Determination of acrylamide levels in selected foods in Brazil.

Selected carbohydrate-rich foods available on the Brazilian market (111 samples representing 19 product categories) were analysed for acrylamide content using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. A limit of detection of 10 microg kg(-1), a limit of quantitation of 20 microg kg(-1) and mean recoveries ranging 100 to 115% were obtained during a laboratory validation procedure. The concentration of acrylamide in the samples ranged from <20 to 2528 microg kg(-1), with a considerable variation between individual foodstuffs within the same food product class. The highest levels were found in potato products processed at high temperature and in instant coffee, while the lowest concentrations were detected in cassava- and maize-based products, bread and beer. These results are comparable with those reported in other countries.     

河北省市售食品中双酚A和双酚S残留状况调查与分析

目的了解河北省市售食品(小麦粉、大米、肉类、淡水鱼、海水鱼、饮料及桶装水、肉罐头、鱼罐头和谷物罐头)中双酚A和双酚S残留状况。方法参考食品中化学污染物及有害因素监测技术手册方法,乙腈提取, GCB固相萃取柱净化,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法进行检测。结果在检测的356份样品中,双酚A共检出314份,检出率为88.2%,检测结果为小于检出限到514.8μg/kg,罐头食品是双酚A检出最高的食品类别,检出率为100%,检测结果为3.7~514.8μg/kg;双酚S共检出137份,检出率为38.5%,检测结果为小于检出限到93.8μg/kg,肉类食品(畜禽肉和鱼肉)是双酚S检出最高的食品类别,检测结果为小于检出限到268.9μg/kg。结论双酚A和双酚S在河北省不同食品中存在不同程度的残留,其污染情况值得关注。     

Assessing Antioxidant Activities of Phenolic Compounds of Common Turkish Food and Drinks on In Vitro Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation

ABSTRACT: The total phenol concentrations of solid (9 types of vegetables and 6 types of fruits) and liquid (10 different types of drinks) foods were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was formed in in vitro conditions, and the effects of the phenolic compound extracts were measured on the inhibition of LDL oxidation. The phenol concentration for the 50% inhibition of LDL oxidation (IC₅₀) and the phenol antioxidant index (PAOXI) were calculated. Walnut (7052 mg/kg) and Turkish coffee (2389 mg/L) had the highest total phenol concentrations. Green pepper and orange nectar had the lowest IC₅₀ values, whereas walnut and red wine had the highest PAOXI values.     

Bisphenol A in canned foods in New Zealand: an exposure assessment.

Exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) from the consumption of canned and bottled food has been determined for New Zealand adults. Eighty different canned foods purchased from retail outlets in Christchurch, New Zealand, between November 2003 and February 2004 were analysed for BPA concentration by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. BPA was detected in all foods analysed except for soft drinks. Concentrations ranged from < 10 to 29 microg kg(-1), except for individual samples of tuna, corned beef and coconut cream, which were 109, 98 and 191 microg kg(-1) , respectively. The limit of quantitation was <10 microg kg(-1) for foods of low fat content (< 1%) and <20 microg kg(-1) for foods containing >1% fat. Mean concentration data were combined with 24-h dietary recall information for 4399 individual consumers. Mean and maximum exposures were 0.008 and 0.29 microg kg(-1) bw day(-1), respectively, well below the temporary tolerable daily intake of 10 microg kg(-1) bw day(-1) given by the European Commission in 2002. The results of the present survey suggest that the levels of BPA identified in canned foods are unlikely to be of concern to adult health, and there is no reason for consumers to change their consumption patterns as a result of these findings. When the concentration data found in the current survey are applied to an oestrogenicity model for an adult male, the contribution of BPA to the total oestrogenicity from 16 food components is 7%. The impact of this level of oestrogenicity remains unclear.     

