稠油降粘技术研究及前景展望

随着世界各地稠油开采量的增加,稠油的开采和运输问题愈来愈引起人们的关注。稠油具有密度大、粘度高、轻油含量少的特点,使得开采和输送稠油的工艺难度大,增加了开采和输送的成本。总结了目前常用的稠油降粘方法,包括物理降粘法、化学降粘法以及稠油改质降粘等,介绍了微生物降粘技术、超临界二氧化碳以及其他一些降粘新技术的降粘原理,并分析了未来降粘技术的发展趋势。     

稠油油藏氮气钻井随钻降粘技术

随着稠油在油气开采中的比重逐年增加,稠油开采技术越来越受到人们的关注。通过对稠油气体钻井随钻降粘技术的研究,包括物理降粘、化学降粘方法及降粘机理研究。结合现场应用实例,形成了稠油气体钻井随钻降粘配方及主要技术对策,为稠油油藏的高效开发探索了一条新的途径。     

稠油集输降粘方法概述

综述了稠油集输中目前常用的降粘方法(包括稠油改质降粘、加热降粘、掺稀油降粘及化学降粘等)的降粘原理及其优缺点。分析认为,采用化学降粘方法进行稠油降粘具有一定的优势,建议优先考虑。     

稠油开采中降粘技术研究进展

综述了目前稠油降粘开采技术(包括加热降黏法、掺稀降粘法、化学降粘法、改质降粘法和微生物降粘法)的降粘机理、优缺点和研究进展。经过比较分析,油溶性降粘剂与表面活性剂以及其他助剂的复合降粘开采具有较好的优势,应优先考虑。改质降粘和微生物降粘开采具有一定的优势,是未来稠油降粘开采的研究发展方向。     

高粘度稠油开采技术的国内外现状

研究了稠油的各种物理和化学性质以及它的降粘机理,论述了目前国内外正在研究和使用的各种高粘度重质稠油开采的新方法,包括火烧油层法、水热裂解法、磁降凝降粘开采技术、声波技术、地震开采技术、井下催化反应法以及上述几种方法同时并用的技术.     

稠油降粘开采技术及研究进展

稠油是一项重要资源,但常规方法开采、运输困难,解决问题的一项重要举措就是降粘。本文从物理、化学、微生物三个角度综述了稠油降粘开采技术,并分别就它们的几种主要类型进行展开论述,分析了各项技术的优缺点。热采法、掺稀油法、超声波法等物理降粘技术相对成熟,已有应用实例。化学降粘包括改质降粘和乳化降粘等,是目前重点研究对象。微生物降粘也能起到一定作用,复合降粘则综合应用多种原理。对于降粘驱油效果评价,动态评价方法正在逐步发展。     

高粘度稠油开采技术的国内外现状

研究了稠油的各种物理和化学性质以及它的降粘机理，论述了目前国内外正在研究和使用的各种高粘度重质稠油开采的新方法，包括火烧油层法、水热裂解法、磁降凝降粘开采技术、声波技术、地震开采技术、井下催化反应法以及上述几种方法同时并用的技术。     

稠油降粘剂降粘技术研究

针对稠油中的胶质、沥青质含量高、粘度大、开采过程困难等问题,为了提高泵效和油井的动液面,选用合适的降粘剂降粘。目前国内外稠油降粘的方法主要是物理法降粘和化学法降粘。物理法降粘中包括超声波降粘、磁降粘、微波降粘、升温降粘等;化学法降粘中包括乳化降粘剂降粘、油溶性降粘剂降粘、水溶性降粘剂降粘等。本文主要研究的是化学法降粘中降粘剂降粘技术的使用。主要从稠油降粘剂的种类、性质、降粘机理、影响因素、性能评价等多方面进行研究。最终找出最佳的降粘剂降粘技术,提高原油采收率,具有较好的实际应用价值。     

稠油化学降粘方法研究进展

综述稠油化学降粘方法(井下水热催化裂化降粘、表面活性剂降粘、油溶性降粘剂降粘、降凝剂降粘)的研究与应用,阐述了这些化学降粘技术作用机理和存在的问题,指出降粘剂的发展趋势。     

