温度对煤系煅烧高岭土物化性能影响的研究

煅烧高岭土是一种性能独特的新型无机非金属矿物粉体材料。实验以山西煤系硬质高岭岩为原料，研究了煅烧温度对煤系高岭土白度、吸油率、堆积密度、遮盖率(光散射系数)及活性(活性Al2O3含量)等物理化学性能的影响。结果表明：在650～1150℃范围内煤系煅烧高岭土的白度随温度升高而显著提高；堆积密度略有增大；活性在650～980℃范围内显著提高，但在1050℃后下降。遮盖率在650～950℃之前随温度升高显著增强，但在950℃后基本上不再变化。吸油率指标在650～1150℃范围内基本上不变化。950℃以下，煅烧高岭土的物相以偏高岭石相为主；950～1050℃，煅烧高岭土的物相已转变为硅铝尖晶石和部分莫来石。当煅烧温度达到1150℃时，煅烧高岭土已转变为莫来石相。     

热活化过程中高岭石中铝的结构变化及酸溶特性

采用热重.差示扫描,27A1魔角旋转核磁共振、X射线衍射、Fourier红外光谱等方法研究了热处理过程中高岭石中铝的结构变化及其在酸中的溶解行为.研究表明:温度低于450℃时,高岭石铝氧八面体层中铝的结构基本不变,为A1Ⅵ;450～550℃发生脱羟基反应,高岭石结构水被脱除;550～991℃为非晶态的偏高岭石,铝的配位结构为A1Ⅳ,AⅤ,A1Ⅵ;高于991℃时,逐渐生成丫-Al2O3和莫来石,铝变为A1Ⅵ和A1Ⅳ配位结构.溶出实验表明:经热活化后,A1Ⅳ,A1Ⅴ,A1Ⅵ在酸中溶解性能各不相同,偏高岭石中Al"在酸中的溶解性能最好,而莫来石和丫-Al2O3中的A1Ⅵ和A1Ⅳ很难在酸中溶解.     

煅烧煤系高岭石高温相变特征及火山灰活性研究

通过XRD谱和IR谱研究了煤系高岭石的高温相变特征.同时,通过煅烧高岭石的Si,Al溶出实验和煅烧高岭石-石灰-石膏硬化体的强度实验研究了煅烧煤系高岭石的火山灰活性.煅烧高岭石的相转变经历了4个阶段,其Si,Al溶出浓度与相转变过程有关,Al的溶出浓度在900℃时达到最高,Si在¨00℃时达到最高.煅烧高岭石-石灰-石膏硬化体的强度与钙矾石生成量的多少相关.煅烧高岭石中Al的溶出活性决定了硬化体中钙矾石的生成量.高岭石具有较高火山灰活性,其煅烧温度范围为500～900℃.     

ZrSiO4-Al2O3系材料高温反应的研究

借助X衍射仪(XRD)和具有能谱仪(EDAX)的扫描电镜,研究了粉状ZrSiO4和a-Al2O3间生成化学计量成分3Al2O3·2Si02的固态反应.在1 400～1600℃温度区间和0.5～60h的时间内获取了试验数据.结果表明,ZrSiO4和-Al2O3反应形成晶体ZrO2和莫来石(基本为3Al2O3·2SiO2成分)及SiO2-Al2O3非晶相(前驱莫来石).在1 600℃时,反应最快的阶段是ZrSiO4的分解.试验结果表明错英石的分解是一级反应.Al2O3颗粒的溶解和Al扩散到非晶相可能是反应最慢阶段.     

掺钙和萤石的煅烧煤矸石矿物组成的变化

用X射线衍射、甘油-无水乙醇法和红外测试分析手段探讨和分析煅烧前后的煤矸石矿物组成的变化.实验发现:不同产地的煤矸石大都含有高岭石和白云母等黏土矿物.煤矸石增钙煅烧后,在850～950℃含有低温水硬活性矿物Ca12Al14O33和Ca2SiO4.随着温度升高,石英晶体发生晶格畸变,CaO特征峰强度减弱.惰性Ca2Al6SiO16和CaSiO3的生成导致煤矸石活性下降.复合掺杂F-和[SO4]2-可有效破坏网络骨架的结晶度,生成不稳定的中间相,降低体系的共熔点.     

