马铃薯超声强化冷风干燥及品质特性

为探讨直触式超声对马铃薯冷风干燥的强化效应,利用超声-热泵式冷风干燥设备进行干燥实验,研究不同超声功率及冷风温度对马铃薯干燥过程、微观结构及主要营养成分的影响。结果表明：提高超声功率及干燥温度能够明显缩短马铃薯所需干燥时间,较低温度下的超声强化效果优于较高温度;马铃薯超声强化冷风干燥呈先恒速、后降速的干燥过程,表明该干燥过程由表面扩散控制转化为内部扩散控制;超声强化能够增大和增多物料表面的微细孔道,从而有利于水分传递;Weibull分布函数可很好地拟合马铃薯超声强化冷风干燥过程,利用该模型计算所得的估算水分扩散系数Dcal随着干燥温度和超声功率的升高而增大,表征干燥时间的尺度参数α则随着超声功率的升高而减小;冷风温度和超声功率对干燥产品的总酚、总黄酮、VC含量有显著影响（P＜0.05）,在冷风干燥过程中施加超声辅助处理有利于提高营养成分含量。利用层次分析法计算得到的优化参数为干燥温度10 ℃、超声功率48 W时,对应的总酚、总黄酮、VC含量分别为296、52、96 mg/100 g。因此,将超声强化技术用于马铃薯冷风干燥中能够显著缩短干燥时间并有效保护产品品质。     

Drying and Rehydrating Kinetics of Green and Red Peppers

ABSTRACT: The effects of air temperature, air velocity, and pretreatments (blanching, sulphiting, and sodium chloride dipping) on drying kinetics of green- and red-pepper slices were investigated. Drying experiments were performed in a fluidized bed dryer. In the falling rate period, moisture transfer from peppers was described by applying the unsteady state Fickian diffusion model, and the apparent moisture diffusion coefficients (D_a) were calculated. The effect of temperature on D_a could be interpreted according to Arrhenius law. Drying rate and therefore D_a values were found to be affected by pretreatments. Rehydration rates of dried peppers at 25 and 45 °C were also determined and found to be independent of drying conditions and rehydration temperature. Predrying treatments were found to improve partly the rehydration characteristics of peppers.     

马铃薯片热风干燥特性及收缩动力学模型

为提高马铃薯片的热风干燥效率及品质,控制其干燥过程中的收缩变形,本文研究了不同热风温度（45、55、65、75 ℃）和切片厚度（3、5、7、9 mm）对马铃薯片热风干燥特性曲线、有效水分扩散系数及活化能等指标的影响。结果表明,干燥室内热风温度越高、马铃薯切片厚度越小时,干燥速率越快。在研究范围内,马铃薯片的有效水分扩散系数在5.02×10?10~11.53×10?10 m2/s范围内,其值随热风温度升高或切片厚度减小而增大。此外,研究发现Weibull分布函数能够很好地描述马铃薯片的降速干燥过程和收缩动力学模型。通过Arrhenius方程计算得到马铃薯片的干燥活化能和收缩活化能分别为27.35和46.44 kJ/mol,马铃薯片干燥比收缩消耗活化能少。本研究为马铃薯片在热风干燥加工中水分迁移和体积收缩变化的预测提供了理论依据和技术支撑。     

