内燃机车余热分析与利用

内燃机车柴油机有效能量利用率不足40%,其余能量都以余热、废热形式被排气和冷却水带走.分析了内燃机车柴油机余热状况,计算了柴油机可利用余热量,并就如何回收利用这部分热量的途径进行了探讨.     

稀土精矿冶炼炉窑的高温烟气资源化利用研究

稀土精矿冶炼炉窑是稀土生产工艺的核心装备,会产生大量含氟酸性高温烟气,其中氟化物0.81%、硫酸雾1.06%、二氧化硫0.23%,同时温度达300℃以上,烟气余热丰富,烟气成分的复杂性和特殊性为余热及资源回收利用带来挑战。介绍一种新的稀土精矿冶炼炉窑的高温烟气余热利用技术及其现场中试情况。根据物质流、能量流守恒计算了烟气流量、温度、组分浓度以及余热量,分析了余热回收的可行性和技术难点;提出了新的烟气干法余热回收工艺,依据能源梯级利用原则,通过余热锅炉实现烟气分级降温和余热回收,同时回收高浓度冷凝酸并副产余热蒸汽;该工艺在稀土精矿冶炼炉窑系统进行了现场中试,采集并分析72 h中试数据,取得良好资源回收效果。     

电厂凝汽器水室分隔余热回收技术探讨

利用自行开发的凝汽器数值模拟软件对某电厂2×350 MW机组的凝汽器在冬季额定抽汽供热工况下的热力性能进行了数值仿真.通过对凝汽器水室进行分隔,将出口温度较高的冷却水引入吸收式热泵装置进行余热回收.结果表明:传热系数和冷却水出口温度在凝汽器不同冷却区域有明显差异.在冬季额定抽汽供热工况下,采取凝汽器水室分隔措施会提升余热水的余热温度和余热;余热水的质量流量越大,则余热水出口温度越低,余热量越大;余热水回水温度越高,则余热水出口温度越高,余热量越小.在夏季工况下,凝汽器水室分隔基本不改变其热力性能.     

燃气锅炉烟气余热回收潜力及影响因素分析

介绍了天然气锅炉余热冷凝回收原理,分析了天然气燃烧产物的组份,提出了烟气显热和潜热的计算方法,并以燃气蒸汽锅炉为研究对象,对不同设计温度下烟气余热回收潜力进行了系统的分析计算,并对烟气余热回收影响因素进行了定量分析。结果表明,烟气中可回收的水蒸气潜热可使锅炉热效率提升10%以上,排烟温度越低,回收热量越多,锅炉热效率提升的幅度越大,但追求过低的排烟温度则会导致回收成本的增加。     

基于不同温度热源发电的有机工质选取

通过有机工质朗肯循环发电系统回收工业生产中的余热热量,以实现节能降耗.将余热热源划分为不同温度段,确定了有机工质选择原则;选用多种工质,当初参数不同时,利用能量法计算循环热效率及工质在汽轮机中的做功能力,比较确定了所使用的工质种类;通过实例计算,验证了工质选取原则的正确性.     

电厂循环水吸收式热泵利用系统分析

热电厂的循环水所具有的热量一般是通过冷却塔释放给大气环境,为对这部分余热回收利用,进行了水源热泵能量系统的分析研究。将热泵系统供给的热量扣除消耗的驱动蒸汽热量,再考虑导致新增的驱动电耗,及以凝汽器真空下降引起发电的热耗增加作为修正,可确定最终节能量。通过对实际热电厂4台200 MW供热机组的循环水源吸收式热泵系统进行计算,可获知年节约标准煤9 985.7 t,该方案实现了比较理想的工程节能效果。     

螺杆空压机余热回收及节能分析

基于螺杆空压机在工作过程中大量热能外排的情况,介绍了空压机余热回收系统的原理及实施方案,进行了节能量及经济效益分析。结果表明无论是从环保角度还是经济效益方面,空压机余热回收系统都具有一定的合理性及可行性。     

余热引入电厂热力系统的热经济性分析方法

为了更准确地计算余热引入电厂热力系统的节能量,在等效热降法的基础上,研究了余热利用所致汽轮机相关级组的变工况运行特性,提出了机组内功率增量计算的新方法.结合流体输运特性,提出了余热利用所致循环泵、凝结水泵的厂用电增量的估算方法.以某1 000MW超临界机组为例,计算并分析了余热引入热力系统不同加热器时的汽轮机抽汽参数、内功率和厂用电等热经济性指标.结果表明:余热进入热力系统使汽轮机相关级组处于变工况运行状态,实际内功率增量小于等效热降法的计算结果;余热进入回热加热器的温度水平越高,节能效果越好,但低温省煤器的传热温差越小,投资成本越大.     

