含碳球团厚料层穿流干燥的实验研究

以正交原理为基础,进行了含碳球团厚料层穿流干燥研究,研究了不同热风温度、热风流速、球团初始湿含量、生球尺寸以及料层厚度对球团干燥过程的影响。由实验数据回归得到了反映以上各因素对平均干燥速率、瞬时干燥速率、干燥时间、干燥过程温度影响程度的多元指数方程,且误差在允许范围内。方程很好地反映了各个因素对球团干燥过程的影响,对含碳球团干燥有一定的指导意义。     

秸秆等温干燥热质传输机理研究(Ⅰ)——TG/DSC实验分析

对干玉米秸秆进行了元素分析和组分分析;通过热重分析仪和差示扫描量热仪对不同含湿量的粉末状玉米秸秆进行等温干燥实验,通过对热流曲线积分得到干燥需热量并对其进行定量研究.结果表明:以最大干燥速率为分界点,玉米秸秆干燥过程可分为升速干燥段和降速干燥段;热流曲线与干燥失水过程有明显的对应关系;90℃干燥1kg含湿量20％ -40％的湿秸秆需热量在380～620kJ之间;50～110℃干燥含湿量25％秸秆的需热量在210 - 610kJ之间.     

玫瑰花热风干燥实验及模型研究

鲜花干燥后易于保存,有多种用途。研究得出玫瑰花干燥模型以预测干燥过程,指导生产。基于热风温度、风速等做6组试验,得出玫瑰花干燥曲线,研究不同温度、风速对玫瑰花热风干燥特性的影响,并利用Origin等软件对玫瑰花热风干燥数据进行拟合,进行线性分析及可靠性分析,找出最适合描述其干燥过程的薄层干燥模型。结果表明,Logarithmic方程较适合用来描述玫瑰花干燥过程。     

玉米秸秆干燥特性的试验研究

为获取玉米秸秆干燥机设计的基础数据，对我国北方产的玉米秸秆进行工业分析、热重分析及等温干燥特性试验研究，得到了玉米秸秆水分、挥发分的相对含量、不同升温速率下的失重曲线以及各种温度下不同含水量的失重曲线。实验结果表明：玉米秸秆干燥过程中的湿球温度应控制在150℃以下，干燥时间为20～30min。     

秸秆等温干燥热质传输机理研究(Ⅱ)——动力学数值模拟

总结分析了生物质秸秆干燥动力学以及干燥热流的国内外研究进展,采用经验模型模拟粉末状玉米秸秆的干燥过程并对模型进行评价,在此基础上模拟干燥热流.结果表明:经验或半经验的数学模型是目前干燥动力学最为广泛的研究方法,R2和x2结果显示,Midilli et a1.模型对玉米秸秆干燥模拟的效果最好；干燥热流由3部分叠加而成,其中水分蒸发热流是主要部分；需热量积分结果显示模拟值与实验值吻合较好.     

白菜种子热泵干燥过程研究

研究了白菜种子在热泵干燥过程中考虑种皮传质阻力后的传热传质数学模型,用有限元方法模拟了干燥镲过程中种子内部含水率的变化趋势,并用实验数据与模拟数据进行对比,验证了数学模型及由模型所得结论的正确性.指出种子干燥过程中主要传质阻力来自于种皮,并研究了热泵高温侧温度及低温侧温度对干燥过程的影响.     

玉米秸秆颗粒燃料燃烧特性的试验研究

为了研究玉米秸秆颗粒燃料的燃烧特性,以一个小型反烧单元体炉为试验装置,分别进行了不同料层、不同水分、不同空气量下的燃烧试验,了解其燃烧特性,如点火时间、燃烧时间、燃烧过程及燃烧后的结渣现象。试验结果表明,玉米秸秆颗粒燃料易点燃,燃烧温度高,但燃烧时间短,结渣严重;料层高的玉米秸秆颗粒燃料燃烧时间相对长,但燃烧温度低,轻微结渣;干燥处理过的玉米秸秆颗粒燃料点火时冒黑烟现象明显减轻;加大燃烧过程的空气量时,玉米秸秆颗粒燃料不结渣。     

褐煤干燥及热解机理研究现状

单个大颗粒褐煤干燥、热解机理的研究对于褐煤提质技术的开发具有重要的理论与实际意义,可用于该过程的数值计算与优化研究.对于单个大颗粒褐煤而言,在干燥、热结过程中内部存在较大的温度、水含量及挥发分含量的梯度,所涉及到的科学问题为多孔介质传热与传质问题.文中主要针对褐煤的干燥机理、热解机理及堆积态干燥过程机理进行了详细的文献调研.     

