利用SCM工具辅助功能点分析

在软件开发过程中,要管理、监控项目进展,很重要的一点就是要对软件的规模及生产率进行量化。介绍了常用的测量软件规模和生产率的功能点方法,及如何利用SCM工具中提取的元数据来辅助软件功能点分析,并介绍了如何利用程序实现该方法。该方法可以提高功能点分析法的数据来源可靠性、实时性,而且当软件功能增加或减少时能及时反应,使分析人员能做出相应调整。通过改进功能点分析出发,进而能改进基于功能点分析的软件测量。     

Synthesis of linear antenna array using flower pollination algorithm

Linear antenna array (LAA) design is a classical electromagnetic problem. It has been extensively dealt by number of researchers in the past, and different optimization algorithms have been applied for the synthesis of LAA. This paper presents a relatively new optimization technique, namely flower pollination algorithm (FPA) for the design of LAA for reducing the maximum side lobe level (SLL) and null control. The desired antenna is achieved by controlling only amplitudes or positions of the array elements. FPA is a novel meta-heuristic optimization method based on the process of pollination of flowers. The effectiveness and capability of FPA have been proved by taking difficult instances of antenna array design with single and multiple objectives. It is found that FPA is able to provide SLL reduction and steering the nulls in the undesired interference directions. Numerical results of FPA are also compared with the available results in the literature of state-of-the-art algorithms like genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, cuckoo search, tabu search, biogeography based optimization (BBO) and others which also proves the better performance of the proposed method. Moreover, FPA is more consistent in giving optimum results as compared to BBO method reported recently in the literature.

     

Fuzzy Modeling for Function Points Analysis

Function Point Analysis (FPA) is a largely used technique to estimate the size of development project, enhancement project or applications already installed. During the point counting process that represents the dimension of a project or an application, each function is classified according to its relative functional complexity. Several studies resulted in FPA extensions, and most of them are mainly aimed at achieving greater precision in the point assessment of systems of greater algorithmic complexity. This work proposes the use of concepts and properties from fuzzy set theory to extend FPA into FFPA (Fuzzy Function Point Analysis). Fuzzy theory seeks to build a formal quantitative structure capable of emulating the imprecision of human knowledge. With the function points generated by FFPA, the functionality of the project is better represented than it was through FPA. Thus, derived values such as costs and terms of development can be more precisely determined.     

基于改进FPA的软件规模估算方法

规模度量是软件项目管理的关键,其度量的准确性直接关系到软件项目的成败。针对传统FPA方法中复杂度等级划分不连续性的问题,提出一种改进的复杂度权值计算方法。该方法利用模糊理论分析功能要素的复杂度,首先以DET和RET作为输入变量,以复杂度权值作为输出变量,建立模糊推理系统;然后根据FPA中复杂度和功能点数量的转换关系,设置模糊推理规则,并利用该规则确定复杂度权值。研究结果表明,这种模糊推理的方法可以消除不同复杂度等级之间的断层,从而使软件功能点的估算结果更加准确。     

基于IFPUG功能点的简化度量方法

软件规模度量是进行软件项目管理的重要依据,在项目早期阶段尤其具有重要意义。IFPUG标准功能点方法需要知道软件详细信息才能完成软件度量,且计算过程复杂,在工程早期应用限制较多。针对这些问题,提出了一种基于IFPUG的简化度量方法,将标准方法的5个对象简化为软件事务功能和内、外部数据功能3个对象,固定每个对象的加权因子,通过给出功能点值及其范围的方法,为简化度量结果提供可靠性参考依据,从而实现软件功能规模简化度量。该简化方法降低了标准功能点方法的使用难度,简化了度量步骤。通过实际项目验证,度量可靠性在60%以上,与其他简化方法相比,结果更加准确。     

On the performances of the flower pollination algorithm – Qualitative and quantitative analyses