过热蒸汽-热风联合干燥制备马铃薯颗粒全粉

采用过热蒸汽干燥+热风干燥工艺制备马铃薯颗粒全粉:前段(含水率50%~78%)采用过热蒸汽干燥完成淀粉熟化和部分脱水,后段(含水率7%~50%)采用65℃热风干燥。其中,过热蒸汽干燥试验选取过热蒸汽温度、蒸汽流速和马铃薯片厚度为试验因素,设计三元二次回归正交组合试验,研究过热蒸汽温度、蒸汽流速和切片厚度对马铃薯过热蒸汽干燥特性和后续热风干燥特性的影响,以及马铃薯全粉松散堆积密度和水合能力与过热蒸汽干燥阶段干燥参数间的关系式。结果表明,马铃薯过热蒸汽干燥速率随蒸汽温度和蒸汽流速的增加而提高,随切片厚度的增加而降低;不同条件的过热蒸汽干燥所得半干马铃薯其后续热风干燥特性无明显差异,但与传统加工工艺相比,总干燥时间明显缩短;建立的马铃薯颗粒全粉松散堆积密度和水合能力与过热蒸汽干燥阶段控制参数间的回归模型显著,决定系数R2分别为0.820和0.662,验证试验所得马铃薯颗粒全粉松散堆积密度和水合能力实测值与回归模型模拟值相对误差分别19.93%和29.07%。研究结果显示,过热蒸汽干燥联合热风干燥制备马铃薯颗粒全粉可减少操作环节,缩短总干燥时间,该技术具有推广应用价值。     

姜片热风干燥模型适用性及色泽变化

为研究姜片的热风干燥特性,以姜片厚度、热风温度、热风风速3 个干燥条件为变量,考察其对姜片干燥特性的影响,将不同干燥条件下姜片的水分比、干燥速率进行比较并建立模型。结果表明：姜片的热风干燥以降速过程为主,而且姜片的水分比MR下降的速率随着热风温度、风速的增加而变快,随姜片厚度的增加而变慢。本实验选用常用的8 个薄层干燥模型进行拟合,经拟合后选择Modified Page模型作为姜片干燥过程的最优模型,解出模型为MR=exp[－（kt）n],其中k=－0.023 85＋0.000 505T＋0.023 38V－0.004 993L,n=1.318 307＋0.003 016 5T－0.204 05V－0.002 859L,式中T为干燥温度（℃）;V为热风风速（m/s）;L为姜片厚度（mm）。此模型的平均R2值是0.997 9、χ2最小值是0.000 4、RMSE最小值是0.012 2。模型求解后,以模型外的实验组数据验证表现出较好的拟合度。姜片的有效水分扩散系数Deff随干燥温度、物料厚度、风速的增加而增加,且其值在1.763×10－8～1.054×10－7 m2/s之间变化,活化能为Ea=35.23 kJ/mol（R2=0.948 0）。此外还对姜片在干燥前后的色差进行了测定和分析。     

Mathematical modelling of hot air drying of sweet potato slices

The effect of air dry bulb temperature, air relative humidity, air velocity and sample thickness on the thin-layer air drying of sweet potato slices was investigated. The drying rate curves consisted of two approximately linear falling rate periods and contained no constant rate period. Several mathematical models were fitted to the drying rates of sweet potato slices under a range of drying conditions. It was found that the modified Page equation best described the thin-layer air drying of sweet potato slices down to a moisture content of 10% dry basis. Correlations were also determined for the slope and intercept of the modified Page equation in terms of the experimental variables.     

Numerical and experimental analysis of heat and moisture transfer during drying of Ataulfo mango

A theoretical and experimental study for the drying kinetics of Ataulfo mango slices was carried out. In the study different thicknesses, air drying temperature, maturity degree and non-isotropic mass diffusion were considerate. The 2D temperature and moisture distributions inside the slice were predicted by using a theoretical model. The water effective diffusion coefficient, the convective heat and mass transfer coefficients, the drying curves and the center temperature were getting by the experimental model. A parametric study was carried out in the ranging of air drying temperatures from 50 to 70 °C, slices with thickness of 2–5 mm and maturity degree from 13.2 to 22°Brix. It was found from the experimental results that slices of Ataulfo mango present an isotropic behavior with an uncertainty of 2.47%. The drying rate reduces in 4.5% as 1 mm thickness increase, and decreases in 8.0% for each 1°Brix increased.     