低温余热双循环发电系统的设计与优化

采用螺杆膨胀机双循环系统回收低温余热用于发电,拟合有机工质R245fa的热物性参数进行热力设计计算,并提出2种确定蒸发温度的方法,对单位质量的热源,分别以系统净功率、系统效率为优化目标,结合热力学第一定律与第二定律评价2种方法的优劣性.结果表明：随着蒸发温度的升高,存在最佳蒸发温度使得系统净功率最大,而系统热效率逐渐提高;系统净功率最大时,系统对余热能量回收较大,且回收量最大,故选择以系统净功率为目标作为蒸发温度的优化方法;基于蒸发压力恒定不变,证明了余热回收热量、系统净功率和系统效率随着过热度的增加而减少,应尽量采用饱和状态蒸气动力循环.     

我国钢铁工业余热余能调研报告

在对国内20家钢铁企业余热余能回收利用调研的基础上,按主要生产工序分析计算了我国钢铁工业余热余能资源量及回收利用现状,并计算目前我国钢铁工业的吨钢余热余能量及回收利用率;分析计算了未来我国钢铁工业各生产工序余热余能回收利用水平,并给出当前还具有的节能潜力。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

Heat of vaporization of mixtures

General expressions for the heat of vaporization of mixtures at constant pressure; at constant temperature; and at constant pressure, temperature, and composition are proposed. The last one is related to the liquid-vapor interface where steady vaporization or condensation is taking place. Numerical examples by the proposed expressions are shown for binary mixtures of HCFC22(R22) and (HCFC123(R123) © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(1): 12–24, 1996     

生物质催化热裂解技术的研究进展

生物质催化裂解是生物质热化学转化的一种重要途径。综述了生物质催化热裂解技术使用的反应器、催化剂类型,以及催化热裂解过程中热裂解温度、吹扫气、升温速率、生物质原料等条件的影响,展望了生物质催化热裂解技术的发展趋势。     

燃烧流化床气泡能量分布模型

应用瞬态谱分析方法对燃烧流化床声波信号进行了频谱分析,发现气泡能量分布呈Ｇａｍｍａ分布形式,在Ａｒｇｙｒｉｏｕｓ和Ｙｏｓｈｉｄａ等人提出的模型的基础上,发展了燃烧流化床气泡能量分布模型,并通过优化迭代对模型参数进行求解,在实验和理论的基础上得出了更加切合实际的燃烧流化床气泡能量分布模型     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

促进城镇生活污水处理装置产业化

城镇生活污水处理装置是由农村户用沼气地发展演变而来，是一种小型、分散化处理污水的装置 ，是环境建设的需要。文章着重从我国环保政策及目标、生活污水造成的污染状况、急需整治的公共设施、生活污水净化装置的演变以及社会经济效益和环境效益等方面，阐述了其产业化的重要性。     

Investigation of effect of variation of cycle parameters on thermodynamic performance of gas-steam combined cycle

The paper deals with second law thermodynamic analysis of a basic gas turbine based gas-steam combined cycle. The article investigates the effect of variation of cycle parameters on rational efficiency and component-wise non-dimensionalised exergy destruction of the plant. Component-wise inefficiencies of the combined cycle have been quantified with the objective to pin-point the major sources of exergy destruction. The parameter that affects cycle performance most is the TIT (turbine inlet temperature). TIT should be kept on the higher side, because at lower values, the exergy destruction is higher. The summation of total exergy destruction of all components in percentage terms is lower (44.88%) at TIT of 1800 K & r_p,c = 23, as compared to that at TIT = 1700 K. The sum total of rational efficiency of gas turbine and steam turbine is found to be higher (54.91%) at TIT = 1800 K & r_p,c = 23, as compared to that at TIT = 1700 K. Compressor pressure ratio also affects the exergy performance. The sum total of exergy destruction of all components of the combined cycle plant is lower (44.17%) at higher value of compressor pressure ratio (23)& TIT = 1700 K, as compared to that at compressor pressure ratio (16). Also exergy destruction is minimized with the adoption of multi-pressure-reheat steam generator configuration.