裂隙岩体三维渗透张量及表征单元体积的确定

将基于复合单元法的数值试验和现场单孔压水试验相结合,对裂隙岩体的三维渗透张量及表征单元体积(REV)进行研究。首先根据研究域岩体的裂隙统计参数及分布规律,运用蒙特卡罗方法在统计域内生成三维随机裂隙网络,然后利用复合单元法计算不同尺寸岩体试件在不同方向上的等效渗透系数,以此计算岩体的三维渗透张量及REV尺度,最后利用现场单孔压水试验结果来修正裂隙岩体的3个渗透主值。在小湾水电站工程中,运用该方法对坝区岩体的三维渗透特性进行分析,得到修正后的岩体三维渗透张量,分析结果表明,结合单孔压水试验和基于复合单元法的数值试验来确定裂隙岩体的三维渗透张量和REV是合理且有效的。     

裂隙岩体渗透特性反演分析

 提出裂隙连通率与连通系数的近似转换方法;采用该转换方法,建立含单组裂隙岩体的等效渗透张量;基于有限单元法,建立一套单孔定向压水试验数值模拟方法,并进行大量数值试验;以数值试验结果作为BP神经网络的训练样本,结合定向压水试验实测资料,提出反演裂隙岩体渗透特性(等效渗透张量)的方法,并通过工程实例验证该方法的可靠性。     

隧道渗流场数值模拟的实现

依某高寒区隧道工程实际,对现场结构面参数进行实测,在此基础上,利用Monte Carlo法生成节理贯通网络图,得到主要的优势结构面。利用渗透张量法计算得到不同方向的渗透系数,同时利用单孔压水试验修正,得到裂隙岩体的渗透系数张量。采用有限元软件模拟隧道的渗流场,模拟结果为下一步渗流场影响温度场的数值模拟提供渗流速度的参数。     

大连地下石油储备库初始渗流场数值反演

 初始渗流场分析是水封式地下石油储备库设计中的重要内容和先决条件,现场压水试验只能提供较准确的各向同性渗透系数,而不能反映各向异性的渗透特征。结合大连地下石油储备库工程,提出一种基于随机节理网络模拟技术反演岩体各向异性渗透特征的方法。首先,采用三维离散元程序3DEC内置的Fish语言,直接生成不同尺寸的三维节理网络模型,通过推导的判别式来统计模型中各组节理的个数及产状信息。其次,利用裂隙介质的渗透张量理论计算不同尺寸的岩体渗透张量,进而确定节理岩体的表征体元(REV)。根据现场压水试验实测资料,修正节理岩体的渗透张量,再利用Matlab软件计算渗透主值及渗透特征向量。最后,考虑渗透系数的空间正交各向异性,采用FLAC3D的Fl_anisotropic的渗流模型反演库区的初始渗流场,为水封式地下石油储备库水幕设计及稳定性分析提供较合理的初始渗流场条件。     

基于激光点云数据的裂隙岩体渗流场的无单元法模拟

 利用三维激光扫描技术获取岩体表面高精度激光点云数据,进而得到岩体裂隙网络的几何信息和产状分布情况。研究基于激光点云坐标数据求解含复杂裂隙网络岩体二维渗流场的无单元法,采用罚函数法处理渗流边界条件,并推导无单元Galerkin法的基本方程和积分格式。该方法首先将激光点云数据经坐标投影和抽稀后作为无单元模拟的节点坐标数据;然后结合岩体裂隙网络的几何信息,采用无单元法计算渗流场,进而分析岩体的渗透特性。该方法具有以下优点：(1) 可以精确获取高陡边坡的裂隙产状、位置坐标、长度和开度等几何信息;(2) 直接将激光点云作为无单元法节点,减少生成裂隙网格和生成节点坐标的工作;(3) 将裂隙网络采用裂隙渗透张量表示,可以对非连通裂隙、不同开度和不同充填程度的裂隙进行模拟。在此基础上,应用IDL编制基于海量激光点云数据的岩体裂隙产状分析和无单元法渗流场数值模拟软件LIDAREFM,并计算怀柔县桥梓镇一裸露岩石边坡的渗流场。计算结果表明,该方法是可行、有效的,计算得到的渗流场分布及特性能够反映岩体裂隙网络对渗流场的影响。该方法为研究裂隙岩体真实渗流场分布提供了一种新的研究思路。     