Dependence of the effective diffusion coefficient of moisture with thickness and temperature in convective drying of sliced materials. A study on slices of banana, cassava and pumpkin

Several studies have indicated that effective diffusion coefficients of slices apparently vary with the thickness of the samples. Even though the effective diffusion coefficients have been observed to be dependent on the square of the slice thickness, a theoretical explanation to this behavior is not available to date. A theoretical model is formulated herein, in order to correlate effective diffusion coefficient of moisture in the slices with the slice thickness. Experiments are carried out for drying of slices of different thicknesses of banana, cassava and pumpkin in order to evaluate the effective diffusion coefficients. The model is found to describe the variation of the effective diffusion coefficient with slice thickness very satisfactorily. A possibility of the estimation of the axial and radial diffusion coefficients of moisture in the slices is also outlined.     

苹果热风干燥工艺优化和特性分析

为提高苹果片的热风干燥品质,采用超声波和护色剂（0.1%的NaCl、1.0%的蔗糖和0.8%的海藻糖）的预处理方法,并以热风温度、切片厚度和预处理作为试验因素,对苹果片进行热风干燥的正交实验研究并建立了苹果片热风干燥特性的数学模型。结果表明:干燥速率随切片厚度的减少、热风温度的升高而增加,超声波和护色剂都能促进干燥过程;苹果片最佳热风干燥工艺参数为热风温度为60℃,厚度为1.5 mm以及预处理方式为护色剂浸泡预处理;Weibull是模拟苹果片热风干燥特性的最优模型,干燥过程苹果片的有效扩散系数为1.1278×10-8~5.2940×10-8 m2·s-1。此次研究为实际苹果热风干燥提供依据。     

哈密瓜切片热风干燥特性及数学模型

目的:提高规模化生产的哈密瓜品质,缩短干燥周期。方法:以不同漂烫时间(0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5 min)、浸渍液(0.1%,0.2%,0.3%,0.4%,0.5%柠檬酸溶液)预处理哈密瓜切片,并分别研究不同热风温度(35,45,55,65,75℃)、热风速度(0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5 m/s)和切片厚度(2,4,6,8,10 mm)条件下的哈密瓜切片热风干燥特性和水分扩散系数,拟合不同薄层干燥数学模型。结果:0.4%柠檬酸预处理后得到品质最优的干制产品,热风温度和切片厚度对切片干燥影响较为显著,哈密瓜切片无恒速干燥阶段,有效水分扩散系数为1.1348×10^-7~4.9080×10^-7 m²/s,活化能为28.15 kJ/mol。结论:哈密瓜切片的最佳热风干燥工艺为热风温度55℃、热风速度2.0 m/s、切片厚度6 mm,Page模型具有最高的R²值和最小的均方根误差,更适于评估和预测哈密瓜热风干燥的水分去除规律。     

Modeling Effective Moisture Diffusivity of Orange Slice (Thompson Cv.)

The present study was conducted to compute effective moisture diffusivity and activation energy of orange slices during convection drying. The thin-layer drying experiments were carried out at five air temperatures of 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80^ºC, three air velocities of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 m/s and three orange slice thicknesses of 2, 4, and 6 mm. Results indicated that drying took place in the falling rate period. Moisture transfer from orange slices was described by applying the Fick's diffusion model. The effective diffusivity values were increased from 6.27 × 10^?10 to 3.50 × 10^?9 m²/s for the temperature range used in this study. An Arrhenius relation with an activation energy value of 16.47 to 40.90 kJ/mol and the diffusivity constant value of 7.74 × 10^?7 to 3.93 × 10^?3 m²/s were obtained. It was found that with increasing the temperature and air velocity the effective diffusivity increases while slice thickness showed no considerable changes on the effective diffusivity.     

