碱性离子液体碱化制备N-十二烷基化壳聚糖

合成了1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑醋酸盐([Bmim]OAc)、1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑碳酸盐([Bmim]2CO3)及1-甲基-3-丁基咪唑氢氧化物([Bmim]OH)离子液体,由FTIR、1HNMR和元素分析对其结构进行了确证。首先,用离子液体对壳聚糖碱化,再用碱化后壳聚糖与溴代十二烷进行烷基化反应,制备了高取代度的N-十二烷基化壳聚糖。用FTIR、1HNMR、XRD对烷基化产物进行了表征。考察了时间、温度及物料配比对N-十二烷基壳聚糖取代度的影响,得到较佳的反应条件:n([Bmim]OH)∶n(壳聚糖原料)=3∶1,45℃碱化1 h,n(溴代十二烷)∶n(碱化后壳聚糖)=2∶1,烷基化反应温度80℃,反应时间3 h,在该条件下十二烷基壳聚糖的取代度达到81%以上。离子液体重复使用3次后,N-十二烷基壳聚糖的取代度仍大于80%。     

1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐离子液体合成

按照两步法合成了离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([Bmim]PF6),探讨了时间、温度、溶剂、反应物配比等对中间体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐([Bmim]Br)以及离子液体[Bmim]PF6产率的影响。结果表明,反应物配比为(1∶1.1)~(1∶2),温度70℃,反应30 h,中间体产率为95.91%;中间体中加入等摩尔KPF6,25℃下反应10 h后,离子液体产率为97.26%。     

咪唑类离子液体高效吸收二氯甲烷

合成了一系列常规离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([Bmim][BF4])、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([Bmim][PF6])、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑双三氟甲磺酰亚胺盐([Bmim][NTf2])、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑双氰胺盐([Bmim][DCA])、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑硫氰酸盐([Bmim][SCN])、1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑硫氰酸盐([Emim][SCN])和N-丁基吡啶硫氰酸盐([BPy][SCN]),用智能重量分析仪(IGA)测定不同温度和分压下离子液体吸收二氯甲烷(DCM)的容量。结果表明,[Bmim][SCN]具有最高的二氯甲烷吸收容量(1.46 g/g, 303.15 K, 60 kPa),5次循环后吸收能力无明显下降,[Bmim][SCN]基本可完全再生,能循环使用。量化计算结果表明[SCN]?可与二氯甲烷形成氢键,增强其对二氯甲烷的吸收能力。     

1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑磺胺醋酰盐离子液体的合成

以甲基咪唑为原料,合成1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐中间体,与磺胺醋酰银反应,合成1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑磺胺醋酰盐离子液体,并研究其抑菌性能。考察投料比、反应温度对1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐中间体产率的影响;烷基碳原子数量对中间体的合成、离子液体的合成及其抑菌性能的影响。结果表明,n(N-甲基咪唑)∶n(溴代正丁烷)=1∶1.3,反应温度90℃时,1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐产率最高;烷基碳原子数量增加,中间体的产率逐渐变低,对离子液体合成产率及其抑菌性能影响较小。     

1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑磺胺醋酰盐离子液体的合成

以甲基咪唑为原料,合成1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐中间体,与磺胺醋酰银反应,合成1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑磺胺醋酰盐离子液体,并研究其抑菌性能。考察投料比、反应温度对1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐中间体产率的影响;烷基碳原子数量对中间体的合成、离子液体的合成及其抑菌性能的影响。结果表明,n(N-甲基咪唑)∶n(溴代正丁烷)=1∶1.3,反应温度90℃时,1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐产率最高;烷基碳原子数量增加,中间体的产率逐渐变低,对离子液体合成产率及其抑菌性能影响较小。     

咪唑类离子液体的合成及其对氯苯的吸收-解吸性能研究

以溴代正丁烷、Ⅳ甲基咪唑为原料,合成了咪唑类离子液体1丁基3甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([Bmim] PF6)和1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([Bmim] BF4),通过红外光谱和核磁共振氢谱表征了离子液体结构;以离子液体为吸收剂进行氯苯气体吸收实验,考察了吸收温度、吸收时间、进气氯苯浓度等对离子液体吸收氯苯气体性能的影响...     

离子液体催化碳酸二甲酯合成醚

分别以氯化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑([Bmim]Cl)、溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑([Bmim]Br)、溴化1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑([Emim]Br)、1-丁基-3-甲基四氟硼酸盐([Bmim]BF_4)、氯化四丁基胺(Bu_4NCl)和溴化四丁基胺(Bu_4NBr)等离子液体为催化剂,考察其催化碳酸二甲酯(DMC)与不同酚的甲基化反应。结果表明,[Bmim]Cl是较好的催化剂。在酚、DMC和离子液体的物质的量之比为1:2:0.5,反应温度为150℃,反应时间为5 h时,目的产物原料酚O原子上的甲基化产物的收率可达90%以上,未发现C原子上的甲基化副产物生成,且反应后[Bmim]Cl的结构没有发生变化。     

微波辐射下一步法合成1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸离子液体

采用微波辐射法一步合成1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸([Bmim]PF6)离子液体,产物结构经过IR和1H NMR验证。通过考察各种影响因素对产物的影响得出最佳的反应条件:n(溴代正丁烷)∶n(1-甲基咪唑)∶n(六氟磷酸钾)=1.1∶1∶1.6(摩尔比),70℃以及250 W的微波功率下照射15 min,收率可达到92.7%。     

咪唑盐离子液体的微波合成、表征及性质研究

通过微波辐射,在无溶剂的状态下以N-甲基咪唑为原料合成了4种氯化1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑盐([Bmim]Cl、[Omim]Cl、[C_12mim]Cl、[C_16mim]Cl)离子液体,并测定了离子液体的表面张力和吸水性能.     

咪唑类离子液体制备工艺的优化

以溴代正丁烷和1-甲基咪唑为原料,采用常规有机合成的实验方法,探究如何提高制备溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑([Bmim]Br)离子液体的反应速率及产品收率,从而确定较优化的实验方法及反应条件。实验考查了反应温度、投料方式、原料的摩尔比及原料预处理时间等因素对反应的影响。实验结果表明:溴代正丁烷和1-甲基咪唑两原料经一定的时间预处理后,在反应温度为80℃,原料摩尔比为n(1-甲基咪唑)∶n(溴代正丁烷)=1∶1.2,直接混合的投料方式时,反应时间为50min,产品收率为96.56%。最后利用HPLC对溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑离子液体进行检测分析,表明其纯度为97.81%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.