单孔振荡式微水试验确定裂隙岩体各向异性渗透参数

 基于振荡式微水试验的原理和岩体渗透系数张量的基本表达式,提出单孔分段振荡式微水试验。研发一套由多功能探头、密封阀、操作屏和气压泵等组成的测试设备,在技术上实现了单孔内围岩成像、量测裂隙产状、探测水压和水温变化,并将信息实时传输到上位机数据采集系统。通过采集的试验数据信息和围岩裂隙信息编制参数计算软件,实现了单孔试验确定裂隙渗透系数、岩体渗透系数张量和裂隙贮水率的技术和方法。以实例形式介绍了单孔微水振荡试验现场确定裂隙导水系数、岩体渗透系数张量的具体步骤和方法。     

地下水封石油储备库初始渗流场数值反演分析

渗流场分析是地下水封石油储备库设计的重要内容,而合理可靠的渗透系数是准确分析裂隙岩体渗流场的前提。以黄岛地下水封石油储备库工程为背景,对库区初始渗流场进行反演分析。首先,采用离散元3DEC软件直接生成尺寸分别为5 m×5 m,10 m×10 m,15 m×15 m,20 m×20 m,25 m×25 m,30 m×30 m的三维节理离散网络模型,并给出判别模型与节理相交的条件;基于裂隙介质的渗透张量理论,利用 MATLAB计算不同尺寸的裂隙岩体渗透张量,并确定了库区裂隙岩体表征体单元(REV)的大小,并结合库区现场试验实测数据,对节理裂隙岩体的渗透张量进行校核;最后,采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件,在裂隙岩体渗透系数各向异性条件下,反演库区的初始渗流场。研究成果为地下水封石油储备库水封性评价及稳定性分析提供较合理的初始渗流场条件。     

大型地下水封石油洞库裂隙岩体各向异性渗透特性的分析和应用

依托黄岛地下水封石油洞库工程,研究裂隙岩体各项异性渗透特性。考虑裂隙结构面的粗糙情况,对单一平板裂隙渗流立方定律进行修正,并推导出对应的三维裂隙岩体渗透张量计算式。根据油库库区水文地质资料可知:基岩裂隙在空间上的分布具有明显的方向性,将库区地质结构分成五个区,计算各分区裂隙岩体的渗透张量。建立基于裂隙岩体各向异性渗透张量理论的三维地下水非稳定流数值模型,运用该模型模拟施工不同阶段库址区渗流场的变化。通过对模拟结果和观测资料的对比分析,表明采用该模型的模拟结果比较符合实际,可以预测开挖及运营期间渗流场的变化。     

裂隙岩体渗透张量计算及其表征单元体积初步研究

基于三维节理网络模拟技术,应用渗流能量叠加原理,推导节理岩体渗透张量的理论计算公式,在此基础上提出裂隙岩体渗透表征单元体积的确定方法。该方法考虑空间节理的具体分布和连通情况,同时根据节理的开度变化和立方定理又可分析应力场对渗透张量的影响,可方便、有效地进行裂隙岩体渗透特性的分析。随后讨论节理迹长、间距、开度、产状和组数等结构面几何特征对岩体渗透特性及表征单元体积的影响。最后采用上述方法,以拉西瓦水电站右岸岩体为例,计算工程岩体的渗透张量,并分析渗透表征单元体积大小及地应力对其渗透特性的影响。研究结果在工程设计中具有应用价值。     

等效连续介质模型在某裂隙岩质边坡渗流稳定性分析中的应用

在分析某公路裂隙岩质边坡渗流时,合理选取了渗流分析模型,并综合考虑比较了单孔压水试验和裂隙统计取得的渗透系数,获得了能较好反映原位地质环境的修正渗透张量。利用该方法所获取的渗透参数并采用连续介质模型对该边坡工程分析计算,取得了与实际吻合的结果,并指出了边坡稳定性分析时考虑渗流场影响的必要性。     