稠油降黏方法研究现状及发展趋势

综述了当前应用比较广泛的稠油(超稠油和特稠油)降黏方法的降黏原理以及优缺点,常用的降黏方法包括掺稀油、加热、微波加热、改质、化学降黏剂以及微生物降黏;掺稀油降黏技术的实施受稀油来源的限制;加热降黏能耗大,经济损耗高;微波加热在目前并不能实现规模化降黏;改质降黏要求复杂的反应装置、严格的反应条件;微生物降黏优势明显,但仍然缺乏相应的理论与技术支持。相对而言,化学降黏剂降粘技术臻于完善,且成本低,易于实现。分析认为,化学降黏剂降黏技术优势明显,建议优先考虑。     

Prediction of lower/upper limiting viscosities

An analysis based on steady uniform laminar flow of a non-Newtonian fluid in a tube is presented which predicts Newtonian flow behaviour in the limits of zero and infinite shear, respectively. It is shown that an upper limiting viscosity occurs in the limit of infinite shear for a fluid with or without a yield stress, whereas a lower limiting viscosity is obtained for a fluid without a yield stress in the limit of zero shear. For a fluid with a yield stress, an infinite viscosity is found in the limit as the shear stress approaches the yield stress.     

Predictive models for the viscosities of multicomponent liquid n‐Alkane and regular solutions

The pseudo‐binary model developed by Wu and Asfour (1992) has been used to modify some existing viscosity predictive models to that they can predict the viscosities of multicomponent liquid n‐alkane and regular mixtures. The McAllister three‐body interaction model and the Grunberg‐Nissan viscosity equation were both employed, after modification, to successfully predict the viscosity of multicomponent liquid n‐alkane and regular solutions. The modified Generalized Corresponding States Principel (MGCSP) reported by Wu and Asfour (1992), for only predicting the viscosities of n‐alkane mixtures, has been extended to predit the viscosities of multicomponent regular solutions. The predictive capabilities of several predictive models were analyzed. The obtained results showed that the pseudo‐binary McAllister model predicts the viscosity data better than the other existing predictive models.     

Mixing rules for predicting the viscosity of bitumens saturated with pure gases

Mixing rules are developed and evaluated for predicting the viscosity of Alberta bitumens saturated with each of N₂, CO, CH₄, CO₂ and C₂, H₆. The viscosity-temperature variation for all bitumens and gases is expressed as [log(μ + 0.8) = ± 10 T]. A linear cross-correlation between parameters b₁ and b₂ in the above relationship is identified and used subsequently to derive a one-parameter viscosity equation: [log(μ + 0.8) = θ(ΦT)^b]. where θ = 160, Φ = 0.008 for all bitumens and θ = -0.1, Φ = 0.015 for all gases. The two mixing rules examined in this study are: $ \log \left( {\bar \mu + 0.8} \right) = \sum v_i \,\log \left( {\mu _i + 0.8} \right) $ and $ \log \left( {\bar \mu + 0.8} \right) = \sum v_i \,\log \left( {\mu _i + 0.8} \right) + \sum \sum v_i v_j B_{ij} $, where v represents the geometric mean of mass and mole fractions and B_ij is a binary viscous interaction term. Predictions for the viscosity of gas-saturated bitumens are validated with over 400 experimental data points for five Alberta bitumens at temperatures from 12 to 120°C and pressures up to 10 MPa.     

Dilute solution properties of poly(3-dimethyl acryloyloxyethyl ammonium propiolactone)

The aqueous solution properties of an ampholytic poly(3-dimethylacryloyloxyethyl ammonium propiolactone), poly(DMAEAPL), are examined in this study by measuring reduced viscosity, intrinsic viscosity, degree of binding and dynamic light scattering. This polyampholyte's intrinsic viscosity is related to the type and concentration of the salt added. The intrinsic viscosity behaviour for the polyampholyte resulting from the associations of the polymer chains is in contrast with cationic and anionic polyelectrolyte. The polyampholyte in high concentration of NaCl has a low degree of binding, indicating that the proton ion (H⁺) has difficulty in binding to the carboxylate group (COO⁻) at the polymer end. The carboxybetaine, DMAEAPL, has a higher degree of binding than the corresponding sulfobetaine, DMAPS. Dynamic light scattering measurements indicate that the poly(carboxybetaine) diffusion coefficients decrease and the chain dimensions increase with an increasing salt concentration. The models proposed in this study can account for the poly(DMAEAPL) solution viscometrics and the degree of binding. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.     

