共价交联法制备具有优异电容去离子脱盐性能的硼碳氮纳米片/石墨烯复合电极

电容去离子脱盐(CDI)是一种去除水中盐离子的有效方法,具有能耗低、无二次污染等众多技术优势。采用高温固相法合成硼碳氮纳米片材料,其具有比表面积高、电化学稳定性良好等特点,通过与石墨烯材料的共价交联,制备了具有高脱盐量、优异循环稳定性的硼碳氮纳米片/石墨烯复合CDI电极。此结构中,硼碳氮纳米片的高比表面积为盐离子提供了丰富的吸附位点,其优异的电化学稳定性提高了CDI循环性能;石墨烯材料为复合电极构建了电子传输网络,提高了复合电极的导电性。将其与活性炭负极组装成非对称CDI模块,在3 200 mg L~(-1)的盐浓度、1.4 V电压下,脱盐量达到了20.16 mg g~(-1);在1.0 V电压下,经30圈循环,容量保持率达到88.1%。     

碳纳米团簇向碳纳米纤维相转变机理研究

为了能够快速且大面积生长碳纳米纤维,研究碳纳米纤维的形成、转变及在各种物理、化学环境下的反应机理,应用等离子化学气相沉积(PECVD)方法,以CH4为反应气体,FeCl2为催化剂在玻璃衬底上生长碳纳米薄膜.应用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了碳纳米纤维薄膜的表面形貌,拉曼(Raman)光谱分析了碳纳米纤维的结构组成.结果表明,无催化剂时薄膜主要由纳米团簇构成,而催化作用下薄膜呈纤维状生长,纳米纤维为典型的碳纳米管石墨特征峰.在温度,气压,催化剂等反应条件中,FeCl2催化剂对碳纳米薄膜的取向生长起决定性作用,通过调节催化剂的浓度与分布,可有效改变碳纳米纤维的密度与分布.     

一种制备金属钨纳米针的新方法

采用H2／N2／H2O混合气体在850℃下还原含有少量Ni／Fe／Co的氧化钨混合粉末的方法,制备出金属钨纳米针．用SEM、TEM和EDS分析等方法对金属钨纳米针进行了表征．结果表明：纳米针的顶部直径为30-70nm,根部直径为150-200nm,长度为2—10μm;纳米针具有完好的BCC单晶结构,沿（100）方向生长;在纳米针的生长过程中Ni／Fe／Co起到了顶端催化作用．     

碳纳米管薄膜电极的制备及电容吸附性能

采用低压CVD法制备得到的金属镍基碳纳米管薄膜直接作为电容去离子器（CDD）的电极材料，并对碳纳米管薄膜进行了扫描电镜观察和比表面与孔径分析，探讨了该电极材料的电容吸附性能。NaF溶液的吸附实验结果表明：该电极材料的去离子效果明显、且可再生和重复使用。     

Ni／MnO纳米复合粒子的生长机制

以Ni和MnO2微米粉为原料,采用直流电弧等离子法在氢-氩混合气氛中合成了MnO包覆Ni纳米复合粒子.用XRD、TEM、TG-SDTA等方法分析了纳米粒子的相组成、形貌和热稳定性.结果表明:Ni/MnO复合纳米粒子具有一致的"核/壳"微结构,尺寸分布在100-120nm范围.核和壳分别为Ni和MnO相.根据定量氧辅助V-L-S机制,Ni纳米核在复合粒子生长过程中的催化作用,是"核/壳"结构形成的重要因素.     

玻璃基TiO_2-Fe_2O_3-CeO_2复合纳米薄膜的光催化性能研究

在溶胶-凝胶法制备的TiO2胶膜表面涂覆金属离子,通过焙烧制备TiO2-Fe2O3-CeO2复合纳米薄膜。以甲基橙为目标降解物,讨论过渡金属离子Fe3+和稀土金属离子Ce3+的掺杂对TiO2薄膜光催化活性的影响。采用SEM、XRD、EDS等表征手段对复合氧化物薄膜进行表征。结果表明:所制备的薄膜具有纳米结构;Fe3+、Ce3+单掺和Fe3+/Ce3+共掺均可提高TiO2薄膜的光催化性能,但相同条件下共掺离子的光催化活性更高。     