熟化紫薯片微波干燥特性及数学模型

以熟化紫薯片为研究对象,利用可调微波干燥机干燥熟化紫薯片,探讨不同微波功率、装载量和切片厚度对熟化紫薯片的干燥特性、水分有效扩散系数及色泽的影响,通过SPSS软件对试验数据进行数学模型拟合,得到熟化紫薯片微波干燥模型。结果表明,熟化紫薯片的微波干燥过程表现为恒速干燥;微波功率、装载量和切片厚度对熟化紫薯的微波干燥特性均有一定影响,微波功率和装载量对其影响最为显著;微波功率越大、装载量越小、切片厚度越小,物料的干燥速率越大。熟化紫薯片微波干燥过程中的水分有效扩散系数随着微波功率与切片厚度的增大、加载量的减小而增大,其最大值为1.1354×10^-8 m^2/s,其平均活化能为4.8938 W/g;当微波功率较大、装载量较小时得到的干燥熟化紫薯片品质较差,而切片厚度对其影响不显著。所选用的6个模型中,Modified Page模型具有最大的确定系数R 2.0.9997),最低的RMSE(0.0061)和最小的χ^2.0.0005),是熟化紫薯片微波干燥的最佳模型,可有效描述熟化紫薯片微波干燥过程中的水分随时间的变化规律。     

INFRARED AND HOT-AIR DRYING OF ONIONS

The combination of infrared (IR) and hot‐air drying of onion slices was explored, and the effects of processing conditions such as drying temperature, slice thickness, air temperature and velocity on onion slice characteristics were studied. The onion slice quality was evaluated on the basis of the color and the pyruvic acid content, an index of flavor. Drying of thin slices of onion (2 mm) at low temperature (60C) with a moderate air velocity (2 m/s) and air temperature (40C) retained greater flavor and color. An empiric equation developed to correlate the drying process variables and the onion slice moisture with the drying time provided a good fit (R² = 0.92). Similar equations developed to correlate the drying process variables and the drying time with the pyruvic acid content provided an excellent fit (R² = 0.96), while the equations fit for the total color change of onion slices were satisfactory (R² = 0.86). Combination drying resulted in shorter drying process time and in better onion slice quality as compared to IR and hot‐air drying applied individually.     

气体射流冲击干燥对紫甘薯色泽及抗氧化性的影响

为了提高紫薯干制品质,研究不同风温、风速、预处理、气体喷嘴距物料盒高度及物料切片厚度对气体射流冲击干燥紫薯色泽、总花青素、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性、总酚及总酚抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,总花青素含量、总酚含量、抗氧化能力和PPO活力在干燥前后均有显著的降低。且色差值、总花青素含量、总酚含量及抗氧化能力随微波处理时间、喷嘴高度和切片厚度的增加而增加,随风温和风速的增加而降低。PPO活力随预处理时间和风温的增加而降低,但风速、喷嘴高度和切片厚度对PPO活力影响不显著。干燥前期(0~1 h)是有效控制紫薯干燥品质的最佳时间段。     

熟化甘薯片微波干燥特性及其动力学模型

为了探索熟化甘薯片微波干燥特性,提高熟化甘薯片干制品质及干燥效率,研究不同微波功率、装载量与切片厚度对于熟化甘薯片微波干燥特性及能耗的影响,对熟化甘薯片进行了微波干燥试验。结果表明:熟化甘薯片的微波干燥可分为加速、恒速和降速三个阶段。微波功率与加载量对熟化甘薯片的干燥影响较大,微波功率越大,装载量越小,熟化甘薯片的干燥速率越快,干燥时间越短。采用4种常见的薄层干燥模型对微波干燥过程进行拟合,结果表明Page模型是最适合描述熟化甘薯片微波干燥过程中水分变化规律的薄层干燥模型。在微波功率200~600 W,装载量200~400 g,切片厚度6~10 mm范围内,熟化甘薯片的微波干燥能耗为2.8235~5.6289 kJ/g。研究结果可为熟化甘薯片微波干燥工艺提供参考。     

