利用水喷射技术防止水泵的汽蚀

汽蚀现象是水泵应用的重大障碍。文章分析了离心式水泵汽蚀的机理,指出了解决水泵汽蚀问题必须提高入泵液态水所对应的饱和压力,即增大液态水的能量状态。介绍了利用喷射增压原理,在水泵入口加装水—水喷射器来解决水泵汽蚀的实用技术。利用该技术设计的密闭式凝结水回收系统,既成功地解决了汽蚀问题,又取得了显著的经济效益和节能、节水效益。     

Cavitation in semi-open centrifugal impellers for a miniature pump

Cavitation in miniature pumps was investigated experimentally for two semi-open centrifugal impellers. Although both impellers had the same blade cross-section, one impeller had a two-dimensional blade, while the other had a leaned blade. The flows were also analyzed using a numerical model of the three-dimensional turbulent flow in the pumps near the peak efficiency point using the k-? turbulence model and the VOF cavitation model. The average cavitation performance of each impeller was satisfactorily predicted by the numerical simulations. The results show that the miniature pumps have similar cavitation performances as an ordinary-size pump, with the cavitation performance of the semi-open impeller reduced by increased axial tip clearances. Also, both the hydraulic and cavitation performance of the semi-open impeller were improved by the leaned blade. The results also show that uniform flow upstream of the impeller inlet will improve the cavitation performance of a miniature pump.     

柴油机冷却水套空化两相流三维瞬态数值模拟研究

为了深入研究柴油机湿式气缸套振动引发穴蚀的机理和影响因素,在水套内部冷却液流动稳态数值模拟得到冷却液压力场与速度场的基础上,以完整单缸水套为研究对象,提取6缸稳态模拟结果作为边界条件。基于Mixture多相流模型与Singhal完全空化模型,采用动网格技术建立柴油机冷却液空化数值模拟的气液两相流仿真模型,进行冷却液空化瞬态数值模拟。计算结果表明:振动导致的冷却液对壁面的脉冲压力是缸套穴蚀的主因,冷却液脉冲压力幅值随壁面振动速度升高而增大,在6.75°即振动速度最大时刻出现最大脉冲压力。在柴油机一个工作循环内,缸套主、次推力侧均有可能发生穴蚀现象,其中主推力侧发生穴蚀现象的可能性更高,且存在4个易发生穴蚀的区域。按壁面所受脉冲压力幅值进行排序,发生穴蚀可能性由大到小依次为主推力侧的中上部、顶端、中下部及底端。最后从抑制振动、缸套表面改性处理和降低脉冲压力角度提出了降低穴蚀风险的措施。     

Statistical characteristics of suction pressure signals for a centrifugal pump under cavitating conditions

Centrifugal pumps are often used in operating conditions where they can be susceptible to premature failure. The cavitation phenomenon is a common fault in centrifugal pumps and is associated with undesired effects. Among the numerous cavitation detection methods, the measurement of suction pressure fluctuation is one of the most used methods to detect or diagnose the degree of cavitation in a centrifugal pump. In this paper, a closed loop was established to investigate the pump cavitation phenomenon, the statistical parameters for PDF (Probability Density Function), Variance and RMS (Root Mean Square) were used to analyze the relationship between the cavitation performance and the suction pressure signals during the development of cavitation. It is found that the statistical parameters used in this research are able to capture critical cavitation condition and cavitation breakdown condition, whereas difficult for the detection of incipient cavitation in the pump. At part-load conditions, the pressure fluctuations at the impeller inlet show more complexity than the best efficiency point (BEP). Amplitude of PDF values of suction pressure increased steeply when the flow rate dropped to 40 m³/h (the design flow rate was 60 m³/h). One possible reason is that the flow structure in the impeller channel promotes an increase of the cavitation intensity when the flow rate is reduced to a certain degree. This shows that it is necessary to find the relationship between the cavitation instabilities and flow instabilities when centrifugal pumps operate under part-load flow rates.     