基于氧化铁模板原位制备Ni/Fe-LD H s/Fe薄膜及其性能研究

采用模版原位生长技术,以NH_3·H_2O调节Ni(NO_3)_2-NH_4NO_3反应溶液pH值,形成镍氨配离子达到缓慢释放Ni~(2+),实现了在阳极氧化铁模板(AFO/Fe)上制备Ni/Fe-NO_3-LDHs/Fe薄膜前驱体;然后,通过离子交换反应将磺基水杨酸阴离子(SSA)插层制备了Ni/Fe-SSA-LDHs/Fe复合薄膜。借助XRD、FT-IR、SEM、UV-Vis、TG/DTA及电化学测试等手段对LDHs薄膜结构及性能进行了表征与分析。结果显示,SSA阴离子插入LDHs层间,插层距由0.9051 nm扩至1.1837 nm,水滑石晶片主要以c轴平行于氧化铁模版生长。该薄膜表现出优异的耐蚀性和紫外阻隔性能。     

The Analysis and Growth Mechanism of Core/Shell-type Ni/MnO Nanoparticls

以Ni和MnO2微米粉为原料,采用直流电弧等离子法在氢--氩混合气氛中合成了MnO包覆Ni纳米复合粒子.用XRD、TEM、TG--SDTA等方法分析了纳米粒子的相组成、形貌和热稳定性.结果表明: Ni/MnO 复合纳米粒子具有一致的“核/壳”微结构,尺寸分布在100--120 nm范围. 核和壳分别为Ni和MnO相.根据定量氧辅助V--L--S机制, Ni纳米核在复合粒子生长过程中的催化作用,是“核/壳”结构形成的重要因素.     

半导体Si(111)上电沉积NiFe缓冲层薄膜

采用电化学沉积法,在半导体硅片上制备了具有纳米晶粒尺寸的NiFe缓冲层薄膜,并确定了获得Ni80Fe20合金的工艺条件.由SEM形貌观测分析,当薄膜名义厚度＞25 nm时,可形成连续性镀层.I-t暂态曲线及STM结果表明,NiFe薄膜在低过电位下以三维岛状模式生长,在高过电位下以二维层状模式生长,其RMS表面粗糙度最小值仅为0.5 nm.XRD结果表明,薄膜为面心立方Ni基固溶体结构,并具有明显的(111)晶面择优取向.当薄膜组成为Ni80Fe20时,各向异性磁电阻效应(AMR)最大,AMR值为1.8%.     

镁/碳复合纳米材料制备及放氢相转化率研究

引入微晶碳与Mg、Ni等金属复合,制备了70Mg30C4Ni复合储氢材料,其储氢密度在4.56%(质量分数)以上,放氢量为4.50%(质量分数),放氢时间为8min.260℃恒温放氢在65min内可释放出77%的氢气,说明Ni对镁碳复合储氢材料放氢性能具有较好的催化作用.通过计算,其平均纳米晶粒度为27.6nm.     

Electrosorption behavior of cations with carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibres composite film electrodes

The cost-effective, large area carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibres (CNTs-CNFs) composite film was synthesized on graphite substrate by low pressure and low temperature thermal chemical vapor deposition. Cyclic voltammetry and ac impedance spectroscopy were employed to systematically study the electrochemical properties of CNTs-CNFs film. The electrosorption in salt solutions by CNTs-CNFs film electrodes was studied. It is found that electrosorption of CNTs-CNFs film electrodes is mainly due to Coulombic interaction on the electrical double-layer. Several experiments were conducted to study the ion removal capacity and selectivity of CNTs-CNFs film electrodes, showing that multivalent cations were preferentially adsorbed from the aqueous solution. For cations with same charge, the one with smaller hydrated radius would be more effectively removed.     

