一种环保可降解水泥编织袋

本文介绍了一种环保可降解水泥编织袋,包括袋体,袋体的表面固定设有第一PLA生物降解编织布,第一PLA生物降解编织布的内壁通过粘片与第二PLA生物降解编织布的外壁粘接,第二PLA生物降解编织布的内壁通过PLA纤维片与第一PLA生物降解膜的外壁固定连接,袋体的顶端固定设有第一加强布,本技术的有益效果是:本技术一种环保可降解水泥编织袋,通过粘片将第一PLA生物降解编织布与第二PLA生物降解编织布连接,并且在第二PLA生物降解编织布的内壁设置PLA纤维片,提高了袋体的强度和韧性,袋体不易破损,通过设置第一加强布和第二加强布,提高了袋体两端的抗撕裂能力。     

全降解PLA/PBAT/ESO保鲜膜在草莓保鲜中的应用研究

目的 采用全生物降解材料PLA/PBAT/ESO复合膜替代PE保鲜膜，并应用于水果保鲜包装。方法 测定市购PE膜和实验室自制PLA/PBAT/ESO保鲜膜的透湿性、透气性及力学性能，并以新鲜草莓为保鲜对象，以无包装防护为空白对照，研究PE保鲜膜、全降解PLA/PBAT/ESO保鲜膜在贮藏温度4 ℃下对草莓果实的保鲜效果。结果 相较于PE保鲜膜，全降解PLA/PBAT/ESO保鲜膜的效果更佳，其透湿透气性和力学性能更优，能够有效抑制果实在贮藏过程中可溶性固形物含量、硬度、可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量的下降，保持草莓的口感、风味和营养成分。结论 由于全降解PLA/PBAT/ESO保鲜膜的透气性和透湿性高于PE保鲜膜，减少了结露现象，减缓了微生物的滋长，能够有效地延缓草莓这类湿敏性水果产品的腐败变质进程，维持果实的贮藏品质。     

生物可降解脂肪族聚酯在陕西土壤中的降解行为

以西安当地土壤及西安某污水处理厂的活性污泥为降解介质,对生物可降解聚酯聚乳酸(PLA)、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)和聚己内酯(PCL)的降解性能进行了研究,并对它们的降解机理进行了初步探讨。根据偏光显微镜和扫描电镜的观察表明,降解后的聚酯膜表面均有明显被侵蚀的痕迹;在陕西当地土壤中,PCL的降解速度最快,PLA次之,PBS最慢。红外光谱表征了这三种聚合物降解前后的化学结构。     

生物降解塑料在国内外的研究进展及发展趋势

近年来,世界各国均加大力度禁止和限制不易回收、易污染的一次性塑料产品。生物降解塑料成为替代一次性塑料产品的最佳选择。生物降解塑料分为生物基和石化基两大类。前者按制作方法细分为完全生物降解塑料（全淀粉生物降解塑料、微生物发酵和化学合成共同参与获得的生物降解塑料、微生物合成型生物降解塑料、共混型生物降解塑料）和不完全生物降解塑料。后者是以煤或石油等化石能源为原料,用化学合成法由单体聚合而成,代表性品种有聚丁二酸丁二酯（PBS）、聚己二酸对苯二甲酸丁二酯（PBAT）、聚碳酸亚丙酯（PPC）等,该类塑料均基于脂肪族聚酯,分子链上的酯基结构决定了它们易被微生物或酶降解。从上述各类生物降解塑料的加工制作方法、性能特点、应用场合以及全球、国内外产能状况展开论述。未来,我国应重点发展淀粉基、PLA、 PBAT等三大生物降解塑料,应重视对高分子设计法的研究。     

PBS/PHB聚酯材料的生物降解性

将不同比例的聚丁二酸丁二醇酯/聚羟基丁酸酯(PBS/PHB)共混物分别放入陕西当地的土壤培养液和熟化过的堆肥培养液中进行微生物兹化反应,以研究它们的降解性,并通过Tg、X射线衍射(WAXD)、扫描电镜(SEM)对共混物的热稳定性、结晶度、表面形态进行了研究。结果表明,共混物在堆肥培养液中降解60d后的质量损失率达到62%,比纯PBS快,且随着PHB含量的增加,降解速度随之加快;共混物在土壤培养液中的降解趋势相同;对降解前后膜的表面形态观察发现,在土壤培养液中膜降解后有较明显的微生物侵蚀痕迹,在堆肥培养液中则出现了较大的孔洞。     