裂隙岩体等效渗透系数张量数值法研究

由于核废料地质储存、地热开采、深部油气开采的工程需求,裂隙岩体渗透性及其随着应力、温度的影响受到广泛关注。通过温度-渗流-应力耦合三轴仪对大理岩人工裂隙渗透率随应力及温度变化规律进行了试验研究,获得了大理岩闭合裂隙渗透率随应力、温度的变化趋势及受影响程度。在试验基础上,通过数值方法研究了裂隙岩体等效渗透系数的尺寸效应及各向异性,获得了该裂隙岩体的等效渗透系数REV及渗透张量。     

岩体表征单元体与岩体力学参数

在岩体多场耦合分析中,许多采用岩体表征单元体(REV)讨论岩体的渗透特性。事实上,岩体REV是岩石力学的一个基本科学问题,它是选取岩体力学模型以及确定岩体力学参数的基础。从REV的基本概念出发,阐述岩体REV的力学意义;根据岩石及岩体的结构和地质特征,定义了岩石力学中常见的6个尺度,并分析了REV与其它尺度的关系;归纳总结并提出了岩体REV的3种确定方法:能量叠加法,地质统计法,数值模拟法;讨论了岩体REV与岩体力学模型及岩体力学参数取值之间的关系;提出了岩体力学参数的"5S"相关性和岩体力学参数场的概念和分析方法。     

Numerical determination of the equivalent elastic compliance tensor for fractured rock masses using the distinct element method

The purpose of this paper is to establish a methodology to determine the equivalent elastic properties of fractured rock masses by explicit representations of stochastic fracture systems, and to investigate the conditions for the application of the equivalent continuum approach for representing mechanical behavior of the fractured rock masses. A series of numerical simulations of mechanical deformation of fractured rock masses at different scales were conducted with a large number of realizations of discrete fracture networks (DFN), based on realistic fracture system information and using the two-dimensional distinct element program, UDEC. General theory of anisotropic elasticity was used for describing the macroscopic mechanical behavior of fractured rock masses as equivalent elastic continua. Verification of the methodology for determining the elastic compliance tensor was conducted against closed-form solutions for regularly fractured rock mass, leading to very good agreements. The main advantage of the developed methodology using the distinct element method is that it can consider complex fracture system geometry and various constitutive relations of fractures and rock matrix, and their interactions. Two criteria for the applicability of equivalent continuum approach were adopted from the investigations: (i) the existence of a properly defined REV (representative elementary volume) and (ii) the existence of an elastic compliance tensor. For the problems with in situ conditions studied in this paper, the results show that a REV can be defined and the elastic properties of the fractured rock mass can be represented approximately by the elastic compliance tensor through numerical simulations.     

露天矿边坡岩体稳定性各向异性分析方法及工程应用

露天矿边坡岩体通常含有大量IV、V级结构面,影响岩体稳定性。针对这种岩体特性,提出了系统的工程分析方法：首先,应用3GSM非接触测量系统对岩体出露结构面现场测试,统计结构面几何参数概率模型;进一步根据Monte Carlo方法生成裂隙网络,分别利用离散介质渗流方法和几何损伤理论,在分析REV尺寸效应基础上,计算岩体渗透张量和弹性张量,实现岩体参数表征;最后,基于等效连续介质模型,建立各向异性岩体渗流应力耦合模型,采用COMSOL有限元软件分析边坡岩体稳定性。应用该方法对抚顺西露天矿南帮进行了实例分析,计算结果与实际吻合较好。提出的露天矿边坡岩体稳定性分析方法能够考虑节理分布导致的岩体各向异性特征,简单合理,具有良好的工程应用前景。     

Estimation of REV size and three-dimensional hydraulic conductivity tensor for a fractured rock mass through a single well packer test and discrete fracture fluid flow modeling