2003年～2004年中国食品添加剂监测结果与分析

为了掌握我国食品添加剂使用的实际情况,对食品添加剂进行危险性评估, 2003年～2004年在全国13个省市采集食品样品进行了山梨酸、苯甲酸、糖精钠、甜蜜素、安赛蜜、柠檬黄、胭脂红、苋菜红、日落黄、亮蓝10种添加剂在碳酸饮料、果汁饮料、酱油、醋、酱菜、陈皮/话梅、果冻、果脯、熟肉类中使用情况的监测,获得数据12436个.统计结果显示:我国食品添加剂超过国家标准限量值和超过适用范围使用的现象比较严重,甜味剂中的甜蜜素和糖精钠过量添加,特别是陈皮/话梅类,甜蜜素含量的全国平均值为11.56 g/kg,超标率43.84%,最大值49 g/kg,超过国家标准6倍;安赛蜜含量较低,超标率也较低;防腐剂中的苯甲酸过量添加严重,在酱菜类食品中,全国平均值为0.911 g/kg,超标率44.59%,最大值13.30 g/kg;合成色素在食品中的使用情况较好,但在碳酸饮料、果汁饮料、果冻等食品中存在违规添加色素问题.我国食品添加剂的使用存在问题较多,需加强监管.     

食品副溶血性弧菌检验方法的合作研究

比较食品副溶血性弧菌检验国家标准GB/T4789.7-2003和修订法的检测效果。采用两种方法对3类食品(牛肉馅、冻鳕鱼和牡蛎肉)检测3个染菌水平,染菌试样共213份。结果显示,国标法和修订法对染菌试样的检测阳性数分别为47和83。对于3类食品的3个染菌水平,统计学检验结果提示,修订法的检测效果等同或优于国标法。     

2011~2019年吉林省市售食品中单增李斯特菌污染情况分析

目的 了解吉林省市售餐饮食品中单增李斯特菌的污染情况,为食品安全管理、食源性疾病的监测提供科学依据。方法 对2011年-2019年从吉林省9个监测地区采集到的8279件市售食品样本进行单增李斯特菌的分离鉴定。结果 2011年 -2019年从吉林省市售食品中共检测出单增李斯特菌阳性菌株352株,总检出率4.25%；各检测地区间长春市阳性检出率最高(7.63%),其次为四平市(6.03%)；12类市售食品中肉及肉质品阳性检出率最高(9.41%),其次为速冻米面食品(6.72%)；各类采样地点中超市的阳性检出率最高(6.89%),其次为农贸市场(5.64%)和快餐店(5.08%)；散装食品的阳性检出率明显高于预包装食品。结论 2019年吉林省的单增李斯特菌阳性检出率较临近三年呈回升态势；长春市与四平市单增李斯特菌污染情况较其他地区严重；肉与肉制品单增李斯特菌的污染情况最为严重,其次为速冻米面食品；流通环节中单增李斯特菌阳性检出率较高；散装食品的单增李斯特菌污染情况较预包装食品严重。有关部门应针对地区现状、食品类型和包装类型的不同加强管理力度。     

Analysis of furan in heat-processed foods consumed in Korea using solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME–GC/MS)

Furan (C₄H₄O) is a volatile compound formed during the Maillard reaction and was recently classified as a possible human carcinogen (group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. It has been reported to occur in various canned and jarred foods that undergo heat treatment. The aim of the present study was to optimise the sample preparation for furan analysis using solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME–GC/MS), according to the food matrix. We also performed the monitoring and risk assessment of furan in various food products. The optimised fibre exposure temperatures, time and amount of sample of liquid, semi solid and paste state foods were 5 g (ml), 50 °C, and 20 min, respectively. The level of furan in canned meat (32.16 ng/g) was the highest among the samples studied. The furan levels in canned fish, canned vegetable, nutritional/diet drinks, canned soups and jarred sauces were 29.40, 22.86, 7.28, 18.54 and 21.52 ng/g, respectively. Furan concentrations in baby food products were between 3.43 and 97.21 ng/g. Exposure estimates (14.59 ng/kg bw/day) of baby foods was the highest among all the tested food samples. However, the exposure estimate of baby foods was lower than that prescribed by the US FDA.     

Ochratoxin A in conventional and organic cereal derivatives: a survey of the Italian market, 2001-02.