Computational Cavitation Flows at Inception and Light Stages on an Axial-Flow Pump Blade and in a Cage-Guided Control Valve

Cavitation flows induced around an axial-flow pump blade and inside a high pressure cage-type valve are simu-lated by a two-dimensional unsteady Navier-Stokes analysis with the simplest treatment of bubble dynamics.Thefluid is assumed as a continuum of homogeneous dispersed mixture of water and vapor nuclei.The analysis isaimed to capture transient stages with high amplitude pressure change during the birth and collapse of the bubbleespecially at the stage of cavitation inception.By the pump blade analysis,in which the field pressure is moderate,cavitation number of the inception and locations of developed cavitation are found to agree with experimental re-suits in a wide flow range between high incidence and negative incidence.In the valve flow analysis,in which thewater pressure of 5MPa is reduced to 2MPa,pressure change responding to the bubble collapse between the vaporpressure lower than 1 KPa and the extreme pressure of higher than 10~4 KPa is captured through a stable computa-tion.Location of the inception bubble and pressure force to the valve plug is found agree well with the respectiveexperimental features.     

Cavitation in semi-open centrifugal impellers for a miniature pump

Cavitation in miniature pumps was investigated experimentally for two semi-open centrifugal impellers. Although both impellers had the same blade cross-section, one impeller had a two-dimensional blade, while the other had a leaned blade. The flows were also analyzed using a numerical model of the three-dimensional turbulent flow in the pumps near the peak efficiency point using the k-ɛ turbulence model and the VOF cavitation model. The average cavitation performance of each impeller was satisfactorily predicted by the numerical simulations. The results show that the miniature pumps have similar cavitation performances as an ordinary-size pump, with the cavitation performance of the semi-open impeller reduced by increased axial tip clearances. Also, both the hydraulic and cavitation performance of the semi-open impeller were improved by the leaned blade. The results also show that uniform flow upstream of the impeller inlet will improve the cavitation performance of a miniature pump. __________ Translated from J Tsinghua Univ (Sci & Tech), 2006, 46(8): 1451–1454 [译自: 清华大学学报(自然科学版)]     

Cryogenic cavitating flow in 2D laval nozzle

Cavitation is one of the troublesome problems in rocket turbo pumps, and since most of high-efficiency rocket propellants are cryogenic fluids, so called "thermodynamic effect" becomes more evident than in water. In the present study, numerical and experimental study of liquid nitrogen cavitation in 2D Laval nozzle was carried out, so that the influence of thermodynamic effect was examined. It was revealed that temperature and cavitation have strong inter-relationship with each other in thermo-sensitive cryogenic fluids.     

Modeling liquid hydrogen cavitating flow with the full cavitation model

Cavitation is the formation of vapor bubbles within a liquid where flow dynamics cause the local static pressure to drop below the vapor pressure. This paper strives towards developing an effective computational strategy to simulate liquid hydrogen cavitation relevant to liquid rocket propulsion applications. The aims are realized by performing a steady state computational fluid dynamic (CFD) study of liquid hydrogen flow over a 2D hydrofoil and an axisymmetric ogive in Hord's reports with a so-called full cavitation model. The thermodynamic effect was demonstrated with the assumption of thermal equilibrium between the gas phase and liquid phase. Temperature-dependent fluid thermodynamic properties were specified along the saturation line from the “Gaspak 3.2” databank. Justifiable agreement between the computed surface pressure, temperature and experimental data of Hord was obtained. Specifically, a global sensitivity analysis is performed to examine the sensitivity of the turbulent computations to the wall grid resolution, wall treatments and changes in model parameters. A proper near-wall model and grid resolution were suggested. The full cavitation model with default model parameters provided solutions with comparable accuracy to sheet cavitation in liquid hydrogen for the two geometries.     

Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Nanofluid for Thermal Management of High Heat Generating Computer Processor

Minichannel heat sink geometries with varying fin spacing were tested with de‐ionized water and MWCNT (1 wt %) nanofluid to evaluate their performance with flow components of a liquid cooling kit. Four heat sinks with fin spacing of 0.2 mm, 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, and 1.5 mm were used in this investigation. Heat sink base temperature was analogous to processor operating temperature which was the prime parameter of interest in this investigation. The base temperature decreased by reducing the fin spacing and using multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanofluid. The lowest value of heat sink base temperature recorded was 49.7 ^°C at a heater power of 255 W by using a heat sink of 0.2 mm fin spacing and MWCNT nanofluid as a coolant. Moreover, as a result of reduced fin spacing and using MWCNT nanofluid as a coolant the value of overall heat transfer coefficient increased from 1200 W/m²K to 1498 W/m²K, translating to about a 15% increase. The value of thermal resistance also dropped by reducing the fin spacing and using MWCNT nanofluid. The most important aspect of the study is that the heat sinks and MWCNT nanofluid proved to be compatible with the pump and radiator of the commercial CPU liquid cooling kit. The pump was capable to handle the pressure drop which resulted by reducing the heat sink fin spacing and by using MWCNT nanofluid. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(7): 653–666, 2014; Published online 11 November 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21107     

一种新型水滴迷宫式调节阀流场特性研究

针对超(超)临界工况下调节阀压降大、流速高的特点,以传统迷宫碟片式调节阀为基础,提出一种新型水滴迷宫式碟片调节阀。利用Fluent软件进行数值模拟,研究阀门在不同开度下的流通性能及不同水滴级数对阀门降压控速能力的影响。研究表明,新结构碟片流通性能良好,可以满足阀门工作条件要求,增加水滴级数会降低阀门流通性能;随着水滴级数的增加,各级水滴间的压降和阀内流速均呈现减小的趋势,五级水滴介质平均压降为5.08MPa,比二级水滴降低了6.26 MPa;最大速度为108m/s,降低了40%;碟片流道出口处存在气蚀现象,水滴级数的增加可减小气蚀区域。     

Thermal analysis of high‐power lithium‐ion battery packs using flow network approach

High‐power applications of lithium‐ion batteries require efficient thermal management systems. In this work, a lumped capacitance heat transfer model is developed in conjunction with a flow network approach to study performance of a commercial‐size lithium‐ion battery pack, under various design and operating conditions of a thermal management system. In order to assess the battery thermal management system, capabilities of air, silicone oil, and water are examined as three potential coolant fluids. Different flow configurations are considered, and temperature dispersions, cell‐averaged voltage distributions, and parasitic losses due to the fan/pump power demand are calculated. It is found that application of a coolant with an appropriate viscosity and heat capacity, such as water, in conjunction with a flow configuration with more than one inlet will result in uniform temperature and voltage distributions in the battery pack while keeping the power requirement at low, acceptable levels. Simulation results are presented and compared with literature for model validation and to show the superior capability of the proposed battery pack design methodology. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

CFD analysis of two‐phase cavitating flow in a centrifugal pump with an inducer

One of the most undesirable phenomena encountered in the operation of a centrifugal pump is cavitation. It causes structural damage, vibration, and blockage of mass flow, leading to a drop in performance and life of the pump. This study addresses cavitation modeling of a single‐stage centrifugal pump and aims at minimizing cavitation by introducing an inducer upstream of the impeller. Furthermore, it aims at understanding different multiphase modeling schemes by a computational fluid dynamics software and its variation from single‐phase flows. The results from the numerical model are first validated against standard experimental data to check the credibility of the model. After validation, a single‐phase analysis is performed for a wide range of operating conditions. Subsequently, the Schnerr‐Sauer cavitation model is invoked and a multiphase analysis is carried out for the same. The results obtained shows that the inducer is effective in reducing the amount of cavitation for a substantial number of operating conditions. The effectiveness of the inducer is calculated, and a 96% effectiveness is observed at the best efficiency point. Furthermore, data from single‐phase and multiphase analysis are compared, and a method based on absolute pressure is proposed, which can provide results with significant accuracy without the need for expensive computation. Finally, Zwart‐Gerber‐Belamri model is used for cavitation modeling, and the behavior of the scheme is compared with Schnerr‐Sauer model. The pump parameters are compared, and the obtained results show close similarity between the two models.     

