Study of Superconducting Fault Current Limiter Using Vacuum Interrupter Driven by Electromagnetic Repulsion Force for Commutating Switch

Using a high-temperature superconductor, we constructed and tested a model superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL). The superconductor and the vacuum interrupter as the commutation switch were connected in parallel using a bypass coil. When the fault current flows in this equipment, the superconductor is quenched and the current is transferred to the parallel coil because of the voltage drop in the superconductor. This large current in the parallel coil actuates the magnetic repulsion mechanism of the vacuum interrupter. Due to the opening of the vacuum interrupter, the current in the superconductor is broken. By using this equipment, the current flow time in the superconductor can be easily minimized. On the other hand, the fault current is also easily limited by large reactance of the parallel coil     

非常规超导体的实验进展

本文回顾了非常规超导体的实验研究。虽然氧化物陶瓷超导体的研究已成为高温超导体研究的主流,但将冀望固定于某种特定材料的想法是不全面的。     

高温超导引线的传输特性

从电磁学理论入手,给出了引线的基本理论。对高温超导引线的传输特性进行了分析,并对金属引线和导引线的性能进行了比较。得到以下结论：（１）在超导能隙频率下,金属引线的衰减系数比高温超导引线大几个数量级;（２）金属引线的相速与信号频率无关,易出现信号发散,而超导引线在低于能隙率的情况下,相速与频率无关,信号不发散;（３）金属引线对脉冲信号的延迟时间比超导引线高。     

The measurement of frequency dependance of surface resistance in high Tc superconductor

We have measured the penetration depth and conductivity of high Tc superconductor at liquid nitrogen temperature by using microwave transmission method. After that we obtain the frequency dependance of surface resistance in high Tc superconductor. Experimental results show that the surface resistance of high Tc superconductor is proportional to the square of frequency as theoretical prediction. The advantage of microwave transmission method is broadband and easy to use.     

Modeling and analysis of high-temperature superconductor terahertz photomixers

Photomixing phenomenon in superconductors is studied. For a photo-excited superconductor film the fundamental equations for the carriers motion inside the superconductor material have been used in connection with the two-temperature model to find an analytic expression for the generated terahertz (THz) photocurrent inside the film. The dependency of the resulting photocurrent on the material and laser parameters, temperature, and photomixer configuration for a photomixer made of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// high-temperature superconductor is studied.     

高温超导体场致发射器件探讨

用高温超导体材料做成真空微电子器件的发射尖端，可消除焦耳效应对场发射尖瓣的影响，另外是Ｎｏｔｔｉｎｇｈａｍ效应也影响温升，利用Ｎｏｔｔｉｎｇｈａｍ效应使其处于超导和正常态之间转化可做超导开关器件。     

Processing and fabrication of high-Tc superconductors for electric power applications

Recent developments in the powder-in-tube fabrication of (Bi,Pb)₂Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃O_x tapes include: identification of high-current-transport regions of the superconductor core; optimization of conductor design and processing to take advantage of these high-current regions; optimization of superconductor powders and heat treatments; and incorporation of flux-pinning defects into the superconductor grains. These developments are briefly discussed and their implications are assessed.     

Optimized technology for freely positionable Josephson junctions inYBa2Cu3O7-x fabricated by local iondamaging

Freely positionable Josephson junctions in high-temperature superconductor thin films are fabricated by a combination of photo- and electron-beam lithography. In selected regions of YBCO thin films point defects are induced by oxygen implantation. These weak links exhibit resistively shunted junction (RSJ)-like voltage-current characteristics close to the junction transition-temperature. Below this temperature, a transition from RSJ to flux-flow behavior is observed. Fraunhofer patterns appear in magnetic modulation measurements at different temperatures. The temperature dependence of the critical current reveals superconductor/normal conductor/superconductor (SNS) features. The dependence of Shapiro steps on microwave power demonstrates Josephson contributions over the entire temperature range     

Analysis of Dispersion in Ferrite-superconductor Layered Structures

This paper studies electromagnetic wave propagation in hybrid structures consisting of ferrite and superconducting films. Dispersion relations for transverse electric mode of propagation are derived. Numerical results are presented for two specific structures viz. a ferrite/superconductor structure and a ferrite/superconductor/ferrite structure and dependence of propagation on various structural parameters and frequency are determined. The non-reciprocal nature of propagation is also established.     