The flower pollination algorithm (FPA) is a recently proposed metaheuristic inspired by the natural phenomenon of flower pollination. Since its invention, this star-rising metaheuristic has gained a big interest in the community of metaheuristic optimisation. So, many works based on the FPA have already been proposed. However, these works have not given any deep analysis of the performances of the basic algorithm, neither of the variants already proposed. This makes it difficult to decide on the applicability of this new metaheuristic in real-world applications. This paper qualitatively and quantitatively analyses this metaheuristic. The qualitative analysis studies the basic variant of the FPA and some extensions of it. For quantitative analysis, the FPA is statistically examined through using it to solve the CEC 2013 benchmarks for real-parameter continuous optimisation, then by applying it on some of the CEC 2011 benchmarks for real-world optimisation problems. In addition, some extensions of the FPA, based on opposition-based learning and the modification of the movement equation in the global-pollination operator, are presented and also analysed in this paper. On the whole, the basic FPA has been found to offer less than average performances when compared to state-of-the-art algorithms, and the best of the proposed extensions has reached average results.     

面向对象方法的功能点度量

功能点分析（FPA）本身只能度量系统静态的方面,不能考虑到对象的交互性和对象的行为。基于FPA,结合面向对象系统的特点,提出了一种面向对象方法的功能点,完成了从FPA方法到面向对象方法概念上的映射和度量规则上的映射,并给出了该方法具体的度量过程,为Web应用的度量奠定了坚实的理论基础。     

An exploratory study on the accuracy of FPA to COSMIC measurement method conversion types

BackgroundFunctional size measurement methods are increasingly being adopted by software organizations due to the benefits they provide to software project managers. The Function Point Analysis (FPA) measurement method has been used extensively and globally in software organizations. The COSMIC measurement method is considered a second generation FSM method, because of the novel aspects it brings to the FSM field. After the COSMIC method was proposed, the issue of convertibility from FPA to COSMIC method arose, the main problem being the ability to convert FPA historical data to the corresponding COSMIC Function Point (CFP) data with a high level of accuracy, which would give organizations the ability to use the data in their future planning. Almost all the convertibility studies found in the literature involve converting FPA measures to COSMIC measures statistically, based on the final size generated by both methods.ObjectivesThis paper has three main objectives. The first is to explore the accuracy of the conversion type that converts FPA measures to COSMIC measures statistically, and that of the type that converts FPA transaction function measures to COSMIC measures. The second is to propose a new conversion type that predicts the number of COSMIC data movements based on the number of file type references referenced by all the elementary processes in a single application. The third is to compare the accuracy of our proposed conversion type with the other two conversion types found in the literature.MethodOne dataset from the management information systems domain was used to compare the accuracy of all three conversion types using a systematic conversion approach that applies three regression models: Ordinary Least Squares, Robust Least Trimmed Squares, and logarithmic transformation were used. Four datasets from previous studies were used to evaluate the accuracy of the three conversion types, to which the Leave One Out Cross Validation technique was applied to obtain the measures of fitting accuracy.ResultsThe conversion type most often used as well as the conversion type based on transaction function size were found to generate nonlinear, inaccurate and invalid results according to measurement theory. In addition, they produce a loss of measurement information in the conversion process, because of the FPA weighting system and FPA structural problems, such as illegal scale transformation. Our proposed conversion type avoids the problems inherent in the other two types but not the nonlinearity problem. Furthermore, the proposed conversion type has been found to be more accurate than the other types when the COSMIC functional processes comprise dataset applications that are systematically larger than their corresponding FPA elementary processes, or when the processes vary from small to large. Finally, our proposed conversion type delivered better results over the tested datasets, whereas, in general, there is no statistical significant difference between the accuracy of the conversion types examined for every dataset, particularly the conversion type most often used is not the most accurate.ConclusionsOur proposed conversion type achieves accurate results over the tested datasets. However, the lack of knowledge needed to use it over all the datasets in the literature limits the value of this conclusion. Consequently, practitioners converting from FPA to COSMIC should not stay with only one conversion type, assuming that it is the best. In order to achieve a high level of accuracy in the conversion process, all three conversion types must be tested via a systematic conversion approach.     

