Interface Using Two Scanning Gas Atomizers

A three-dimensional shape model based on a surface coordinate tracking method has been developed for clad deposits with graded interface which are spray formed using two scanning gas atomizers. The calculation of element distributions in the deposits has been incorporated into the shape model. On this basis, the deposit shape and the element distributions in the deposit have been simulated. It shows that the scanning mode of the atomizers and the degree of overlapping of the two sprays play important roles in the spray forming of clad deposits. A concentration gradient of chemical elements in the deposits can be achieved under proper processing conditions. Finally, the modeling and simulation of the spray forming of clad deposits have been validated by experimental investigations.     

Spray Deposition Behavior and Numerical Simulation of Growth of Tubular Preform in Spray Forming Process

 Analysis on the deposition behavior of spray on deposition surface was made and an optimization method for the movement parameters (u, ω) of substrate was obtained. Simultaneously, a mathematical model of growth of tubular preform, specifically aimed at the kind of atomizer that is fixed and with a tilt angle was established. By integrating the optimization method and the mathematical model, the growth process and shape of preform were simulated. The results show that the tilt angle of atomizer plays an important role on the dimensions and shapes of tubular preforms and it can provide a guidance for the development of spray forming equipment.     

Optimisation of pinch roll load in thin slab continuous casting

Abstract

An analytical model has been developed to investigate the optimum pinch roll load and resulting slab thickness reduction during the continuous casting of a steel, constant thickness, thin slab in a vertical type machine. The pinch roll unit consists of two driven pinch roll sets, which support the solidified hot slab weight and take up the reaction forces owing to slab bending. Optimum conditions prevail when the pinch roll load required to support the slab weight is equally shared by the two pinch roll sets and has the minimum value allowing proper control of the slab speed. The model has been validated by being applied to an existing industrial case of thin slab continuous casting of plain low carbon steel. The effects of pinch roll radius, slab thickness, casting speed, slab temperature and the material carbon percentage on minimum pinch roll load and slab thickness reduction ratio have been investigated. Expressions have been obtained for the optimum pinch roll load and slab thickness reduction ratio related to the prevailing process parameters, which the plant operator can directly apply to determine the optimum pressure setting for the hydraulic cylinders fitted to the movable roll ends. The bending roll load is shown to be small compared with the pinch roll load.