Maximization of heat transfer density from a vertical array of flat tubes in cross flow under fixed pressure drop using constructal design

The density of heat transfer rate from a vertical array of flat tubes in cross flow is maximized under fixed pressure drop using constructal design. With the constructal design, the tube arrangement is found such that the heat currents from the tubes to the coolant flow easily. The constraint in the present constructal design is the volume where the tubes are arranged inside it. The two degrees of freedom available inside the volume are the tube‐to‐tube spacing and the length of the flat part of the tubes (tube flatness). The tubes are heated with constant surface temperature. The equations of continuity, momentums, and energy for steady, two‐dimensional, and laminar forced convection are solved by means of a finite‐volume method. The ranges of the present study are Bejan number (dimensionless pressure drop) (10³ ≤ Be ≤ 10⁵) and tube flatness (dimensionless length of the tube flat part) (0 ≤ F ≤ 0.8). The coolant used is air with Prandtl number (Pr = 0.72). The results reveal that the maximum heat transfer density decreases when the tube flatness decreases at constant Bejan number. At constant tube flatness, the heat transfer density increases as the dimensionless pressure drop (Bejan number) increases. Also, the optimal tube‐to‐tube spacing is constant, irrespective of the tube flatness at constant Bejan number.     

Numerical investigation of cavitating flow in liquid hydrogen

The objective of this paper is to investigate the cavitating flow in liquid hydrogen. The aims are to (1) study the physical aspects of cavitation dynamics in cryogenic environment and validate a thermodynamic cavitation model based on bubble dynamic equation, (2) conduct a global sensitivity analysis to assess the sensitivity of the response to temperature dependent material properties and model parameters, and to calibrate the parameters of the cavitation model for suitable flow conditions, (3) assess the thermodynamic cavitation model over a wide range of conditions. Numerical computations are performed on the 2D quarter caliber hydrofoil experimentally investigated by Hord [Cavitation in liquid cryogens II-hydrofoils. NASA CR-2156; 1973a; Cavitation in liquid cryogensIII-Ogives. NASA CR-2242; 1973b]. The numerical simulations are performed by solving the multiphase Unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) Equations via the commercial code CFX using a thermodynamic cavitation model, the k–ω SST turbulence model is used as the closure model. The results showed that the thermodynamic effect has significantly affects the cavitation dynamics, including the vapor pressure and cavity structures. The isothermal case yields a substantially larger cavity attached on the hydrofoil due to the thermodynamic effect under thermal conditions. The predicted pressure and temperature inside the cavity is steeper under the cryogenic condition than that under the isothermal condition, which shows better agreement with the experimental measurements. Based on the surrogate model, the global sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess the role of model parameters regulating the condensation and evaporation rates, and uncertainties in material properties. It is indicated that the material properties are more critical than the model parameter controlling the condensation and evaporation rates. Based on the recommended model parameter values, better prediction of the cryogenic cavitation could be attained.     

Analysis of load‐following characteristics for an integrated pressurized water reactor

Integrated pressurized water reactor (IPWR) usually be equipped with once‐through steam generators (OTSGs). The OTSG has many advantages such as simple mechanical structure, smaller size, and higher heat transfer efficiency. It produces superheated steam but with less inventory in its secondary side. The steam pressure is easily affected by steam flow rate or feed water flow rate. This draws more attention to design advanced reactor control system. In this paper, a study has been carried out to analyze the thermal hydraulic performance of an advanced IPWR under steady‐state and transient conditions by using a thermal hydraulic safety analysis code Relap5. An effective load‐following control system is proposed. The steady‐state operating characteristics of IPWR at different load conditions show that the average primary coolant temperature, steam pressure, and coolant mass flow rate are the most important control parameters. Pump frequency conversion strategy and OTSG grouping run strategy are used to study the transient operating characteristics of IPWR. Simulation results of the control system demonstrate its capability in regulating feedwater flow rate and reactor power to follow the change of steam flow rate. According to the results, the OTSG grouping run strategy is optimized to ensure the OTSG operates safely under low load conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reduction of cavitation in refrigerant fluid flow through micro passages in the presence of external transverse magnetic fields

This paper presents a numerical study of cryogenic fluid flow cavitation in a microchannel and annulus, with forward‐facing step. Two‐phase mixture model is used to simulate the effects of magnetic fields produced by an electrical wire and magnetic doublet on the cavitation region. The results show that considerable reduction of vapor generation due to pressure drop is possible in the presence of an external magnetic fields. This phenomenon occurs due to effect of magnetic field on the pressure distribution in the contraction region and it is observed in both types of studied magnetic fields.     