系统测试的外部质量评价方法研究

随着软件行业的成熟,对软件定量评价的必要性增大。作者借鉴功能点分析法[1]结合自身多年系统测试的经验,提出一套软件外部质量[2]的评价模型,简便可行的解决了软件质量工程评价过程中因缺少实操性而难以量化的难题,为软件工程质量定量评价提供客观可行的方案。     

Kinematics of a class of parallel manipulators which generates structures with three limbs

In this paper, the forward position analysis (FPA) of a class of parallel manipulators which can be modeled as structures with three limbs when the active joint rates, namely the generalized coordinates, are locked, is carried out using mixed and analytic procedures. The first option is a novel procedure which combines a numerical method and the closed-form solution of the geometry of a tetrahedron, that allows to find all the possible solutions for the FPA when specific requirements are satisfied. The second option is an analytic procedure capable of reducing a nonlinear system of three equations in three unknowns into a univariate 16th order polynomial equation, which evidently leads to a multiple solution. The introduction of linear equations, proposed in this contribution, obtained from the particular topology of these mechanisms simplifies considerably the FPA. In order to complement the kinematic analyses, the acceleration analysis of an exemplary parallel manipulator is approached by means of standard screw theory. Of course, as an intermediate step, this contribution also provides the velocity analysis of the chosen parallel manipulator. Finally, two numerical examples are provided.     

多输入浮点加法器算法研究

本文介绍了浮点加法器（FPA）的基本运算步骤，归纳阐述了传统的多输入浮点加法器算法，提出了一种改进的并行多输入浮点加法器算法。采用这种改进的算法可以有效地提高运算速度并减少逻辑资源。     

纸质问卷版面设计与自动识别系统研究

针对人工录入纸质问卷中所存在的工作任务重、效率低、误差大等问题,提出一种基于标志点的纸质问卷设计方案及自动识别方法.在问卷的每个题目和选项前分别设置题目标志点和选项标志点,通过提取与区分标志点定位题目和选项,判断每个选项的答题区域是否存在答题标识,实现问卷结果的自动识别.100份问卷实验结果显示,本文方法对各种笔在答题框内画实心、空心圆圈、直线和对勾等均能正确识别,总体识别率为98.95％,每页问卷的平均识别时间为1.163 s.本方法可以大幅提高纸质问卷分析效率、降低错误率、减少人力成本,为纸质调查问卷的统计提供了一种有效的自动识别方法.     

多策略增强花授粉算法及其应用

针对经典花授粉算法容易陷入局部最优解和收敛速度慢的缺点,提出一种增强型透镜成像策略和随机邻域变异策略的花授粉算法。通过增强型透镜成像策略扩展花授粉算法的搜索空间,增加解的多样性,有助于算法跳出局部最优解。引入随机邻域变异策略,借助邻域内的信息指导算法搜索,增强算法的收敛精度和搜索速度。对改进后的花授粉算法和四种其他改进算法在CEC2013测试函数上进行比较,实验证明改进后的多策略花授粉算法不论是收敛精度还是搜索速度都比对比算法优秀。最后把多策略花授粉算法应用在汽车传动参数模型上研究该算法的实际效用,结果表明多策略花授粉算法在汽车传动参数优化问题上都优于对比算法。     

一种利用花粉算法优化的遥感图像分割方法

为提高遥感图像分割的准确性与抗噪性,以学生t分布混合模型为基础,结合K-means与花粉算法的特点,将K-means算法局部寻优能力强以及花粉算法全局寻优能力强的优点相结合,提出一种基于K-means的学生t分布混合模型,用于遥感图像分割.该方法中,根据学生t分布与高斯分布以及柯西分布比较接近的特点,对花粉算法的执行过...     