A new methodology is presented to determine the representative elementary volume (REV) size and three-dimensional (3-D) hydraulic conductivity tensor for a fractured rock mass. First, a 3-D stochastic fracture network model was built and validated for a gneissic rock mass based on the fracture data mapped from scanline surveys at the site. This validated fracture network model was combined with the fracture data observed on a borehole to generate a stochastic-deterministic fracture network system in a cubic block around each packer test conducted at a different depth region in the same borehole. Each packer test was simulated numerically applying a developed discrete fracture fluid flow model to estimate the influenced region or effective range for the packer test. A cubic block of size 18 m, with the packer test interval of length about 6.5 m located at the centre of this block, was found to be suitable to represent the influenced region. Using this block size, the average flow rate per unit hydraulic gradient (defined as the transmissivity multiplied by mean width of flow paths) field for fractures was calibrated at different depth regions around the borehole by numerically simulating the packer tests conducted at different depth regions. The average flow rate per unit hydraulic gradient of the fractures that intersect the borehole was considered to be quite different to the average flow rate per unit hydraulic gradient of the fractures that do not intersect the borehole. A relation was developed to quantify the ratio between these two parameters. By studying the directional hydraulic conductivity behaviour of different cubic block sizes having the validated stochastic fracture network and calibrated hydraulic parameters, a REV for the hydraulic behaviour of the rock mass was estimated to be a block size of 15 m. The hydraulic conductivity tensor in 3-D computed through regression analysis using the calculated directional hydraulic conductivity values in many directions was found to be significantly anisotropic. The principal directions of the hydraulic conductivity tensor were found to be agreeable with the existing fracture system of the site. Further, the geometric hydraulic conductivity calculated was found to be comparable to the hydraulic conductivity estimated through the radial flow assumption in continuum porous media.     

中等延展性裂隙岩体典型单元体及其渗透张量

岩石力学工程中常利用等效多孔介质方法研究裂隙岩体水力特征,等效渗透系数就是等效方法中的重要参数,典型单元体(REV)尺度与存在性决定了等效渗透系数的可靠性和有效性。因此,研究典型单元体的尺度和存在性有重要意义。利用随机方法和水量均衡法开发离散网格软件FractureToKarst研究裂隙岩体渗透问题,从理论推导和多元线性回归分析两种方法验证了程序在研究裂隙岩体渗流的尺度效应的可靠性。以此为基础建立了两组正交中等迹线长度的二维裂隙网格,讨论了此类裂隙岩体REV的存在性及尺度与其裂隙间距的关系,并通过统计学的方法求解出渗透系数张量。     

施工期岩体等效渗透张量求解法———以三峡工程永久船闸边坡为例

根据对岩体结构面及地下水流渗流量的调查和观测,概化出渗透结构面及其分组,利用极值控制法求出渗透结构面的渗透系数,进而求出岩体的初始渗透张量;基于岩体的初始渗透张量及现场观测的渗流量,利用有限元法求解岩体等效渗透张量。该方法能够比较客观地确定施工期岩体的等效渗透张量。     

Effects of fracture distribution and length scale on the equivalent continuum elastic compliance of fractured rock masses

fracture systems have strong influence on the overall mechanical behavior of fractured rock masses due to their relatively lower stiffness and shear strength than those of the rock matrix.Understanding the effects of fracture geometrical distribution,such as length,spacing,persistence and orientation,is important for quantifying the mechanical behavior of fractured rock masses.The relation between fracture geometry and the mechanical characteristics of the fractured rock mass is complicated due to the fact that the fracture geometry and mechanical behaviors of fractured rock mass are strongly dependent on the length scale.In this paper,a comprehensive study was conducted to determine the effects of fracture distribution on the equivalent continuum elastic compliance of fractured rock masses over a wide range of fracture lengths.To account for the stochastic nature of fracture distributions,three different simulation techniques involving Oda's elastic compliance tensor,Monte Carlo simulation(MCS),and suitable probability density functions(PDFs) were employed to represent the elastic compliance of fractured rock masses.To yield geologically realistic results,parameters for defining fracture distributions were obtained from different geological fields.The influence of the key fracture parameters and their relations to the overall elastic behavior of the fractured rock mass were studied and discussed.A detailed study was also carried out to investigate the validity of the use of a representative element volume(REV) in the equivalent continuum representation of fractured rock masses.A criterion was also proposed to determine the appropriate REV given the fracture distribution of the rock mass.