Effect of inorganic salts on viscosity of acrylonitrile‐N‐vinylpyrrolidone copolymer solutions

Effects of inorganic salts on viscosities of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) solutions of acrylonitrile(AN)/N‐vinylpyrrolidone(N‐VP) copolymer are discussed. Viscosity was determined by the rotary viscosimeter. It was shown that the solution viscosity decreases quickly with addition of KCl and NaCl and the effect of NaCl is more prominent than that of KCl. As concentration of KCl and NaCl went beyond 0.025 mol/L, the viscosity showed a trend of increase. The viscosity increased considerably with addition of FeCl₃ and CuCl₂. Changes in solution viscosity became less obvious with addition of ZnCl₂. As temperature increased, the viscosity of the copolymer solution containing NaCl decreased most quickly and the copolymer solution consisting of FeCl₃ showed the slowest decrease. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3492–3495, 2003     

Determination of intrinsic viscosity of polyelectrolyte solutions

Intramolecular hydrodynamic contribution η_intra/C to the reduced viscosity η_SP/C of polyelectrolyte solutions is derived as a function of polymer concentration C by separating the theoretically calculated intermolecular electrostatic contribution η_inter/C from the observed reduced viscosity, assuming an additivity, η_SP/C=η_intra/C+η_inter/C. The resulting intramolecular part η_intra/C reflects nearly the net effect of the polyion conformation; it increases monotonously with decreasing polymer concentration and levels off to a constant in sufficiently dilute concentrations. The leveling-off value of η_intra/C corresponds to the intrinsic viscosity [η]. From the estimated values of [η], the ionic strength I dependence of the polyion conformation has been visualized, resulting in a similarity between two relations, η_intra/C vs. C and [η] vs. I.     

影响航空润滑油粘度的因素探究

综述了近年来温度、压力和剪切力对航空润滑油粘度影响的研究进展,给出了温度-粘度、温度-压力-粘度的关系经验公式,并比较了润滑油关于剪切力的实验方法。不同分子量的润滑油的粘度统计分析表明,这些公式较好地拟合了润滑油的粘度变化;压力对润滑油粘度影响的经验公式计算表明,对于在高压条件下工作的润滑油,润滑油粘度受压力影响很大。     

Dilute solution properties of naphthalene-labeled cationic poly(dimethyl sulfate quaternized acrylamide/N,N-dimethylaminopropylmaleimide copolymer)

The properties of a novel cationic, naphthalene-labeled cationic poly(dimethyl sulfate quaternized acrylamide/N,N-dimethylaminopropylmaleimide copolymer), poly-(DSQADMAPM)/NA in aqueous solution are examined in this study, measuring intrinsic viscosity, reduced viscosity, and ionic strength. This cationic poly(DSQADMAPM)/NA’s intrinsic viscosity is dependent on the type and concentration of salt added to the aqueous solution. The intrinsic viscosity behavior of the cationic poly(DSQADMAPM)/NA resulting from the electrostatic repulsive force of the polymer chain is contrasted with polyampholyte. Smaller anions such as F⁻ with a common cation (K⁺) are found to be the most difficult to be bound to the end group, indicating that a higher intrinsic viscosity of the poly(DSQADMAPM)/NA would be in KF salt aqueous solution. Smaller cations such as Li⁺ with a common anion (Cl⁻) are found to be the most difficult to be bound to the quaternary ammonium group, indicating that a higher intrinsic viscosity of the poly(DSQADMAPM)/NA would also be in LiCI salt aqueous solution. Models are proposed to account for the poly(DSQADMAPM)/NA solution viscometrics.     

粘度法测定高聚物相对分子量实验的改进

本文改进了粘度法测定高聚物相对分子量实验。提出了用单点法测高聚物溶液的特性粘度,是一种操作简便,所需溶液量少,测量时间短且精度较高的方法。     

用黏度法确定原油乳状液的合适破乳温度

使用旋转黏度计考察了油包水(W/O)型原油乳状液体系与原油乳状液加入破乳剂后的体系两者在表观黏度上的差别。分析了产生这些差别的原因,对其中出现的特殊现象给出了合理的解释。通过对比发现2种体系的黏度差值与适宜破乳温度存在一定的关系,并通过实验进一步验证了这种关系,为原油生产中确定适宜破乳温度提供了新途径。