Critical current–gate voltage characteristics in short- and long-gated Josephson junctions

We studied the gate controllability of the critical current and the normal resistance in superconductor–semiconductor–superconductor junctions. The junctions used a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in the InAs-inserted InAlAs/InGaAs heterostructure. It is shown that the interface barrier between the superconductor and the 2DEG affects the controllability in a short-gated junction. In a split-gated junction, the critical current–normal resistance product is almost constant against gate voltage. This is due to quantization of both the critical current and the conductance in a narrow and short semiconductor channel. The long-gated junction in the quasi-ballistic transport regime shows rapid suppression of the critical current by gate voltage.     

Numerical Computation of AC Losses and Flux Profiles in High-Aspect-Ratio Superconducting Strips in Perpendicular AC Magnetic Field

We present the results of finite-element modeling of a YBCO thin-film superconductor deposited on a nonmagnetic substrate and on a weakly ferromagnetic substrate. The model was implemented using commercial software to calculate the ac loss in the presence of a sinusoidal external magnetic field applied perpendicular to the surface of the superconducting tape. A strategy is demonstrated to overcome the difficulties in the finite-element method due to the high aspect ratio of the YBCO film by using the computed values of ac loss for thicker samples to extrapolate the results to the actual physical thickness of the superconductor $( sim!! 1 muhbox{m})$. The effect of the width of the weekly ferromagnetic substrate upon the ac loss of the superconductor film has also been studied.      

Electromagnetics of superconductors

It is shown that a superconductor cannot be simply treated as a low-loss conductor; rather, it should be treated as a negative dielectric material (with a negative dielectric constant). This approach is good only for vanishingly small field application with frequency significantly smaller than gap frequency and temperature not too close to the critical temperature of the superconductor. The electromagnetics of negative dielectric materials are discussed in terms of causality, perturbation technique, surface impedance, time-domain interpretation of current components, and computational electrodynamics     

YBCO高温超导微带线的非平衡光响应及其恢复时长

研究了在波长为0.68μm的连续激光辐照下,钇钡铜氧(YBCO)高温超导(HTS)微带线的非平衡光响应特性,并从超导体机制探索和光响应超导器件研制两个角度对实验现象进行讨论。实验观察到高温超导微带线的非平衡光响应阈值,当功率小于15 mW时,以辐射热效应为主;当功率大于15 mW时,出现非平衡光响应。该阈值的发现,是对Zeldov的“热效应”与“光子效应”同时存在理论的进一步完善,并设想了一种新型的高温超导衰减器;研究了高温超导微带线非平衡光响应的恢复时长,当激光功率为45 mW时,恢复时长约为3.5 s,分析了该时长存在的机制及其对光响应超导器件二次激光激励的影响。     

Fabrication of long length Bi-2223 superconductor tape using continuous electrophoretic deposition on round and flat substrates

We have developed a continuous fabrication process for producing long lengths of Bi-2223 superconductor tapes. The process involves sequentially electrophoretically depositing and sintering superconductor and then silver layers on a substrate, followed by rolling and thermal processing. Both round and flat silver substrates have been used. Bi-2223 tapes made using flat silver substrates require only a few processing steps. Transport critical current densities at 77K in zero applied magnetic field exceeding 20000 A/cm² have been obtained.     

