海洋调查标准体系的研究与构建

海洋强国是国家新时期的重大战略,海洋调查为海洋开发保护及科学研究提供最基本和必需的数据资料,是一项长期的基础性工作,海洋调查标准体系的构建有助于海洋调查工作的科学、规范、有序开展。本文总结了海洋调查标准体系构建的依据和目标,框架设计的思路,并对标准体系各层次要素的内在关系作了分析,指出未来海洋调查标准制定的重点领域和方向。     

我国智慧城市标准体系研究初探

本文在智慧城市标准化现状的基础上,分析了我国智慧城市标准体系建设的需求并提出了建设目标。结合住建部智慧城市试点,提出了我国智慧城市标准体系框架,并从总体标准、基础设施、建设与宜居、管理与服务、产业与经济、安全与运维等6个子体系角度分别做了简要阐述,最后提出了工作建议。     

A decision framework for risk management, with application to the offshore oil and gas industry

In this paper we present and discuss a decision framework for risk management. The framework comprises the basic elements: problem definition (challenges, goals and alternatives), stakeholders, concerns that affect the consequence analyses and the value judgments related to these consequences and analyses (frame conditions and constraints), identification of which consequence analyses to execute and the execution of these, managerial review and judgement, and the decision. The framework has novel aspects on the way of classifying the decision situations and characterising risks. The classification is based on the two dimensions, expected consequences, and uncertainties. Our starting point is the offshore oil and gas industry, but our framework and discussion is to a large extent general and could also be applied in other areas. An example is outlined to illustrate the use of the framework.     

Optical design in beam steering environments with emphasis on laser transmission measurements

Optical sensors applied to practical devices often encounter beam steering: the wander and/or diffusion of laser light. Here we provide a framework for minimizing the sensitivity of transmission-based sensors to beam steering without quantitative prediction of the severity of the beam-steering field. Typical goals are increased transmission and/or minimized fluctuations in transmission; such features can improve optical sensor performance (e.g., improved signal-to-noise ratio, response time, or spectral resolution). In our framework, we introduce a parameter for characterizing beam-steering severity. We then compare two approaches for absorption spectroscopy and show that the preferred approach depends on the total spectral range monitored, the spectral resolution desired, and the severity of the beam steering.     

Implementation of standards for individual monitoring in Europe

A large number of standards are available for radiation protection and individual monitoring purposes. They are published by various organisations, international and national. Moreover, the increasing policy of "Quality" applied to individual monitoring requires the implementation of standards on Quality Assurance (QA) both in technical and management aspects of a dosimetric service. Implementation of standards is not mandatory; therefore, varying degrees of implementation can be found in different European countries. However, for a number of good reasons, a degree of harmonisation within the European Union (EU) of the requirements and procedures for individual monitoring would be desirable. Harmonisation as applied to dosimetric services does not mean that they should all follow exactly the same procedures, but that they should aim to meet the same general requirements, and their results should be comparable. This article aims to compile information on the use of all standards applied within individual monitoring practices, be it on the calibration of dosemeters or on the QA procedures to be applied to the overall dose evaluation process. Both "technical standards" and "quality standards" will be discussed. A list of documents of relevance to subjects such as recommendations and requirements in the field of individual monitoring, whose application could help in the harmonisation of procedures, will also be given. As it is agreed that implementation of quality standards is a relevant framework within which harmonisation can be achieved, guidance on the implementation of quality standards in a dosimetric service is given. Accreditation and approval of dosimetric services will be of relevance in the process of harmonisation of individual monitoring within the EU. In this article, a discussion of various procedures and the meaning of both forms of recognition is also provided. Although most of the text applies to the monitoring of internal and external exposure to ionising radiation, the emphasis of this practical guidance is on monitoring for external radiation with passive dosemeters.     

大型项目中间的工程力学解决方案

近年来国内外大量大型复杂、“超限”的建筑结构相继建立,这些工程大多属于不规则结构,甚至是特别不规则结构,在对这类结构进行设计时,往往会遇到超过规程适用范围或者规程中未规定的问题。这些问题并不能套用现行标准,并缺少明确目标、依据和手段。该类问题往往需要以工程力学原理为基础,提出针对性的解决方案。该文针对奥雅纳工程咨询公司（ARUP）在国内一系列大型工程项目,对该类工程力学解决方案进行整理介绍。     

The Ontaryo Hydro/AECL approach to real-time software engineering standards

Software is increasingly becoming a component of many systems within CANDU nuclear generating stations, including special safety systems. There are no widely accepted standards to which software may be engineered that provide adequate assurance that the software will be of acceptable quality. Ontario Hydro, AECL CANDU and AECL Research have initiated a joint development program to establish standards, methods and tools for software engineering to be used in control, protective and monitoring systems.This paper describes the need for standards, the framework for the set of standards under development and how the standards are to be applied to a specific project.The result of the standards development work will be a set of standards to define the requirements on acceptable software processes and products, and a definition ot the methodology that will be used by Ontario Hydro and AECL.The benefits of the standards development program and its relationship to national and international standards is discussed.This paper provides details on the initiatives and the status of the joint Ontario Hydro and AECL work program.     