生物表面活性剂对堆肥中含烃有机质降解过程的影响

进行了将生物表面活性剂引入堆肥过程的实验研究。采用好氧堆肥法,模拟堆肥中石油烃污染,加入不同的生物表面活性剂发酵液对堆肥过程中的石油烃进行降解,将实验组与空白样进行对照,结果发现,生物表面活性剂的加入不仅可改善堆肥环境,提高堆肥效率,还对堆肥过程中石油烃的降解有促进作用。实验证明,鼠李糖脂发酵液的效果比莎梵婷发酵液的效果好。     

光氧化TiO_2/PEO/LDPE复合薄膜的生物降解性能

以聚氧乙烯(PEO)为亲水改性剂、纳米TiO_2颗粒作为光催化助氧剂,与低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)树脂复合制备了光氧化-生物降解TiO_2/PEO/LDPE纳米复合薄膜。通过密封堆肥和土壤微生物的降解实验,研究了该复合薄膜在空气中紫外光氧化降解后的生物降解性能。结果表明,TiO_2/PEO/LDPE复合薄膜在UVA340的紫外光照射600h后,发生了明显的降解,羰基指数增大,产生了大量羰基类的化合物,结构发生明显的破坏;光氧化后的薄膜碎片经过180d的堆肥或254d的土壤微生物降解后,其矿化率达到15.26%,薄膜表面长满了孢子及大量的菌丝,能够为微生物的生长提供所需的碳源。PEO的加入能提高纳米TiO_2在LDPE基体中的亲水性,从而提高其光催化氧化活性,使得LDPE薄膜的光氧化降解程度明显增大,有利于其后续的生物降解。     

生物降解塑料聚乳酸及其工业应用

在全球变暖、石油紧缺、原油供应不稳定及其价格剧烈变动的大形势下,生物降解塑料受到了更多的关注。其中,聚乳酸（PLA）材料是第一个形成商业化规模的生物降解塑料产业,它是由淀粉糖发酵生成,不需以石油为原料,在堆肥条件下可以完全生物降解,被认为是最具竞争力的可再生生物基塑料。许多其他类似的生物基或者生物降解塑料诸如Ecoflex、PHBV、PBS（聚丁二醇丁二酸酯）等,他们的价格几乎都是聚乳酸价格的2-3倍。     

聚己二酸对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBAT)共混改性聚乳酸(PLA)高性能全生物降解复合材料研究进展

聚乳酸(PLA)作为一种可降解、可再生的聚合物,其优异的生物相容性和高强度、高模量的力学性能引起了许多学者的关注。聚乳酸基生物复合材料自进入人们的视野以来,由于其固有的延展性差、冲击强度低,加工过程结晶速率慢,结晶度小等缺陷,严重阻碍了其发展。关于PLA的改性研究在近十年里从未间断过,主要集中在增塑改性、增强改性、增韧改性。增塑改性是指向PLA中加入乳酸低聚物、柠檬酸酯、聚乙二醇等小分子化合物,减少PLA分子链间的相互作用,改善PLA的塑性,断裂伸长率大幅度提高,但增塑剂易渗出、迁移是如今面临的一大难题;增强改性是指向PLA加入无机填料或纳米粒子(二氧化硅(SiO2)、二氧化钛(TiO_2)、碳酸钙(CaCO_3)、滑石粉(Talc)、蒙脱土(MMT)等)引发异相成核,改善PLA的结晶性能,但无法从根本上解决材料韧性差的缺陷;增韧改性是指加入橡胶粒子或热塑性弹性体(天然橡胶(NR)、热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)、聚碳酸酯(PC)等),虽然在一定程度上改善了PLA的韧性,但PLA的生物降解性无法保证;随着一些可降解聚酯(聚己内酯(PCL)、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)、聚己二酸对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBAT)等)的产生,在不改变降解性能下,对PLA进行有效的增韧改性,是聚乳酸改性研究的主要方向和研究热点。PBAT作为一种可降解聚酯聚合物,链段兼具长链脂肪烃的柔性和芳环的刚性,赋予了其优异的柔韧性,与其他聚酯材料相比,这一优势是作为增韧改性PLA的最佳选择。在早期PLA/PBAT的研究过程中就发现,由于分子链段上结构的巨大差异,PBAT与PLA的相容性差导致共混物力学性能不佳。近十年里,研究者在聚合物共混改性的基础上,选择合适的第三组分对PLA/PBAT共混体系进行改性,并取得了丰硕的成果。目前,PLA/PBAT共混体系的增韧后冲击强度由纯PLA的2.3 kJ/m2提高至61.9 kJ/m2。本文归纳了PBAT增韧改性PLA共混体系复合材料的研究进展,分别对物理共混(无机填料或纳米粒子和物理相容剂)、反应性共混增容剂改性PLA/PBAT体系进行了介绍,分析了PLA/PBAT共混改性体系面临的问题并展望其前景,以期为制备高性能全生物降解PLA/PBAT复合材料提供参考。     