脉冲激光沉积技术及其应用

薄膜材料已在微电子元件、超导材料、生物材料等方面得到广泛应用,为了得到高质量的薄膜材料,脉冲激光沉积技术受到了广泛的关注。介绍了脉冲激光沉积技术的原理、特点,综述了其在制备半导体、高温超导、类金刚石、铁电、生物陶瓷薄膜等方面的应用和研究现状,展望了该项技术的应用前景。     

Superconductor analog-to-digital converters

Ultrafast switching speed, low power, natural quantization of magnetic flux, quantum accuracy, and low noise of cryogenic superconductor circuits enable fast and accurate data conversion between the analog and digital domains. Based on rapid single-flux quantum (RSFQ) logic, these integrated circuits are capable of achieving performance levels unattainable by any other technology. Two major classes of superconductor analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are being developed - Nyquist sampling and oversampling converters. Complete systems with digital sampling at rates of /spl sim/20 GHz and above have been demonstrated using low-temperature superconductor device technology. Some ADC components have also been implemented using high-temperature superconductors. Superconductor ADCs have unique applications in true digital-RF communications, broadband instrumentation, and digital sensor readout. Their designs, test results, and future development trends are reviewed.     

Improvement in Superconducting Properties of MgB2 Superconductors by Nanoscale Carbon-Based Compound Doping

MgB2 is a relatively new superconductor; it has attracted great interest from superconductor researchers all over the world. Thorough investigations have been carried out to study the material fabrication, as well as to study the material and superconducting properties from a fundamental physics point of view. The University of Wollongong has played a very active role in this research and a leading role in the research on high critical current density and high critical magnetic fields. Our recent research on the improvement of critical current density and the upper critical magnetic field by carbon-based compound doping is reviewed in this paper.     

Improvement in Superconducting Properties of MgB_2 Superconductors by Nanoscale Carbon-Based Compound Doping

MgB2 is a relatively new superconductor; it has attracted great interest from superconductor researchers all over the world. Thorough investigations have been carried out to study the material fabrication, as well as to study the material and superconducting properties from a fundamental physics point of view. The University of Wollongong has played a very active role in this research and a leading role in the research on high critical current density and high critical magnetic fields. Our recent research on the improvement of critical current density and the upper critical magnetic field by carbon-based compound doping is reviewed in this paper.     

Response of high-Tc superconductor totime-increasing magnetic field

Using the extended critical state model, we investigate theoretically the magnetic field penetration into a semi-infinite slab of a high-Tc superconductor in the flux flow region when an external magnetic field increases monotonically with time according to power law: H=At^α. The dependencies of the flux flow resistivity and critical current density are taken to depend on magnetic field according to the generalized power law. The behavior of the solutions vs the exponent α and “amplitude” A is analyzed. It is shown that there is the critical value of the exponent α_c separating the regions with different characters of the magnetic field penetration. The value of α_c is determined by the exponents in the dependencies of the superconductor characteristics on magnetic field. For α<α_c, the electric field in a superconductor decreases with time and the magnetic field distribution tends to the one given by Bean’s critical state model. For α>α_c the electric field increases with time and the pattern of magnetic field differs increasingly from Bean’s model; the behavior of a superconductor at large times is described by the model of a normal metal with the resistivity dependent on magnetic field. Thus, the response of a superconductor is described by different approximations on different stages of the process. This result is distinct from that presented in the literature. In the boundary case of α=α_c, the character of the field penetration is time-independent.     

Levitation Force Between Monolayer of Magnetic Particles and Superconducting Plane in Meissner State

We have calculated the levitation force and the interaction energy between a thin monolayer of super-paramagnetic fine ferromagnetic particles system and a large flat superconductor in the Meissner state. Both energy and force depend on the temperature and the levitation height of the monolayer. Our results show that the interaction energy and the levitation force increases as the temperature of the momolayer increases. In the limit of zero Kelvin temperature, we found that our results for the levitation force goes over to the case where all the moments of the fine-particle system are parallel to the superconductor surface, which has the lowest interaction energy.