Design and thermal‐hydraulic evaluation of helium‐cooled ceramic breeder blanket for China fusion engineering test reactor

China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor, a fusion tokamak device, is proposed to provide complementary technology and experience for ITER and the future fusion power plant. A helium‐cooled ceramic breeder blanket concept is adopted as the candidate tritium breeding blanket for China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor. Detailed design of the blanket structure located at the outboard equatorial plane is presented. The coolant flow characters in the blanket were calculated by the theoretical method and the finite element method. The comparison of the calculated results was done, and it has a good agreement between theoretical results and simulation results. The results show that the pressure drop is 0.13 MPa and the total temperature rise is 194.6°C.     

Flow investigation of phase change material (PCM) slurry as a heat transfer fluid in a closed loop system

Aqueous phase change material (PCM) particles are dispersed in an organic phase to constitute a slurry for using as a cold heat transfer medium for district cooling in refrigeration and air conditioning industry. The PCM contains 90% of water stabilized by a three‐dimensional network of polymer. The flow behaviour of the slurry is investigated in a small‐scale loop circuit with transparent pipes to allow observation of flow patterns. Data show that pressure drop increases with velocity and decreases with temperature, which can be explained by heterogeneities in flow for temperature higher than 0°C and for Reynolds number (based on the properties of the liquid phase) lower than 7000. A homogeneous particle field is observed for Reynolds number up to 7000, which guarantees a safe operation of the system without the occurrence of clogging in ducts. For this range of flow, the flow rate and the pump consumption for the PCM slurry decrease notably for the same heat transportation quantity compared with chilled water. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Periodical shedding of cloud cavitation from a single hydrofoil in high-speed cryogenic channel flow

In order to explain criteria for periodical shedding of the cloud cavitation, flow patterns of cavitation around a plano-convex hydrofoil were observed using a cryogenic cavitation tunnel of a blowdown type. Two hydrofoils of similarity of 20 and 60 mm in chord length with two test sections of 20 and 60 mm in width were prepared. Working fluids were water at ambient temperature, hot water and liquid nitrogen. The parameter range was varied between 0.3 and 1.4 for cavitation number, 9 and 17 m/sec for inlet flow velocity, and −8° and 8° for the flow incidence angle, respectively. At incidence angle 8°, that is, the convex surface being suction surface, periodical shedding of the whole cloud cavitation was observed on the convex surface under the specific condition with cavitation number and inlet flow velocity, respectively, 0.5, 9 m/sec for liquid nitrogen at 192°C and 1.4, 11 m/sec for water at 88°C, whereas under the supercavitation condition, it was not observable. Periodical shedding of cloud cavitation occurs only in the case that there are both the adverse pressure gradient and the slow flow region on the hydrofoil.     

柴油机喷孔内部空化效应的可视化实验研究

柴油机喷孔内空化现象显著影响燃油雾化质量.针对目前广泛应用的VCO型喷嘴,设计大尺度透明喷嘴稳态实验系统,全面研究了无量纲数、雷诺数、喷嘴射流参数和结构参数对喷嘴内空化过程的影响.结果表明,空化数对空化剧烈程度影响显著,雷诺数对空化剧烈程度影响小于空化数;射流参数直接影响流体流动状态,增大入口压力、减小出口压力和针阀升程能使喷孔内的空化现象显著增强;结构参数决定喷孔内流动形式,增大喷孔倾角、直径和长径比,采用入口圆角等措施会抑制空化的产生.