Advanced nuclear power plant regulation using risk-informed and performance-based methods

This paper proposes and discusses implications of a largely probabilistic regulatory framework using best-estimate, goal-driven, risk-informed, and performance-based methods. This framework relies on continuous probabilistic assessment of performance of a set of time-dependent, safety-critical systems, structures, components, and procedures that assure attainment of a broad set of overarching technology-neutral protective, mitigative, and preventive goals under all phases of plant operations. In this framework acceptable levels of performance are set through formal apportionment so that they are commensurate with the overarching goals. Regulatory acceptance would be the based on the confidence level with which the plant conforms to these goals and performance objectives. The proposed framework uses the traditional defense-in-depth design and operation regulatory philosophy when uncertainty in conforming to specific goals and objectives is high. Finally, the paper discusses the steps needed to develop a corresponding technology-neutral regulatory approach from the proposed framework.     

Applying performance measures to support decision-making in supply chain operations: a case of beverage industry

Performance measurement systems (PMS) have commonly been applied to evaluate and reward performances at managerial levels, especially in the context of supply chain management. However, evidence suggests that the effective use of PMS can also positively influence the behaviour and improve performance at an operational level. The motivation is to accomplish organisational goals, namely to increase supply chain flexibility by responding to evermore-varying customer demands in a timely manner. The purpose of the study described in this paper was to develop a conceptual framework that adopts performance measures for ex-ante decision-making at an operational level within the supply chain. To guide the research, five questions were asked and subsequently key gaps have been identified. In an attempt to fill the gaps, a case study at a major global brand beverage company has been carried out, and as a result, a conceptual framework of the PMS has been developed. Overall, the research offers a foundation of the applicability and impact of PMS in the supply chain and provides a framework that attends to some of the potential uses of PMS that so far have not been practically applied. The outcomes from the testing indicate that the initial gaps identified in the literature have been addressed and that the framework is judicious with scope for practical applicability. The framework is deemed worthy of further testing in different operational contexts of the supply chain.     

Connecting the strategic to the tactical in SEA design: an approach to wetland conservation policy development and implementation in an urban context

Abstract

The paper presents an analytical approach to strategic environmental assessment (SEA), focused on bridging the strategic level assessment of policy objectives with tactical planning and implementation. This is done within the context of an applied SEA application for urban wetland policy development and implementation in the fast growing city of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. An expert-based strategic assessment framework was developed and applied to assess the potential implications of alternative wetland conservation policy targets on urban planning goals, and to identify a preferred conservation policy target. Site-specific algorithms, based on wetland area and wetland sustainability, were then developed and applied to prioritize individual wetlands for conservation so as to meet policy targets within urban planning units. Results indicate a preferred wetland conservation policy target, beyond which higher conservation targets provide no additional benefit to sustainable urban development goals. The use of different implementation strategies, based on wetland area vs. wetland sustainability, provides operational guidance and choice for planners to meet the policy objectives within neighbourhood planning units, but those choices have implications for local land use and wetland sustainability.     

气象领域强制性国家标准体系框架研究

科学规划、合理设计强制性国家标准体系框架是落实新修订的《中华人民共和国标准化法》的重要举措。本文分析了气象事业战略定位和内涵及标准化管理对强制性国家标准体系框架构建的需求,提出了体系框架构建的原则和思路,梳理了气象及相关领域的法律、行政法规和部门规章中与安全、健康、环保、社会经济管理基本要求直接关联的条款及对强制性国家标准的需求,采用分类分层的方法,构建了气象领域强制性国家标准体系框架。     

Current Situation and Prospect of Nanometrology and its Standardization in Indonesia

As one of the emerging technologies in Indonesia, nanotechnology requires comprehensive studies of supporting infrastructures as well as the regulation that will underpin the quality of nanoproducts or nanoservices. Nanometrology is one of the most important supporting infrastructures for development of nanotechnology. This article reviews the importance of nanometrology and its standardization within the context of nanotechnology development in Indonesia. Current situation of nanotechnology development, relevant standards availability, necessity for new standards, nanometrology development and future goals have been explained. This article contributes novel insights about nanotechnology and nanometrology developments and may help the regulation body to make the policy.     

Sociocultural sustainability in green building information modeling

Building information modeling (BIM) technology used to further processes in the green building industry has received wide coverage in the literature. Some companies have leveraged this natural synergy but many remain on the sidelines, unable to fully exploit the potential offered by BIM in green projects. Moreover, most literature focus on technical aspects of BIM use while ignoring social and cultural aspects of its application. This narrow, tactical focus can undermine the synergy between BIM and green building, and prevent achieving strategic, sustainable goals. The objectives of this article are to: (1) review BIM status in the context of social and cultural sustainability within the building industry; and also, (2) propose criteria for furthering integrative applications that achieve social and cultural sustainability in the green building industry. Five layers of social and cultural sustainability were identified and classified within a framework of BIM applications for purposes of analyzing guidelines and standards. The proposed criteria relates to complexity found in the green building industry and uses BIM integration capability in attempt to achieve social and cultural integration. The criteria proposed serve as a basis for evaluation of BIM performance and therefore, as a solution to mitigate differences in existing guidelines and standards.     