苹果片气调热泵干燥特性及数学模型

研究苹果片充氮低氧热泵干燥的干燥特性,结果表明：温度、切片厚度对其干燥速率影响较大,风速和氧体积分数对干燥速率影响较小。通过干燥曲线的对数转换及线性拟合,确定苹果片的薄层干燥模型为Page方程。利用逐步回归法,确定由干燥温度、物料厚度、风速及氧体积分数表示的干燥常数k、n的表达式。通过实验值与计算值的比较,可知该模型具有较高的预测精度,能很好地描述苹果片充氮低氧热泵干燥过程。     

胡萝卜薄层干燥动力学模型研究

为探索胡萝卜热风干燥过程中水分的变化规律,本研究以胡萝卜为干燥对象,进行薄层干燥特性及模型研究,探讨不同温度、风速及物料厚度条件下胡萝卜水分比与干燥时间的关系,建立动力学模型;以Fick扩散定律为依据,确定胡萝卜一维传热传质的有效水分扩散系数并建立其数学模型。结果表明：胡萝卜薄层干燥动力学模型可用Page方程来描述,并通过回归分析确定方程系数m、k,通过多元线性回归方法得到有效水分扩散系数（Deff）与温度、风速和厚度的表达式,实验得到的Deff值在0.84×10-9～6.69×10-9 m2/s范围内随着干燥温度、风速和物料厚度的升高而增大。     

红心火龙果热风干燥动力学模型及品质变化

为提高红心火龙果干燥效率及产品品质,研究了不同火龙果片厚度（6、8、10、12?mm）和干燥温度（50、60、70、80?℃）条件下火龙果片干燥特性和品质变化。结果表明：厚度越小,干燥温度越高,火龙果片的干燥速率越快,干燥时间越短。通过模型拟合发现,Page模型能够较好地反映热风干燥过程中火龙果片水分比随厚度和干燥温度的变化。红心火龙果片有效水分扩散系数在3.537?4×10－10～19.942?6×10－10?m2/s之间;厚度为6、8、10、12?mm时,对应的活化能分别为32.985?7、27.086?1、26.889?4、17.792?9?kJ/mol。在干燥温度70?℃、切片厚度6?mm、干燥时间6?h下,火龙果片的总酚含量和抗氧化能力较高。干燥温度和切片厚度对火龙果片色泽影响不明显。     

Pulsed electric fields and their impact on the diffusion characteristics of potato slices

Mass transfer in potato slices and strips after Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) treatment was examined to evaluate potential application of PEF in potato processing. PEF treatment on cell material leads to pore formation in cell membrane and thus modifies diffusion of intra- and extracellular media. Results showed enhanced release of intracellular molecules from permeabilized tissue as well as improved uptake of low molecular substances into the sample. Sugar, one substrate for the Maillard reaction, was decreased in PEF treated potatoes, while conductivity increased after electroporation and soaking in sodium chloride solution, indicating the improved diffusion of salt caused by PEF. Higher release of cell liquid during drying of PEF treated potatoes was noticed in comparison to untreated potato slices. This effect increased with the treatment intensity. Furthermore, it was revealed that PEF application leads to a distinct reduction of fat content after deep fat frying and thus provides a potential for the production of low-fat French fries. It can be presumed that PEF is a capable assistance to thermal treatments in the processing of potato chips or French fries for the achievement of structural modifications and improved process conditions.     

猕猴桃切片流化床干燥特性与干燥动力学模型研究

为了提高猕猴桃切片制干品质、缩短干燥时间,采用流化床干燥技术对其进行干燥,研究温度(55,65,75,85℃)、风速(1.5,2.5,3.5,4.5m/s)和厚度(5,10,15mm)对猕猴桃切片热风干燥曲线、水分有效扩散系数以及干燥活化能的影响。结果表明:猕猴桃切片的整个干燥过程属于降速干燥,水分有效扩散系数为1.29639×10^-9~4.58994×10^-9 m²/s,且随温度、风速的增大而升高,随切片厚度的减少而增大;猕猴桃切片活化能为23.03kJ/mol。对10种常见的干燥动力学模型进行拟合发现,Logarithmic模型效果最佳。