太阳能辅助热泵干燥粮食的数值模拟研究

粮食的干燥过程实质上是多孔介质热湿耦合传递的过程。基于多孔介质热质传递理论,通过数值模拟的方法,针对利用太阳能辅助热泵干燥粮食时热风随时间变化的情况,采用综合温度和空气绝对湿度作为瞬态边界条件来对干燥过程中粮食内部温度和水分的变化进行模拟研究。模拟结果显示小麦水分在干燥150h后达到安全水分13.6%(干基),而实验结果显示小麦水分在干燥135h后达到安全水分13.6%(干基),二者对比相差不大,并且模拟温度与试验温度吻合较好。     

玉米秸秆燃烧过程及燃烧动力学分析

采用TG-DTA-DTG热分析联用技术对玉米秸秆在不同升温速率下进行了燃烧实验.考察了着火温度、燃烧速率最大时温度、燃尽温度等燃烧特征参数.根据对不同升温速率下玉米秸秆燃烧过程的分析,用双组分分阶段反应模型能够很好的描述玉米秸秆的燃烧过程.建立了玉米秸秆反应动力学方程,得到了在不同温度区间的燃烧动力学方程和表观活化能、频率因子等燃烧动力学参数,并提出了相应的燃烧机理.     

Simultaneous convective heat and mass transfer in impingement ink drying

Effective and economical drying of the ink is essential in the printing, packaging and converting industries. In evaporative drying, high heat and mass transfer rates are commonly achieved by means of high velocity impinging air jets To provide data for dryer designer a programme of research has been implemented to study the heat and mass transfer processes which underlie the drying of thin ink rims The heat transfer situation under impinging air jets is outlined and some experimental results are presented. Optimization of nozzle arrays for impinging air jets is analysed for practical applications. A non-contact infra-red technique for continuously monitoring the ink drying process is described and drying curves for an ink based on a single solvent (4-Methyl-2-pentanol-MIBC) are presented. Heat and mass transfer theory has been used to predict dry ing limes in the constant rate drying period These predictions have been compared with experimentally determined doing times This research has served to confirm the fundamental importance of the dry ing curve as a basis for dryer design.     

A simple moisture transfer model for drying of sliced foods

The mathematical formulation of mass transfer in drying processes is often based on the nonlinear unsteady diffusion equation. In general, numerical simulations are required to solve these equations. Very often, however, indirect and simplified methods neglecting fundamentals of the processes are used. In this work, a new mathematical model approach for the mass transfer occurring during drying of sliced foods is proposed. The model considers fundamentals of the drying process and takes internal resistance to moisture transfer into account. The parameters in the formulation have physical meaning and permit giving clear view of the moisture depletion process occurring during drying. The proposed model has an analytical solution and allows finding effective diffusion coefficient accurately. The verification of the model is made with basic drying experiments performed for chili red peppers sliced in slab form. The results reveal that there is nearly perfect match between the drying curves obtained by the model and the experiments.     

Thermal analysis in fluidized bed drying of moist particles

This paper deals with thermal modeling of the fluidized bed drying of wet particles to study heat and mass transfer aspects and drying thermal efficiencies. The model is then validated with the literature experimental data obtained for corn. A parametric investigation is undertaken to study the effects of the inlet air temperature, the air velocity and the initial moisture content of the material (i.e. corn) on the process thermal efficiency. The results show that the thermal efficiencies of the fluidized bed drying decrease sharply with decreasing moisture content of corn and hence increasing drying time, and apparently become the lowest at the end of the drying process. This clearly indicates that the moisture transfer from the material depends strongly on the air temperature, air velocity and the moisture content of material. A good agreement is obtained between the model predictions and the available experimental results.     

涡轮薄层污泥干化的热质传递过程与关键参数研究

涡轮薄层污泥干化是涉及导热、对流传热与传质、高速旋流相耦合的复杂过程,掌握污泥的耦合干化机理与规律、确定干化设备核心参数,是该技术成功应用的关键。本文用机理分析方法构建涡轮薄层干化过程传热、传质的数学模型,基于该模型对污泥干化过程开展数值模拟,揭示涡轮薄层干化过程单一气相和气固两相流的速度、温度和含水率的分布规律,探究涡轮薄层干化的关键技术及参数。设计开发涡轮薄层污泥干化系统并开展实验研究。结果表明：干化机内部的桨叶阵列设计能够实现物料的顺利运输,桨叶末端是干化机内混合传热效果最佳位置,最优桨叶安装角度为45°,出口污泥含水率可降至20%。     

An experimental and theoretical investigation of the thermal treatment of wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the range 200-260 °C

A comprehensive heat and mass transfer computational model is used to analyse the intricate two-way coupling arising from the activated chemical reactions involved in the heat treatment of wood. The 2D version of a drying code known as TransPore is used to simulate the coupled heat and mass transfer phenomena. This code accounts for the internal pressure in the porous medium. The pyrolysis model describing the chemical reactions occurring in the main constituents within the cell walls of wood (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignins) is derived using data taken from the literature. Refined computational strategies were required to address the two-way coupling between the heat and mass transfer and chemical mechanisms, including the thermal activation of the chemical reactions, together with the treatment of heat sources (or sinks) and the production of volatiles. The experimental set-up allows the overall weight loss, and the internal temperature and pressure at specific locations within the board to be determined during processing. The reported simulations highlight that the model is able to capture two particular phenomena observed during the heat treatment of wood: the double pressure peak due to water evaporation and volatiles production; and the temperature overshoot during the heat treatment phase.     