竹纤维/聚乳酸可生物降解复合材料自然降解性能

通过注射成型工艺制备竹纤维/聚乳酸（BF/PLA）可生物降解复合材料。利用X射线衍射（XRD）、凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）、三维视频显微镜及扫描电镜（SEM）等分析手段研究了BF/PLA复合材料自然降解性能。研究结果表明：BF/PLA复合材料自然降解过程中BF首先降解,PLA逐步分层缓慢降解,复合材料质量逐渐减少;PLA分子链上酯基与水反应,分子链不断断裂,结晶度减小,平均分子量降低,分子量分布变窄;复合材料颜色变深,表面变得粗糙不平,部分裸露的BF清晰可见,其拉伸强度和冲击强度逐渐下降。12个月后,BF/PLA复合材料质量损失率达到8.87%,PLA重均分子量降低了25.9%,复合材料的冲击强度和拉伸强度分别降低了44.0%和43.8%。BF/PLA可生物降解复合材料在土壤中的自然降解效率较低。     

LDPE/有机金属降解剂/配合剂体系降解性的研究

以低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）／铁（或锡）的有机合物／含氮有机物为降解体系,制成薄膜样品,于模拟堆肥环境中降解,跟踪取样,测定其粘均分子量及氢过氧化物浓度([POOH])变化,另外,进行了傅立叶变换红外（FT－IR）和差示扫描量热分析（DSC）测试,结果表明,所选用的某些体系能够在堆肥条件下高效降解,薄膜样品在降解60d后分子量大幅度降低,羟基含量,结晶度呈现明显的增高趋势,降解程度受降解剂种类,配合剂种类及含量,降解环境等诸多因素影响,所测[POOH]变化趋势与分子量变化存在着关联性,这为降解机理的进一步讨论打下了基础。     

Effect of electron beam treatments on degradation kinetics of polylactic acid (PLA) plastic waste under backyard composting conditions

The effects of electron beam irradiation on backyard composting behaviour of polylactic acid (PLA) polymer were evaluated. Samples (10 mm² × 0.75 mm) from thermoformed PLA drinking cups were exposed to 10 MeV electron beam irradiation at doses of 0, 72, 144 and 216 kGy. Irradiated PLA samples were placed in heat‐sealed, plastic screen and added to organic feedstock in a rotating composter within a computer‐controlled environmental chamber for 10 weeks at 35°C. Changes in weight, structural integrity and molecular weight were assessed over time. Results show that irradiation enhanced PLA breakdown. PLA weight decreased by increasing amounts as irradiation dose increased. Sample brittleness increased with irradiation dose and composting time. Finally, PLA molecular weight decreased as irradiation dose and compost time increased. Molecular weight D values for irradiated PLA were found to be about 430 kGy. After 1 week in a typical backyard composter, molecular weight D values increased to about 560 kGy and then fell to about 380 kGy after 2 weeks of composting. Samples irradiated at 216 kGy showed a reduction in weight of 9.4% after 10 weeks of composting, and a reduction of weight‐average molecular weight of 93.7% after 6 weeks. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.