浮点加法器电路设计算法的研究

介绍了浮点加法器电路设计的基本算法,阐述了近年来有关浮点加法器电路设计算法研究的成果。对目前所普遍采用的Ｔｗｏ－Ｐａｔｈ算法及其改进算法进行了详细地分析。描述了快速规格化的关键技术——前导１的预判的基本原理。最后提出了一种进一步改进Ｔｗｏ—Ｐａｔｈ算法的方案。     

通信协议翻译程序的软件自动生成

阐述了指挥自动化通信协议翻译软件的软件自动生成原理和实现方法，这是软件自动化在指挥自动化中的一个典型应用。该应用中采用了软件自动化的过程实现方法，定义了一种扩展标记语言，通过对扩展标记语言的语法分析，最后生成了跨平台跨语言的一组协议翻译程序，满足了指挥自动化系统中通信子系统对多协议翻译的要求，并且高效，高质量，易修改和易维护。     

Color image quantization using flower pollination algorithm

Flower pollination algorithm (FPA) is a swarm-based optimization technique that has attracted the attention of many researchers in several optimization fields due to its impressive characteristics. This paper proposes a new application for FPA in the field of image processing to solve the color quantization problem, which is use the mean square error is selected as the objective function of the optimization color quantization problem to be solved. By comparing with the K-means and other swarm intelligence techniques, the proposed FPA for Color Image Quantization algorithm is verified. Computational results show that the proposed method can generate a quantized image with low computational cost. Moreover, the quality of the image generated is better than that of the images obtained by six well-known color quantization methods.

     

基于纹理特征的磁片表面刀纹缺陷检测

表面缺陷检测在工业生产中对产品质量可以起到有效的监督控制作用,而目前对磁性材料表面刀纹缺陷检测的方法各自存在自身的局限性,如成本过高、检测速度太慢而不能满足工业生产中实时检测的需求等。为了能够达到实时稳定的检测磁片表面刀纹缺陷的目的,本文借助于计算机工业视觉系统,基于纹理特征,通过图像预处理,采用增强缺陷部分并抑制背景部分的方法,使得各种缺陷具有了统一性,从而能设计适合的掩模来提取出缺陷部分,实现了对磁片表面刀纹缺陷的检测。实验结果表明,采用本文提出的方法可以实时完成对磁片表面刀纹缺陷的检测并且对于多种缺陷类型都适用。     

Validating a size measure for effort estimation in model-driven Web development

Web development is moving towards model-driven processes whose goal is the development of Web applications at a higher level of abstraction based on models and model transformations. This brings new opportunities to the Web project manager to make early estimates of the size and the effort required to produce Web applications based on their conceptual models. In the last few years, several studies for size and effort estimation have been performed. However, there are no studies regarding effort estimation in model-driven Web development. In this paper, we present the validation of a model-based size measure (OO-HFP) for Web effort estimation in the context of a model-driven Web development method. The validation is performed by comparing the prediction accuracy that OO-HFP provides with the accuracy provided by the standard function point analysis (FPA) method. The results of the study (using industrial data gathered from 31 Web projects) show that the effort estimates obtained for projects that are sized using OO-HFP are more accurate than the effort estimates obtained using the standard FPA method. This suggests that by following a model-driven development approach, the size measure obtained at the conceptual model of a Web application can be considered a suitable predictor of effort.     

An object-oriented tool for function point analysis

Abstract: Function points have become an accepted measure of software size and are becoming an industry standard. However, the application of function point analysis is fairly complex and requires experience and a good understanding to apply it in a consistent manner. This paper describes the development of a knowledge-based, object-oriented system to assist an analyst in performing function point analysis. The objective of the function point analysis (FPA) tool is to allow an analyst to estimate system size in function points without having extensive training or experience using the function point method. The FPA tool uses information available in a functional specification that is a product of the requirements analysis phase of the software development life cycle. An object-oriented model was used to represent the functional requirements of a software system.