Agent理论通用框架——非线性动力学

用非线性动力学作为Agent理论的通用框架,把Agent最本质特征（信念、愿望、意图）归结到这个框架下,并给出Agent概念的非线性动力学解释。     

无线接入点WAPI认证机制的研究与实现

随着无线局域网技术的广泛应用，新的无线局域网安全标准被提出以增强无线局域网的安全性能。在分析WAPI(WLAN Authentication and Privacy Infrastructure)标准的技术特征和基本架构的基础上，介绍了无线接入点对WAPI认证机制的实现机理和具体流程，并对WAPI认证机制的性能进行测试分析。     

Interval reliability of spare part stocks

Probability goals are commonly used in conjunction with Poisson-distributed variability to estimate initial pipeline spares requirements for aircraft organizations. An analysis of field data indicates that these deployment models may significantly underestimate spares acquisition quantities required in order to maintain probability goals throughout a system life cycle. This paper defines reliability of spare part stocks as the probability that these stocks will satisfy demands throughout a calendar time interval which begins at random points in the life cycle. Five models for spares planning were applied to field data from a small aircraft organization. The common goal in these analyses was based on military logistic standards: 0.99 probability for each part type over a replenishment interval of 360 h. Two initial interval (Poisson) models produced spares requirements averaging 273 units. The average for the three limiting (non-Poisson) models was 3630 units. The limiting models also made it evident that spares must be purchased to refill the pipeline several times in a 20 year life cycle. It is concluded that a limiting buffer stock model is most realistic for planning normal spares requirements and that a renewal model should be used if the pipeline could be severed during surge periods of activity.     

再论标准和标准化的基本概念

本文是作者再次对标准和标准化的概念进行讨论。首先讨论的是标准化的目的、主体和对象。作者认为标准化的目的是控制、有序化和统一化;标准化的主体是人/机构;标准化对象可以是具体的或抽象的事物,也可以是它们的组合;任何事物都可以抽象地表达为实体(entity)。第二,作者讨论了标准和标准化的本质以及它们的作用;认为从内容角度看,标准是匹配问题解决方案,也是为标准化对象规定需要满足的要求;从实施角度看,标准是规则;标准化则是制定、实施、传播标准的过程;标准的作用是能够创建并组织现实世界,并能够为相关方建立互相交流和共同理解的基础;标准化的作用是对创新方案进行选择和简化,阻止现实世界过度无序化发展,形成复杂化和简化之间的平衡。第三,作者讨论了标准的记录形式、自愿/强制属性和时空范围,认为标准的记录形式有文件、样品、图形符号、物理表达等多种形式;标准具有选择的自愿性和实施的强制性;标准在时空范围内是有限的。文章的结尾给出了理解标准化概念的框架。     

钟表行业时间同步技术标准体系研究

本文对钟表行业时间同步技术作了概述,阐述了在行业内规范技术标准,建立标准体系的必要性,并进一步对标准体系的架构进行了设计,对建立标准体系的步骤和基本要素进行了研究。     

The responsibilities of corporate scientists and engineers

The individual scientist or engineer can not only preserve his or her ideas in a corporate environment, but actually grow morally. This is done by upholding the established standards of his discipline, meeting the demands of the marketplace within the framework of his corporate culture, and limiting the social disservice caused by the advance of science and technology. Excellence in all three spheres is essential.     

Goal-orientation mechanism in a fractal manufacturing system

Decomposition of tasks in ordinary manufacturing systems is usually based on the predefined goal of the system. To achieve the high-level goals (e.g. factory goal or company goal), several subgoals should be achieved in advance. However, goals can dynamically change along with the current status of the system and the external environmental situations. Thus, a manufacturing system should support the goal formations, which can bear these changes for efficient and effective operations. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a systematic methodology for goal formations in a manufacturing system. In particular, the formation and/or change of goals in real-time should be possible for distributed and dynamic systems including a fractal manufacturing system (FrMS). However, most researchers have started their study from an assumption that every goal in the system is naturally well defined. This paper proposes a methodology for the goal-formation process (GFP), which embodies one of the characteristics of a fractal (i.e. goal orientation) in the FrMS. In order to generate fuzzy goals and propagate them in the system, fuzzification/defuzzification and goal-generation procedures are presented in detail. For easy understanding of the procedure, an exemplary goal generation is also illustrated within the proposed GFP framework. By applying the GFP, we expect that the manufacturing system would become autonomous and flexible by generating and evolving goals without human intervention.