燃料电池电极板材料工艺发展趋势

电极板是燃料电池的关键核心部件,起到分隔气体、提供反应界面、传导电流的作用。根据燃料电池应用工况的不同,电极板的材料选择与制造工艺路线也有所不同。材料工艺是决定燃料电池设计、质量、成本的核心要素。着重论述了金属、石墨、树脂作为电极材料的工艺路线。针对金属电极板材料,论述了车载、航空航天2种工况下不锈钢、钛材的成形设计准则、工艺路线、产品性能,并分析比较了不同成形方法中设备、模具工装和工艺路线的适用性。针对石墨电极材料,对比了硬石墨一次模压成形和柔性板石墨模压成形2种工艺,并根据各自的基材状态选择了合适的工艺路线,同时根据工艺路线的特点分析了产品的优缺点。在复合材料中主要选择了金属、石墨、树脂3种材料,根据制备原理,复合材料双极板有结构复合电极、材料复合电极和工艺复合电极3个研究方向。在结构复合电极方面,主要论述了石墨与金属复合的设计思路和结构特点;在材料复合电极方面,主要论述了热固性树脂和热塑性树脂与石墨复合的工艺路线和产品特点;在工艺复合电极方面,主要论述了微型燃料电池极板的制造理念和方法,并借鉴了微机械加工工艺路线,设计制造了复合工艺极板。最后展望了燃料电池电极板的箔材研发方向、级...     

Modified SO(4)(2-)/Fe(2)O(3) solid superacid catalysts for electrochemical reaction of toluene with methanol

A series of sulfate, different metal promoted SO(4)(2-)/Fe(2)O(3) catalysts were prepared and investigated by means of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). All catalysts exhibit good catalytic activity for the electrochemical reaction of toluene with methanol assisted with a pair of porous graphite plane electrodes and chemical conversion higher than 80% was observed. In particular, molybdate promoted catalysts exhibited excellent catalytic activity.     

High-performance carbon composite electrode based on an ionic liquid as a binder

Ionic liquid, n-octylpyridinum hexafluorophosphate (OPFP) has been used to fabricate a new carbon composite electrode with very attractive electrochemical behavior. This type of carbon electrode has been constructed using graphite mixed with OPFP as the binder. The electrode has combined advantages of edge plane characteristics of carbon nanotubes and edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrodes together with the low cost of carbon paste electrodes and robustness of metallic electrodes. It provides a remarkable increase in the rate of electron transfer of different organic and inorganic electroactive compounds and offers a marked decrease in the overvoltage for biomolecules such as NADH, dopamine, and ascorbic acid. It also circumvents NADH surface fouling effects as well as furnishing higher current density for a wide range of compounds tested. Depending on the choice of the electrolyte, the electrode can have the ion-exchange property and adsorptive characteristics of clay-modified electrodes. The proposed electrode thus allows sensitive, low-potential, simple, low-cost, and stable electrochemical sensing of biomolecules and other electroactive compounds. Scanning electron microscopy images indicate significant improvement in the microstructure of the proposed electrode compared to carbon paste electrodes. Such abilities promote new opportunities for a wide range of electrochemical and biosensing applications.     

碱性介质中Pd/Sn石墨电极的电催化性能

采用化学镀制备了Pd/Sn石墨电极,用扫描电子显微镜观察了改性后石墨电极试样的微观组织,用能谱仪确定石墨电极的表面成分,用循环伏安法及电化学阻抗研究了石墨电极的甲醇氧化电催化性能.结果表明,Pd/Sn以球状颗粒存在于石墨电极表面,没有出现明显的团聚.峰电流密度与电势扫描速率平方根呈线性关系,电极上甲醇氧化和中间产物氧化...     

炭纸/石墨基体NiHCF膜的碱金属离子分离性能

采用毛细化学沉积法在炭纸/石墨颗粒复合导电基体的微孔通道内合成铁氰化镍(Nickel hexacyanoferrate,NiHCF)薄膜,并考察了膜电极在碱金属溶液中的电控离子交换性能.通过扫描电子显微镜、能量色散谱、X射线光电子能谱、红外分子吸收光谱等分析了复合薄膜电极的表面形貌及组成;利用离子色谱检测了再生液中碱金属离子浓度变化;应用循环伏安法在1 mol · L~(-1) KNO_3/C_sNO_3溶液中考察了膜电极的离子交换容量、循环寿命与再生能力.结果表明:炭纸/石墨复合基体具有三维多孔结构特征,复合基体NiHCF膜电极具有大的离子交换容量、低的扩散阻力、良好的循环稳定性与再生能力,可用于碱金属离子的选择性分离.     