晶粒对以柠檬酸盐溶胶-凝胶法制备的莫来石粉末合成的影响

采用Al(NO3)3和四乙硅酸盐作为原始材料,并使用柠檬酸盐溶胶-凝胶方法制备3Al2O3·2SiO2粉末。加晶种的凝胶采用含有少量结晶的莫来石颗粒放入单相的Al2O3-SiO2凝胶中制做而成,在末加入晶种和加入晶种的单相凝胶中相的形成和热处理温度的关系通过差热分析和X-射线衍射来说明。人们发现加入晶种能够提高莫来石晶体的形成并且降低结晶形成的温度。加入晶种的凝胶中的3Al2O3·2SiO2的最初晶体形成温度约1100℃,甚至含1％晶种的凝胶能够使莫来石非常好的晶化,并且在1200℃下煅烧5h没有任何残余的相。然而,温度即使升高到1250℃,没有晶种的凝胶显示不能完成晶体形成。     

高岭石碱石灰的烧结过程

以CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O和Na2O-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O体系为对象,通过热力学计算研究了高岭石(Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O)在碱石灰烧结过程中的反应行为.结果表明:在n(CaO)/n(SiO2)为1的高岭石与氧化钙烧结过程中,形成了不能被碱液溶出的2CaO·Al2O3·SiO2和CaO·Al2O3·2SiO2.在n(CaO)/n(SiO2)为1,1.5或2的高岭石碱石灰烧结反应中,CaO·SiO2会与Na2O·Al2O3反应形成Na2O·Al2O3·2SiO2,从而导致在碱性体系中氧化铝的溶出率降低,而3CaO·2SiO2与2CaO·SiO2不与Na2O·Al2O3反应.CaF2对烧结反应有促进作用.     

烧结温度对煤矸石多孔材料物相与性能的影响

以煤矸石为原料、硅溶胶为胶凝剂泡沫胶凝法制备煤矸石多孔材料,研究烧结过程中的物相变化和烧结温度对多孔材料抗压强度和线收缩率的影响.研究结果表明,500～800℃烧结时在低衍射角衍射峰强度降低、某些衍射峰消失,煤矸石中高岭石脱水生成偏高岭石;1150℃烧结时发生α-石英向α-鳞石英的相变和Al2O3与SiO2反应生成莫来石而出现鳞石英相与莫来石相.随着烧结温度的升高,多孔材料抗压强度和线收缩率均逐渐增大.密度约0.8 g/cm3的煤矸石多孔材料1000℃烧结后抗压强度3.85 MPa,线收缩率6.89％.     

溶胶一凝胶法制备Al2O3一SiO2复合膜的微观结构分析

用溶胶－凝胶法制备了Al2O3-SiO2复合膜,通过XRD,FT－IR,N2吸附等手段研究化学组成和煅烧温度对复合膜的物相组成,化学结构以及微孔结构的影响,研究表明,在600℃下煅烧的合膜,随SiO2组分的减少,其物相从单纯无定形态演化为无定形态与γ-Al2O3纳米晶共存,比表面积从484.4m^2/g减小到197.7m^2/g,孔体积炎0.337cm^3/g减小到0.165cm^3/g,主要孔径范围2－4nm,微孔占总孔体积的17％－59％,当煅烧温度从200℃升高到1100℃,复合膜经历无定形态＋γ－A1OOH,无定形态＋γ－Al2O3到α－Al2O3＋莫来石的晶相转变过程并逐渐致密化,比表面积和孔体积减小,孔径分布从双峰分布（200－600℃）变为单峰分布（800℃）,孔隙在1100℃完全消失。     

偏高岭石-碱-硅酸钠水热反应体系13X分子筛的合成

以煤系高岭石为主要原料,经破碎、粉磨、煅烧、水热处理等工艺,在偏高岭石-碱-硅酸钠水热反应体系中合成了13X分子筛.扫描电镜分析表明:产物晶形完整、粒度为1μm左右且分布均匀.用X射线衍射测试方法研究混合物的硅铝的摩尔比[n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)]、钠硅的摩尔比[n(Na2O)/n(SiO2)]、水钠的摩尔比[n(H2O)/n(Na2O)]以及陈化时间对13X分子筛合成的影响.研究表明:该水热反应体系的最佳配比为n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3);高于13X分子筛中自身的n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)=2.5.反应适宜的碱度条件为:n(Na2O)/n(SiO2)=1.9,n(H2O)/n(Na2O)=40,碱度过高或过低均会出现P型分子筛杂相.陈化过程在13X分子筛的合成过程中不可缺少,其适宜的陈化时间为24h.该水热反应过程遵循分子筛的液相转化机理.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.