Ochratoxin A is a mycotoxin produced mainly by Penicillium verrucosum and Aspergillus ochraceus. Although typically considered a cereal contaminant, it has also been detected in dried fruit, nuts, meat and derivatives. To estimate the quantity of ochratoxin A that might be ingested by Italian consumers from these foods, 211 cereal derivatives (flours and bakery products) were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Products were from conventional and organic agriculture and from integrated pest management agriculture. All commercial flours and derivatives examined contained ochratoxin A at concentrations very much below the legal limit (3 microg kg(-1)): the highest value, 0.816 microg kg(-1), was detected in a sample of spelt whole flour from organic agriculture. In many samples, the ochratoxin content was below the limit of detection; only rarely did values exceed 0.5 microg kg(-1). In baby foods, four samples were above the particularly restrictive Italian legal limit of 0.5 microg kg(-1). Although some significant differences were found between samples from conventional and organic agriculture when some product categories were examined (namely, baby foods as semolina and rice creams), no important difference was found between the two types of agricultural practice when all types of cereal derivatives were considered together.     

Are Chileans exposed to dietary furan?

Chilean consumer preferences include foods that may contain considerable amounts of furan, a potential human carcinogen. However, there is no information regarding dietary exposure to furan in Chile. Thus, the objective of this work was to determine the Chilean exposure to dietary furan. To accomplish this objective, the furan concentration of 14 types of commercial foods processed at high temperature were analysed based on a modified headspace-GC/MS (HS-GC/MS) method in which the limits of detection for different food matrices ranged from 0.01 to 0.6 ng g^?1. In addition, a risk assessment was made with exposure estimates based on dietary data from national studies on different age groups (9-month-old babies, school children, adults and elderly people). Of the food items surveyed “American”-type coffee (espresso coffee plus hot water) obtained from automatic coffee machine (936 ng g^?1) and low moisture starchy products like crisps and “soda”-type crackers showed the highest furan concentrations (259 and 91 ng g^?1, respectively). Furthermore, furan was also found in samples of breakfast cereals (approximately 20 ng g^?1), jarred fruit baby foods (8.5 ng g^?1) and orange juice (7.0 ng g^?1). School children (aged 9–13 years) represented the highest intake of furan (about 500 ng kg^?1_bw day^?1), with margins of exposure of 2479 and 2411, respectively, which points to a possible public health risk.     

Ochratoxin A (OTA) in coffee: nation-wide evaluation of data collected by German Food Control 1995-1999

The evaluation process involved data collected by Official Food Control Laboratories during the period 1995 until 1999. A total of 613 samples analysed for ochratoxin A and complying with a detection limit lower than 0.6 microg/kg were evaluated. With the assistance of statistical process analysis the median concentrations for green coffee (0.4 microg/kg), for roasted coffee (0.6 microg/kg), for decaffeinated roasted coffee along with low-acid decaffeinated roasted coffee (0.4 microg/kg) as well as for soluble coffee (0.7 microg/kg) were determined. The result is a mean daily total intake per consumer of 9 ng OTA.     

Trace heavy metals composition of some Nigerian beverages and food drinks

Several beverages and food drinks available in the market in Nigeria were analysed for their contents of the heavy metals, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, nickel, lead and zinc. The beverage types were grouped into tea, cocoa-based, coffee, cereal-based, dairy products, fruit juices, malt drinks, carbonated soft drinks and wines (non-alcoholic). The levels of the various metals were generally low, and within statutory safe limits. The levels compare well with those reported for similar beverages from some other parts of the world. ©     

Acrylamide in Caribbean foods – Residual levels and their relation to reducing sugar and asparagine content

The acrylamide levels in commercial and homemade Caribbean foods were determined by pre-derivatisation of acrylamide to 2-bromopropenamide and analysed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric (GC/MS) detection. Over 100 Caribbean food samples were analysed for the presence of acrylamide. These samples include: biscuits, breakfast cereals, banana chips and home-prepared foods: breadfruit; Artocarpus altilis, banana fritters, and dumplings. The limit of detection (LOD) for the GC/MS method was found to be dependent on the type of column used for the GC/MS analysis. The DB-1701 and the DB-VRX columns gave LODs of 20 and 4 μg/kg, respectively. Acrylamide has not been found in raw foods or foods which have been cooked by boiling. Its content in all other foods had concentrations in the range, 65–3640 μg/kg. The relationship between acrylamide levels and precursor concentration as well as the health implications of our findings are discussed.     