Numerical and experimental validation of thermo-hygro-mechanical behaviour of wood during drying process

This research aims at developing a new approach able to simulate 3-D heat and moisture transfer coupled with the mechanical behaviour of a wood during drying process. From the moisture content and temperature profiles, a 3-D formulation and a relevant constitutive model are used to calculate the stress/strain evolution within the board due to shrinkage and external mechanical loading. This allows a fast, comprehensive and realistic model to be implemented. The mechanical model takes into account the hydrous, thermal, mechano-sorptive and elastic deformations, as well as the changes of wood properties, caused by these processes, e.g. porosity, permeability, stress–strain relation, etc. The mathematical model describing simultaneous unsteady heat and moisture transfer between a gas phase and a solid phase during heat treatment has been developed. The conservation equations for the wood sample are obtained using diffusion equation and the 3-D incompressible Navier–Stokes equations have been solved for the flow field. The constitutive equations are discussed in some detail. ANSYS-CFX10 commercial code was used to solve the hygro-thermal problem and FESh++ for the mechanical behaviour. Experimental results obtained regarding temperature, moisture content and deformation profiles during industrial drying of black spruce wood are compared with the numerical results. Satisfactory agreement is obtained over a range of drying air temperatures.     

A mathematical model for the spray freeze drying process: The drying of frozen particles in trays and in vials on trays

A mathematical model is presented that can be used to study the heat and mass transfer mechanisms that determine the dynamic behavior of the primary and secondary drying stages of spray freeze drying (freeze drying of particle based materials) in trays and in vials on trays. Simulation results indicate that particle based materials require longer primary drying times than solution based materials (conventional freeze drying) due to (a) reductions in the heat and mass transfer capabilities of particle based materials, and (b) the development of a secondary porous dried layer near the surface of the lower heating plate during the primary drying stage of the spray freeze drying process. The results of spray freeze drying for the systems studied in this work indicate that the drying rate during the primary drying stage increases as (i) the product height decreases, (ii) the particle diameter increases, and (iii) the value of the packing porosity increases. The mathematical model presented in this work is considered to offer a necessary and essential capability that could be used for the design, optimization, and control of the spray freeze drying process as well as of a process involving the drying of frozen particles in packed beds.     

Finite-volume modelling of heat and mass transfer during convective drying of porous bodies – Non-conjugate and conjugate formulations involving the aerodynamic effects

In this study, a numerical procedure is outlined and representative results for heat and mass transfer during convective drying of porous bodies are presented. The Luikov model was implemented and applied both on individual samples of construction materials and agricultural products, as well as on a drying-chamber scale, with parallel flow of a hot air stream over rectangular slabs which represent the product to be dried. In the latter case the configuration is an experimental dryer in which the heat source is a solar air collector with evacuated tubes. A general approach was developed that allows a selection between modelling of phenomena either in the drying solid only, or considering an extended simulation domain encompassing, apart from the solid body, the flow of air as well. In the second case, the solution of the flow field is pursued along with a conjugate heat/mass transfer problem coupling the solid and fluid phenomena and in both cases phase change (evaporation) was taken into account. For the numerical simulation, the finite-volume method was used. The validation of the model was based on experimental and numerical results from the literature and results from simulations that were conducted in the pursuit of the energetic optimization of an experimental solar dryer of NCSR “Demokritos” are presented. In the latter case, the effect of the particular flow field features developing for a single and a double-plate configuration on the heat/mass transport and drying rates is demonstrated. Such a methodology could be used to analyze the transport phenomena in any type of convective dryer, including those utilizing solar energy as the heat source.     

土壤水热耦合模型在三江源冻土活动层水热变化中的应用

为揭示青海三江源区水文活动规律,描述季节性冻土分布区内冻、融变化过程中土壤内部热量交换和水分迁移等物理过程,采用有限体积法离散热传导方程和非饱和土壤水运动方程并对其进行耦合求解,建立了冻土区土壤水热耦合模型。利用2005～2007年间9个测站的土壤水热观测资料,从不同角度分析了冻土活动层内的土壤水热特征,对土壤融化深度、表层土壤温度及表层土壤含水量等变化过程的模拟验证结果表明,该模型的模拟结果符合当地的水热运动规律。并定量分析检验了模型方法的有效性,揭示了三江源区的土壤水热运动规律,为该地区的生态系统服务提供了有力的支持。