Simple and effective synthesis of methoxy-dimethylbenzene from electrochemical oxidation of p-xylene in methanol solvent catalyzed by SO(4)(2-)/ZrO(2)-M(x)O(y)

A series of composite solid superacid catalysts SO(4)(2-)/ZrO(2)-M(x)O(y) (M=Ti, Ni, Si) were prepared and investigated by means of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). All catalysts exhibit good catalytic activity in the electrochemical reaction of p-xylene with methanol assisted with a pair of porous graphite plane electrodes and the selectivity of main products higher than 90% were observed. In particular, SO(4)(2-)/ZrO(2)-SiO(2) catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic activity. According to the experimental results, a possible free radical reaction mechanism confirmed by XPS and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra was proposed. It may be concluded that a simple and feasible electrochemical catalytic oxidation reaction at room temperature and standard atmosphere may be possible.     

Effect of Ni loading and reaction temperature on the formation of carbon nanotubes from methane catalytic decomposition over Ni/SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

Since their discovery carbon nanotubes (CNT) have attracted much attention due to their singular physical, mechanical and chemical properties. Catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) of hydrocarbons over metal catalysts is the most promising method for the synthesis of CNT, because of the advantages of low cost and large-scale production and the relatively low temperature used in the process, compared to the other methods (laser ablation and discharge between graphite electrodes). In this study, CNT were synthesized by CCVD using Ni supported on SiO₂ as a catalyst. The carbon deposited in the reaction was analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effects of reaction temperature and Ni loading on the carbon nanotube formation were evaluated. The catalyst with 5% Ni favored high yield of CNT at lower temperature, with abundant “multi-walled carbon nanotubes” (MWNTs) at 625 °C, while single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and MWNTs were obtained at 650 °C. With an increase in the reaction temperature a marked decrease in the yield of CNT was observed, probably due to the sintering of the catalyst. The catalyst with 1% Ni gave SWNTs with a high degree of order at all reaction temperatures, but in low quantity.     

涂覆热分解与电化学聚合法制备聚苯胺/RuO2复合电极材料

通过涂覆热分解法并结合电化学聚合法制备得到聚苯胺(PANI)/RuO₂电极材料。使用涂覆热分解法于260℃热处理3 h制备RuO₂薄膜, 通过电化学聚合法将PANI粒子沉积在RuO₂薄膜上, 并在80℃加热12 h。采用XRD分析PANI/RuO₂复合物晶相, 采用SEM观察PANI/RuO₂复合电极材料的形貌变化。利用循环伏安及恒流充放电测试了该复合电极的电化学性能。结果表明, PANI沉积时间为25 min, 该PANI/RuO₂复合电极的最大电容量为9.72 F, 比电容为452 F·g^-1, 充放电曲线体现了较低的电压降、等效串联电阻及良好的充放电性能。经1000次循环伏安后, 其比电容损失约为11%。     

Comparative analysis of two methods for synthesis of fullerenes at different helium pressures

Abstract

The results of the effect of helium pressure in the chamber on the amount and composition of the produced fullerenes (C₆₀, C₇₀, etc.) synthesized in the arc plasma with graphite electrodes are presented. The findings obtained when the arc is powered by a direct (DC) and alternating (AC) currents of low frequency were compared in the same chamber with the electrodes located at the same angle to each other. These two methods are drastically different. The complete conversion of graphite into fullerene soot in AC occurs, but a part of the graphite is converted into a cathode deposit that does not contain fullerenes in DC, the relative amount of which increases when decreasing the helium pressure in the chamber. The highest fullerene content in fullerene soot of 10.2?wt.% is produced at a pressure of 127.5?kPa in AC arc, but in DC arc, the highest content of fullerenes in fullerene soot of 8.3?wt.% is produced at a pressure of 33.3?kPa.