Estimation of furan contamination across the Belgian food chain

This paper provides an estimate of the furan content of Belgian foods. The objective of the study was to achieve the best food chain coverage with a restricted number of samples (n = 496). The geographic distribution, different market chains and labels, and consumption frequencies were taken into account in the construction of the sampling plan. Weighting factors such as contamination levels, consumption frequency and the diversity of food items were applied to set up the model. The very low detection capabilities (CC(β)) of the analytical methods used (sub-ppb) allowed reporting of 78.2% of the overall dataset above CC(β) and, in particular, 96.7% for the baby food category. The highest furan levels were found in powdered roasted bean coffee (1912 μg kg(-1)) with a mean of 756 μg kg(-1) for this category. Prepared meat, pasta and rice, breakfast cereals, soups, and baby food also showed high mean furan contents ranging from 16 to 43 μg kg(-1). Comparisons with contamination surveys carried out in other countries pointed out differences for the same food group and therefore contamination levels are related to the geographical origin of food items.     

Analysis of perchlorate in baby food on Canadian (Ottawa) markets in 2009 and estimated dietary exposure

ABSTRACT

In order to determine the baseline levels of perchlorate in major brands of baby food, 200 baby food products were collected from retail stores in Ottawa, Canada and analysed for perchlorate in 2010. The seven food groups tested were fruit, juices, vegetables, meat, yogurt, mixed (vegetable mixed with meat) and other (e.g. vegetable mixed with meat and cereal, cheese, egg,). Samples were extracted with a mixture of methanol and 1% acetic acid (4:1, v/v). Determination was conducted by stable isotope dilution ion chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (ID-IC-MS/MS). The complexity of different food matrices required additional method validation. The perchlorate levels in 46 samples were found to be lower than the quantification limit (0.2 ng g^?1). The perchlorate levels in the other 154 baby food samples were also low; about 96.7% of the baby foods had perchlorate levels less than 10 ng g^?1 (ranged from 0.2 to 22.4 ng g^?1, median1.35 ng g^?1); only 5 samples had perchlorate levels higher than 10 ng g^?1. Dietary exposure to perchlorate from analysed baby food was conservatively estimated to range from 0.007 to 0.121 µg/kg bw/d based on the mean intake for children (1–5 years old).     

Zinc levels in foods from southeastern Spain: relationship to daily dietary intake.

The zinc content of 300 food and 79 beverage samples was determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Sample recoveries, repeatability, and analyses of NIST and CBR-CEC reference materials demonstrated the reliability and accuracy of this technique. Mean zinc concentrations varied from 0.02 microg/ml in fresh water to 71.0 microg/g (fresh weight) in pork liver. The daily dietary intake of zinc for inhabitants of southeastern Spain was estimated to be 10.1 mg (5.5, 4.0, 0.5, and 0.1 mg Zn/day per person from foods of animal and vegetable origin, drinks, and other foods, respectively). Zinc levels found in high protein foods (meat, fish, milk products, eggs, dry fruits, cereals and legumes) were significantly higher than those found in food with a low protein content (vegetables, fruits and drinks) (p < 0.001). A significant linear correlation between zinc levels and the corresponding protein content of cereals, legumes and dry fruits was found (r = 0.754, p < 0.005). Zinc concentrations in milk samples were significantly modified by the thermal treatment (p < 0.001), and the skimming (p < 0.05) and calcium enrichment processes (p < 0.001). Shellfish zinc levels were also significantly higher than those measured in fish (p < 0.05). Mean zinc concentrations found in cheese were statistically higher than those determined in the remaining milk products (p < 0.001). Zinc levels measured in distilled beverages were also statistically lower than those found in fermented ones (p < 0.001).     

Occurrence of furan in commercial processed foods in Brazil

Selected commercial processed foods available in the Brazilian market (306 samples) were analysed for furan content using a validated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method preceded by headspace solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME-GC/MS). Canned and jarred foods, including vegetable, meat, fruit and sweet products, showed levels up to 32.8?µg?kg^?1, with the highest concentrations observed in vegetables and meats. For coffee, furan content ranged from 253.0 to 5021.4?µg?kg^?1 in the roasted ground coffee and from not detected to 156.6?µg?kg^?1 in the beverage. For sauces, levels up to 138.1?µg?kg^?1 were found. In cereal-based products, the highest concentrations (up to 191.3?µg?kg^?1) were observed in breakfast cereal (corn flakes), cracker (cream crackers) and biscuit (wafer). In general, these results are comparable with those reported in other countries and will be useful for a preliminary estimate of the furan dietary intake in Brazil.     

Free salicylic acid and acetyl salicylic acid content of foods using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Dietary salicylates inhibit cycloxygenase-2 and may therefore have anti-inflammatory properties similar to those of aspirin. Individuals that are sensitive to aspirin may also be intolerant to non-acetylated salicylates and could benefit from a low salicylate diet. A total of 76 foodstuffs comprising fruit (16), fresh and prepared vegetables (13), herbs and spices (12), flavourings and sauces (9), beverages (20) and miscellaneous foods (6) were analysed using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection and ¹³C carboxyl SA as internal standard. Thirty-seven of the samples contained detectable SA, the highest levels being found in dried herbs (up to 28.6 mg/kg), whereas only one sample (curry sauce) contained detectable ASA at 0.34 mg/kg. Limits of detection for both SA and ASA were matrix-dependent and ranged from 0.008 to 0.23 mg/kg. The results show many inconsistencies with previous data and highlight the need for analysis of a wider range of foods and drinks that are currently available.     

杭州市场罐头类食品的双酚A污染调查及其膳食风险评估

目的:调查检测市场上罐头类食品的双酚A含量,明确其膳食暴露风险。方法:在杭州超市采集各类罐头食品样品93个,采用高效液相色谱法测定双酚A含量,采用点评估方法评估其膳食暴露风险。结果:罐头样品双酚A的检出率为29%,平均值为121.7μg/kg,最大值为2 840μg/kg,其中油性的鱼、肉和蔬菜类罐头双酚A含量较高;一般人群来源于罐头食品的双酚A膳食暴露量为0.04—0.20μg/(kg·bw)/d,占TDI的0.4%—2.0%。结论:油性的鱼、肉和蔬菜类罐头食品双酚A含量显著高于饮料和粥类罐头食品;在没有其他重大的暴露来源时,各类人群以罐头类食品为主的双酚A膳食暴露均在可接受的范围内。     

Investigation of ochratoxin a, B and citrinin contamination in various commercial foods

Ochratoxin A (OTA), ochratoxin B (OTB) and citrinin (CIT) in commercial foods were simultaneously determined and confirmed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The samples examined were made up of cereal, fruit, coffee, and cacao products. The limits of quantification (S/N> or =10) of OTA, OTB and CIT were 0.1 microg/kg or less. Aflatoxins (AF), deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins were also surveyed. Of 157 samples examined, 44 were contaminated with OTA at levels of 0.11 to 4.0 microg/kg. At least 2 positive samples were labeled as domestics. In most positive samples, the OTA level was low, less than 1 microg/kg. The highest incidence of OTA was observed in cacao powder (10/12), followed by instant coffee (5/7), cocoa (5/8) and raisin (6/13). OTB was found in fruit and cacao products containing relatively high levels of OTA. Co-occurrence of OTA, CIT and DON was found in cereal products, and co-occurrence of OTA and AF was found in cacao products. Approximately 30% of naturally contaminated OTA in roasted coffee bean moved into the extract solution when brewed with paper filter.